1.2 ultrastructure of cells
TRANSCRIPT
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1.2 Ultrastructure of CellsProkaryotes and Eukaryotes
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primitive cells
cells that lack membrane-bound oranelles
ie! no nucleus" no mitochondria" no vacuoles"etc
E#! bacteria $ie E. Coli% & found in soil" 'ater" onyour skin" in your intestine
E#! blue reen alae
Prokaryotic Cells
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oranisms that are made of prokaryotic cells.
(ost prokaryotes are unicellular" such asbacteria" ho'ever" they can be multicellulartoo" such as blue reen alae
Prokaryotes
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E. coli
)lue- *reen +lae
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Prokaryote Cell ,tructure
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Prokaryote Cell ,tructue
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CE ,U/+CE (E()+0E P+,(+
(E()+0E! hin layer composed of phospholipids
Controls the entry e#it of substance via activeor passive transport
,electively permeable
Prokaryote Cell Parts
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CE 3+!
iid to semi-riid 'all surroundin the plasmamembrane.
Contains pores to allo' passae of materials inand out of the cell.
he Cell 'all supports the cell and providesshape
Prokaryote Cell Parts
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,4(E C+P,UE!
Protective outside layer" found outside the cell'all
+lso kno'n as surface layer or the ,-layer
Protects the cell from environmental daners
Contains proteins and or lycoproteins
Prokaryote Cell Parts
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Cytoplasm!
he inside of the cell
Contains cytosol $5uid of the cell%
Contains the en6ymes $bioloical catalysts% forcataly6in chemical reactions of metabolism
Contains ribosomes and naked 70+ 0o membrane bound oranelles8
Prokaryote Cell Parts
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0UCE947!
eion of the prokaryotic cytoplasm 'hereenetic information is found $1 mainchromosome and plasmids%
he 1 chromosome is made of 0+:E7 70+
his means that the 70+ is not bound to proteins$like histones%
his reduces the amount of space they take up
Usually circular
Prokaryote Cell Parts
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P+,(47!
,mall" circular" naked" 70+
,maller" and contains less information than thechromosome.
/ound in the nucleoid reion
Prokaryote Cell Parts
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(esosome!
4ndentation in the cell membrane of bacteria
Unkno'n function" produced by chemical;#ation techni
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4),9,9(E!
(ade of 0+ and proteins
(akes proteins
ess dense than eukaryotic ribosomes
Prokaryote Cell Parts
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/+*EU(!
threadlike" motile proteins structures and areused for locomotion
Cell may have none" 1" or several
Prokaryote Cell Parts
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P44 $plr% P4U, $sinular%!
hin protein tubes found outside the plasmamembrane and e#tend out from the slimecapsule
Attachment Pili
=ave sticky ends that allo' it to attach tosurfaces $i.e. another cell%
Conjugation Pili (Sex Pili)
oner
)uild a bride bet'een 2 bacterial cells allo'in
for e#chane of 70+ $con>uation%
Prokaryote Cell Parts
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Prokaryotic cells divide ase#ually by binary
;ssion $similar to mitosis%hey duplicate their chromosome $their
circular 70+% and then split in half $each ne'dauhter cell ets half the cytoplasm and 1
chromosome%
Prokaryotic eproduction
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,ince binary ;ssion is a form of ase#ual
reproduction" the dauhter cells producedare identical to the oriinal parent cell.
Con>uation $'ith the help of con>uation
pili% allo's for enetic variation & allo's for ane' combination of 70+
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+nnotate and 4dentify ,tructures fromand electron microraph of E. Coli
ribosome
0ucleoidreion$70+"plasmid%Cell 'all
cytoplasmPlasmamembrane
0o visible slime
capsule in this
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P4U,
,4(E +?E
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(etabolic +ctivity of ProkaryoticCells
1. Photosynthesis! liht @ C92 @ =29
CA=129A@ 92
2. Nitrogen Fixation! Convert nitroen froman unusable from to a usable form
3. Fermentation! convert oranic substancesinto simpler substances $ie suar intoethanol%
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comple# cells 'ith membrane bound oranelles
E#! the cells that make up you8 $and otheranimals%
E#! plant cells
,UCUE! all eukaryotes contain! Plasma membrane
Central nucleus 'ith 70+
(embrane bound oranelles in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Cells
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Plasma (embrane!
9uter surface of animal cells
(ade of phospholipid bilayer
$usually double layer%
Controls the entry and e#it ofmolecules
Eukaryotic 9ranelles
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0ucleus!
Control center of the cell arest oranelle
,urrounded by a double membrane $nuclear envelope%
Contains chromosomes & made of 70+ and proteins
0uclear Envelope!
Controls entry and e#it of molecules
Contains nuclear pores $openins%
Eukaryotic 9ranelles
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Chromosomes!
Contains hereditary info (ade of 70+ and proteins
0ucleolus!
4n center of nucleus
(akes ribosomes
Eukaryotic 9ranelles
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Endoplasmic eticulum!
ubules fro transport and synthesis of lareoranic molecules
9ften continuous 'ith the nuclear envelope
E & rouh E & has ribosomes
,E & smooth E & makes carbs and lipids
Eukaryotic 9ranelles
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ibosomes!
(ade of proteins and 0+
,ite of protein synthesis
ysosomes!
suicide sac
Contains diestive en6ymes
breakdo'n of macromolecules
7iest 'orn-out cell partsoranelles
7iest pathoens
Can cause cell death if it breaks open $celllysis% and releases en6ymes
Eukaryotic 9ranelles
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(itochondrion!
,ite of cellular respiration
(akes +P $adenosine triphosphate% enery for the cell
7ouble membrane
=as its o'n 70+ $m70+%
9'n ribosomes
Chloroplast!
,ite of photosynthesis $makes suar from liht enery%
=as double membrane" o'n 70+" o'n ribosomes
Eukaryotic 9ranelles
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/laella!
on microtubules strand 'hiplike tail
/or motility
Cillia! ,hort microtuble strands
/or motility
Eukaryotic 9ranelles
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*oli +pparatus*oli )ody*oli Comple#!
ooks like a stack of de5ated balloons (embranous sacs
Packain plant of the cell
Packaes cell products $ie! carbs and lipids%
Bacuoles!
(embrane bound oranelles used for storae of'ater" 'astes" and macromolecules
Eukaryotic 9ranelles
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Cell 3all!
iid outer layer of plant cells (ade of cellulose
Plasmodesmata!
*aps in cell 'alls
Create >unctions bet'een plant cells
Eukaryotic 9ranelles
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+typical Cells
,triated (uscle
(uscle /ibres$(uscle Cells%
oner thantypical cells$Dmm opposedto D.mm%
(ultiple nuclei
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+typical Cells
*iant +lae
E#Acetabularia" aunicellularoranism" can ro'to a lenth of 1Dcm" despite havinonly 1 nucleus.
Usually oranismsthat lare consist ofseveral cells.
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+typical Cells
+septate =yphae
0arro' thread likestructure in funi
=ave a cell 'alland membrane.
4n aseptate funi"the hyphae is an
uninterruptedtube-like structure'ith many nucleispread alon it.
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+nimal vs Plant Cells
+04(+ CE
0o chloroplasts
0o cell 'all
Usually no lare centralvacuole
Carbohydrates stored aslycoen
=ave lysosomes
+morphic shape
P+0 CE
Chloroplasts usually present
Cell 'all present
=ave lare central vacuole
Carbohydrates stored asstarch or cellulose
*enerally lack lysosomes
iid shape" often 'ithstraiht edes
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Prokaryotic Cell vsEukaryotic Cell
P9:+?9E,
7o not have membranebound oranelles
0aked circular 70+ $noproteins associated%
70+ in nucleoid reion 4)9,9(E,! free 5oatin
in cytoplasm
0o mitochondriaF usesplasma membrane for
i ti
EU:+?9E,
(embrane boundoranelles present
70+ 'rapped aroundhistone proteins
70+ 'ithin the nucleus ibosomes! attached to
E or free 5oatin incytoplasm
=as mitochondria for
bi ll l i ti