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Bacteria on us oh no • http://www.scientificamerican.com/arti
cle.cfm?id=microbiome-graphic-explore-human-microbiome
The inner life of the cell
Full narrated version
Objective 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
Understanding (Statement objectives) ● Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments.● Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure.● Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.● Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes.
Applications● Describe the structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas.● Describe the structure and function of the organelles within palisade mesophyll of the leaf.
Nature of science● Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus: Describe how the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure.
Skills● Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.
○ Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA.
● Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.○ Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-
bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.● Interpret of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells.● Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
○ Naked DNA versus DNA associated with proteins○ DNA in cytoplasm versus DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope○ No mitochondria versus mitochondria○ 70S versus 80S ribosomes○ Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
● State three differences between plant and animal cells.
EukaryotesLife with a nucleus
Image: Hela Cell nuclei via http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg
Objective 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
Understanding (Statement objectives) ● Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments.● Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure.● Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.● Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes.
Applications● Describe the structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas.● Describe the structure and function of the organelles within palisade mesophyll of the leaf.
Nature of science● Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus: Describe how the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure.
Skills● Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.
○ Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA.
● Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.○ Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-
bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.● Interpret of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells.● Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
○ Naked DNA versus DNA associated with proteins○ DNA in cytoplasm versus DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope○ No mitochondria versus mitochondria○ 70S versus 80S ribosomes○ Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
● State three differences between plant and animal cells.
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
DNA in ring form without protein
DNA with proteins: chromosomes/chromatin
DNA free in cytoplasm (nucleoid region)
DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope (nucleus)
No mitochondria Mitochondria
70s ribosomes 80s ribosomes
No membrane bound organelles
Membrane bound organelles
Animal Cells
Objective 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
Understanding (Statement objectives) ● Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments.● Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure.● Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.● Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes.
Applications● Describe the structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas.● Describe the structure and function of the organelles within palisade mesophyll of the leaf.
Nature of science● Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus: Describe how the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure.
Skills● Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.
○ Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA.
● Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.○ Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-
bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.● Interpret of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells.● Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
○ Naked DNA versus DNA associated with proteins○ DNA in cytoplasm versus DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope○ No mitochondria versus mitochondria○ 70S versus 80S ribosomes○ Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
● State three differences between plant and animal cells.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
NUCLEUS
Nucleus• Structure:
• Double membrane, continuous with ER
• Contains DNA and proteins
• DNA wound around proteins organized into chromosomes
• Perforated by pores
• Nucleolus inside
• Function:
• DNA is code for proteins, genetic information
• Nucleolus made up of ribosomal RNA, which makes up the ribosomes where protein synthesis happens
• Pores allow mRNA and rRNA to leave nucleus
RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes• Structure:
• Made of rRNA and protein
• Small and large subunits
• Some are attached to endomembranous system, some are free
• Function
• Site of protein synthesis
• Proteins made on bound ribosomes are secreted outside the cell
• Proteins made on free ribosomes are used inside the cell.
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Smooth ER has no
ribosomes, has enzymes embedded in the membrane
• Rough ER has ribosomes
• Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons.
• Stores Ca++ in muscle cells
• Rough ER: synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
• Makes membrane proteins and phospholipids that makes up its own membrane
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi apparatus• Structure:
• Flattened, membranous sacs called cisterns
• Function:
• Proteins and phospholipids are modified
• Products leave in vesicles, these can go to other places in the cell or to the membrane for secretion.
• Products are tagged chemically so they go to the correct places
Lysosome
lysosome• Structure:
• Membranous sac with digestive enzymes
• Only in animal cells
• Functions:
• Intracellular digestion of macromolecules
• Recycling of damaged organelles called autophagy
Everyone should have a favorite organelle :)
Mitochondria• Structure: more detail when we
learn about respiration• Function: cellular
respiration
Why I am obsessed with my mitochondrial function
Vacuoles• Similar to lysosomes,
have hydrolytic enzymes
• Present in plant and fungi, protista
• Functions:
• Food vacuoles store food
• Contractile vacuoles in protists control water and salts
• Plants have central vacuole that gives internal support, stores organic molecules, pigments, poisons
PlantCells
chloroplast• Structure: more detail when we
learn about photosynthesis
• Function - Photosynthesis
Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell
Feature Animal PlantCell wall Not present Present- composed
of cellulose
Carbohydrate storage
Glycogen Starch
Chloroplast Not present Present in plant cells that
photosynthesize
Vacuole Small if present at all
Large, fluid filled vacuoles
Centrioles Centrioles within a small centrosome
area
No centrioles
TOK Thought• We observe the world around us by looking at what we can see
• Is there any difference between something you observe with your 5 senses vs. something you need technology to assist with (ex- looking through a microscope)
• real cells
Grab a whiteboard…quick quiz :)1) A cell has cytoplasm, a cell wall, naked DNA and ribosomes. Based on this
information, what type of cell could this be?A. A cell from a pine treeB. A grasshopper cellC. A human red blood cellD. A bacterium
2) Prokaryotic cells lack a truea) ribosomeb) mesosome c) cytoplasmd) nucleus
Quick quiz….
Identify the labeled structures in this liver cell TEM image.
Source: http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/empage/empage.htm
Calculate: • The magnification of the image• The maximum diameter of the nucleus
Identify the labeled structures in this liver cell TEM image.
Source: http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/empage/empage.htm
Calculate: • The magnification of the image• The maximum diameter of the nucleus
nucleusrough er
vesicles
ribosome
plasma membrane
golgi apparatus
Scale bar measures 33mmActual = Measured/magnificationMag = 16,500xDiameter measures 85mmActual = 5.15 µm
What you’ll see under your microscope
• This is what your drawings should look like!
Today’s :ab