12-page dealing with disease

7/29/2019 12-Page Dealing With Disease

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Slide 1

DEALING WITH DISEASEIN ANIMAL POPULATIONS

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Slide 2

Why prevent andcontrol animaldiseases

Role of Epidemiology

in disease preventionand control D efi ni ti on anddifferentiation ofterms

Phase s of a D ise aseControl Program

Disease prioritization

Eradication

LectureOutline

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Slide 3Sustainable animal

production requires a

healthy production

system including safe

feed and feed

production and

healthy animals

producing wholesome

products.

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Slide 4 ___________________________________

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Slide 5DIRECT LOSSES INDIRECT LOSSES

Mitigation and controlcosts(Drugs, vaccines, surveillance& labor for controlmeasures)

Source:http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/DAR/DE_ Departament/ DE02_Estadistiques_observatori s/27_Butlletins/02_Butlletins_ND/Fitxers_estati cs_N D/2012

_fitxers_estatics/0108_2012_Sanitat_animal.pdf

Deaths

Illness

Reducedfe rtility

Stunting

Herdchanges(Higher proportion ofanimals in abreeding gro uprather thanproduction)

Humanhealth impacts(Treatment costs & losses inproductivity)

COSTSANIMALDISEASE

Foregone revenues-Cur ta il ed marke t acces s,losses in consumerc on fid en ce, & kno ck- one ff ec ts on othe r sectors o fthe economy

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Slide 6

The practice of veterinary medicine is

based primarily on methods designed to

prevent and control dis ease i n ani mal

population groups.

Prevention and control of disease are

essential because disease can be costly,among others.

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Slide 7

FREQUENCY & PA TTERN

UNDERSTANDINGCAUSE

DISEASE CONTROL

Bhopal R. 2006. Concepts of Epidemiology

Epidemiology provides the data which form the basis forrational decisions on prevention and control of disease inanimal populations.

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Slide 8 Let us first define and differentiatethe following terms:

Prevention

EliminationControl

Eradication

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Slide 9 PREVENTION CONTROL

Disease is present

Stop agent introductionin a defined area,population or individualsinwhich

Reduce diseaseoccurrence & duration ofdisease & risk of transmission to amanag eabl e lev el in apopulation/area where

Disease is absent

are measures applied at.Population level

to

Protect a population in anarea in which.

or to

Individual/population level

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Slide 10 ELIMINATIONReductionto zerothediseaseprevalence

ERADICATION

no longer needed

Permanent reduction to zerothediseaseprevalence

required

Source: Dowdlea, WR and CochibSL. 2011. Vaccine 29S D70D73

in a population o r area in which disease is present

and intervention measures are

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Slide 11

In general, there are four levels of disease control carried

out by responsibleanimal health authorities namely, local,

national, supranational and global (see summary in the

next slide).

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Slide 12Dimensions of Disease Control and the

Tasks of Veterinary Authorities

Global

Supranational

National

Local

AUTHORITY TASKS

ASEAN

Nationalveterinaryauthorities

National regulation ofanimal health measures

Localveterinaryauthorities

Implementation &execution of nationalanimal health measures

Countries

ASEAN regulation ofanimal health measures

FAO, OIE Global standards onanimal health

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Slide 13 Contents of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code1. Standardso n notification Humane methods for killing

animals if stamping-out ofinfected populations isnecessary

Standards for surveillancethat have to be met i f countries are to declarefreedomfrom disease

Standa rds for conducting riskassessments

Biosecurity standards forpoultry establishments

S ta nda rd s f or v ir usinactivation

2.

3.

4.

5. Guidelines on the use ofvaccination, when relevant(e.g. For avian influenzaprevention andcontrol).

Methods for disposal ofdead animals

7.

Definitions of infectedand uninfected asapplied to a country, zoneor compartment

8.

9.

6.

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Slide 14

Sporadic

Epidemic

Control of diseaseagent, diseasedhosts, risk factors

Improve resistanceEndemic

Survey, Risk Factorstudy, disease mapping

Strategicvaccination

Monitoring/surveillance

P reval ence Goals S trateg ies M ethods

Surveillance

Strategic v accination,

quarantine, movement

control, zoning

Contingency plansawareness &capacity

Risk mitigation

Animal Disease Control Logic

Free

Know and reduceoccurrence

Prevent spread

Reduce impact

Knowoccurrence anderadicate

Prevent spread

Know andreduce risk ofintroduction

Be prepared

Low-tolerancesystem of diseasecontrol/eradication

SurveillanceRisk analysis, outbreaksimulation exercisesDocumenting freedom

Source: Willeberg ( 2000)

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Slide 15

Several factors must be considered in the

development of disease control & eradication

programs

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Slide 16Level of knowledgeabout the cause,tra nsmission &maintenance, host range,nature of host/parasiterelationship

Adequate veterinaryinfrastructure, includingmanagement &operational capacity

Effective tools fordiagnosis

Safe & effectiveintervention strategies

Adequate surveillance

Availability of replacementstock

Economic costs and theavailability of funds for theprogram

Existence of suitablelegislation with provisionfor co mpensation

Possible ecological

consequencesPublic health significance

Sustained political/societalwill (including all levels fromthe community to the nationalgovernment

FACTORS

Thrusfield M.2007. Veterinary Epidemiology.

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Slide 17

Knowledge of the social,cultural and p olitical factorsAvailability of a clear and wellthought out animal health strategy

NarainJP.2011. Eradicating andeliminatinginfectious diseases:

Past,Present andFuture. Indian JPublic Health2011;5 5:81-7.

Other factors are also important

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Slide 18 Socio-political Commitment

Localchallenges:

Apathy

Cultural traditions

Religious beliefs

Civil strife

Eradication success dependson the support of politicalleaders at all levels, includingthe community, local programmanagement, employees, andvolunteers. Ultimately, alleradication, like all politics, islocal.

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Slide 19

GENERAL PHASES TO

CONTROL PROGRAM

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Slide 20 Personnel trainingEnumeration of populationAssessment of health servicesProgram administration is putinto place

Area-wide activities against adiseaseuntil prevalence is reduced to alevel where continuous transmissionis unlikely

Mopping up & intensivesurve il lanc e f or rem ai ni ng cases

Traceback to ensure that the source& all contacts of cases are identified& controlled

Vigilance in preventing re-entryof disease or agent

Nature of activitiesdepends on main controlmethod used& thesocial,pol it ic al , ge og raphic &economic constraints inthearea

COMMENTS

Check quality of diseasedetection activities

Set up early warning systemto detectreintroduction

Requirements:GoodcommunicationsEfficient local healthdeliveryOngoing and appropriateinfrastructure

Martin et al. 1988. VetEpidemiology.Principles and Methods.

PREPARATORY

IMPLEMENTATION

FINALIZATION &

MOPPING UP

MAINTENANCE

Budget preparation and acquisition

of equipments, vehicles, vaccines,

diagnosticreagents and other

materials

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Slide 21 Phase 1Preparatory

Setting up of organizational machinery tomanagetheprogram

Enactment of legislation/s or administrativeorders or ordinancesto support theprogram

Setting up a surveillance system, gathering ofandanalysisof epidemiologicaldata

B udg et pr ep ar at io n an d a cqui si ti on of equipments, vehicles, vaccines, diagnosticreagentsand othermaterials

Trainingof personnel Piloting of the control program to test i ts

effectiveness

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Slide 22

Phase 2

Implementation

Mass or strategic vaccination,

Quarantine

Animal movement control

Massive disinfection

Intensive public awareness campaign

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Slide 23

Phase 3

Finalization & Mopping-up

Find the foci o f residual infection

Destroy the agent to prevent from spreading

Intensive surveillance for the remaining cases

Traceback of all cases

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Slide 24

Phase 4

Maintenance

Maximum vigilance

Developing an early warning system

Surveillance, quarantine and animal

movement control, and emergency

preparedness

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Slide 25

SURVEILLANCE METHODSREQUIREDATTHE VARIOUSSTAGES OF A DISEASE CONTROLPROGRAM

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Slide 26

First phase

Assess the disease status.

Identify significant risk

factors to assist in the

formulation of the control

strategy.

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Slide 27Second phase

Early detection of outbreaks

Assess the effectiveness of the control

strategies applied.

Pilot longitudinal studies.

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Slide 28

Third phase

Case finding, to flush out residual infection

Collection of a large number of samples for

testing in the laboratory.

Test and slaughter strategy

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Slide 29

PRIORITIZING DISEASES FOR

ERADICATION OR ELIMINATION

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Slide 30

For diseases severely affecting thelivestock industry&Those causing massive epidemicscomparedto morechronicdiseases

Deciding on which diseases to controlcompared to others is relatively easy orobvious..

But even with these group of diseases, the list ofdiseases is incr easing & at the same time,resourcesare gettingscarce.

Diseases that hinder the trade andmovement of animals/animalproducts) at a local &/orinternational scale

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Slide 31

To ensure that the finite resources available for the

prevention of disease and management of animal health

and welfare are targeted appropriately at those of most

importance in the context of government policy and theAnimalHealth and WelfareStrategy..

Guideline to prioritize diseases on which action can be

taken(control,surveillance)at thenationallevel.

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Slide 32

Priority diseases

Low risk High risk

Disease 1

Disease 2

Disease 3

Disease 1

Disease 2

Disease 3

Prioritydiseases

Presentdisease

Absent disease

Disease Profiling

Epidemiology Economic Human health

Control measures

Characteristics ofcountry

Impact on Risk of Introduction

Situation incountries/regions other thanthose concerned by the study

High-risk flows

Theoretical analysis

Local

situation

Assessment of ImpactHumanhealthDisease Societal Environmental

ControlFeasibility Economicmeasures

Societal &Environmental

Economic Animalwelfare

consequences issues

OIE%20study%20priori-catego%20methodological%20manual

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Slide 33Impact Criteria

Public healthimpact (9 criteria)

How severe human disease is/might be; Uncertainty as topublic health significance; Costs of human disease; Humanattributable risk or exposure + extent GB based

Animal Welfareimpact (9 criteria)

No.of individual animals affected;Welfare impact: FiveFreedoms + duration; Welfare impact of control measures;Extent of excess suffering (due to either the disease or theplanned controls)

Impact on WiderSociety (5 criteria)

Global environment; Local environment; Rural community;Cost to the exchequer

International tradeimpact(8 criteria)

Government effort; Legal risk; Extent of impact on industrysector (potential extent for exotic diseases)

Risk &epidemiology(9 criteria)

Likelihood of an unaffected holding becoming affected; Rateof spread (potential rate for exotic diseases;Extent to whichthe keeper or government can control

BOX 1. Criteria used in the UK for Priority Setting (DEFRA, 2006) ___________________________________

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Slide 34UK Caribbean Countries The Philippines

1. Publichealthimpact

1. Public health impact 1. Public health impact

2. Impact onInternationaltrade

2. Impact on trade/ animalproducts

3. Impact on trade/animals

2. Impact on internationaltrade

3. Impact onWiderSociety

4 . So cie tal impac t 3 . So ci o- ec on om ic imp ac t

4. AnimalWelfareimpact

5. Public perception 4. Sever it y and poten tial f orspread to the generalpopulation

5. Risk andEpidemiology

6. Production impact 5 .Pr es en tl y th e p rio rity f orprevention, control &eradication programs

7. Feasibility of control

8. Likelihood of introduction

BOX 1. Criteria to measure the importance of diseases

Sources:DA A.O.No.17,s 2004

DISCONTOOLS, 2011

CaribVet,2012

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Slide 35 PRIORITY DISEASES IN THE PHILIPPINESFIRST PRIORITY

FMD

HS

CSF

ND

Rabies

Pseudorabies

Anthrax

IBD

SECOND PRIORITY

Blackleg

Bovine anaplasmosis

Bovine babesiosis

Bovine TB

Brucellosis

Fasciolosis

Leptospirosis

Pullorumdisease

Surra

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12-page dealing with disease

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