12 management role of site engineers

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Role of Site EngineersPrior to deliberating role of a Site Engineer on job, let us understand, what definition of a Site Engineer is?

Definitions in a nutshell:1 Site Engineering indicates a chain of various engineering works’ descriptions

belonging to all disciplines starting from tender stage to handing over & maintenance stage of a building or structure or project.

Supervision End:1 On supervision level, engineers are deployed in capacity of Resident Engineer/s to

work on behalf of Contractual Engineer. 2 Contractual Engineer means an Engineer specified or defined within legal

contract documents. 3 Contractual Engineer further delegates executive supervision powers to Resident

Engineer. 4 Within Governments (India/Bharat), to my awareness, there are five categories of

engineers starting from Chief to Junior Engineer.5 Since, Chief Engineer is originally responsible for all contractual decisions as

head of department project should come under authority of Chief Engineer as a Contractual Engineer.

6 All further Engineers subscribed to down titles should be described as Resident Engineers of various levels/designations.

Construction End:1 Project Manager/Project Engineer downwards to Foreman, supervisor & charge

hand are assigned in a construction contracting company. 2 All these designations are factually responsible for achievement of project

construction execution deliveries.3 An Engineer, who represents company on actual site physically & functionally,

reports to Engineer’s Representative/Resident Engineer on site, is designated as Site Agent or Site In charge, depending upon contractual requirements.

4 This Engineer is designated as Responsible Site Engineer for Project.

Resident Engineer & Site Agent 1 Virtually, Resident Engineer & Site Agent is considered at equal level on site

organization from different parties.2 Resident Engineer is responsible for all works of supervision carried out on

project.3 Site Agent/Representative is responsible for all works of constructions carried out

by contractor on project.4 All Engineer’s subordinate supervising engineers report to Resident Engineer &

work for Contractual Engineer.5 All Site staff of contractor including subcontractors report to Site Agent,6 Size/Magnitude of project dictates/demands strength respecting further site staff

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7 Many site engineers practically dedicatedly, supervise all works, may be employed on various sections of projects in many constituted teams under senior site engineers or construction managers.

Various sections are organized under QA requirement system on all projects.1 Safety/Engineering/Planning/Contracts/Construction/Surveying/Quality/

Materials/Administration sections are various strong typically established on generally, every major site.

2 All these sections are assigned relevant detailed roles to act on projects. 3 Roles are defined in project quality plans/project plan.

We have to discuss Site Execution Engineers role in this talk.Broad Activities on Site:

1 Site Take Over2 Site Planning3 Site Mobilisation4 Site Surveying5 Site Start or kick off6 Site Construction7 Site Quality8 Site Supervision9 Site Completion & maintenance

Management 1 Management is involved in general, with Site Engineering/Site Coordination. 2 Site Engineer has no definite independent direct role on QM but, indirect role to

implement design, engineering & project decisions to comply with quality systems, with strongly extended based supports by all responsible discipline sections on project.

3 Site Quality plan & Site Safety Plan, must describe functionary as well as, reporting roles respecting all responsible engineers on project.

4 Since Site agent/Representative is responsible in all respects for site, role multiplies as follows:

Role1 Design review is first involvement to make sure that design specification

requirements have been included within design philosophy. Engineering section does it.

2 Soil report requires a thorough review through engineering section. 3 It is to be made sure that all recommendations included by soil or geotechnical

engineer, have been covered within design report. 4 In case of a pin pointed observation, it should be brought to notice of designer

through agreed procedures.5 Should also, be specified on design drawings, specific value of soil parameters

adopted on design. 6 Certain parameters must be confirmed on site prior to laying foundations.

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7 In case, localized soil does not allow adopted design parameters, design should be reconsidered.

8 It is responsibility of Site Engineer to conduct this test in all major areas of site. 9 Site Quality Engineer has to involve for quality accuracy of test. 10 A variation from soil report should immediately, be reported to soil laboratory &

designer.11 Resident Engineer has to make sure that testing system is complied with in line to

standard procedures.12 All relevant Engineers must sign Inspection & Testing Plan/ITP for such activity.

Testing of all materials 1 According to specification requirements, must be conducted to ensure demanded

quality adhering materials. 2 Particularly, reinforcing bar is an important item for purpose of procurement

rightly.3 Concrete trial mix should also, be carried out, so that right quality required mix is

produced to meet design requirement.

Piling 1 Should be done fully in compliance to specific design & test load requirement2 Load tests as well as, integrity test must be rightly/satisfactorily conducted. 3 Connections between piles cut off level & pile cap should be rightly/satisfactorily

made. Test piles activity must be conducted much in advance.Role

1 Site Engineer through Engineering must make sure that all drawings contain right ductile detaining of reinforcement.

2 In case of a detail missing, should raise immediately, a query for confirmation.3 Arrangements must be indicated on typical standard drawings by designer.4 It is very significant for proposed materials to resist forces, which included

materials should conform to standards without any adjustments. 5 No compromise should be made in quality of these materials. 6 Generally, it is RCC that is often included on various buildings & it is certainly

considered for designs. 7 It is significant to produce concrete works with good quality & no batch of

concrete should be allowed to be poured unsupervised.8 Site Engineer must ensure about, whatever precautions are required to be taken on

site, should have been explained to all responsible skilled craftsman as well as, foremen, supervisors & charge hands.

9 All requirements should be included on relevant method statements clearly. 10 All detailed method statements should be approved ahead of any activity.

All quality controls must be conducted during concrete pour. These may include slump test, air voids volumes, concrete temperature, concrete mixing to concrete finishing time etc.

1 All steel bars details must be produced in form of BBS Bar bending schedule prior to giving to fabrication.



2 These should meet requirements to avoid stresses’ localizations. 3 As far as practicable, overlaps should be avoided. 4 Rings or stirrups should be fixed in such a way that hooks do not continue on one

side.

5 It should be remembered that reinforcing bars during earthquake action time, change behavior drastically.

6 Bars provided with gravity loads start accepting horizontal shear distributed stresses thereby, forcing beams to work as columns & columns to work as beams.

7 That makes an essential requirement to tightly bind all bars & no bar should be displaced during concrete pour or during vibrator application.

8 Vibrator must not be allowed to touch any rebar anytime. 9 No over vibration should be allowed. 10 No pulling or pushing of concrete using vibrator should be allowed. 11 No concrete segregation should be allowed. 12 All concrete must be vibrated. 13 In case of voids formation, thorough investigation should be conducted & then,

remedial actions resorted to.14 Proper inclusion of concrete spacers also, called concrete covers should be

provided at right locations, so that reinforcing bars keep intact during pouring activity.

15 It has generally, been noticed that this items is neglected by site engineers as well as, by other persons.

16 Cover or concrete spacer is too serious an issue to be considered. 17 Precast covers well cured can be used. 18 Plastic covers if strong enough to bear loads of foundation reinforcing bars, can

also, be used 19 Formwork should be erected based on correct & safe designs of preparatory

works. 20 Working Safety is of utmost importance. 21 Safety first criteria should be fully considered & implemented. 22 Well, in additions to usual quality control tests, such as slump or cubes

compressive strength, additional tests should be considered for cores drilled or taken out from various locations to make sure that site conditions match laboratory conditions for cube testing purpose.

23 Curing is responsible for life of concrete & therefore, must be given due care & control under direct command of a responsible staff.

24 No leniency or worry about cost of water or curing compound or hessian or polythene sheet has to be accommodated.

25 Defects observed after striking forms, should be reported to site engineer & through whom, to resident engineer for remedial actions proposals.

26 No horizontal planes of weakness should be preferred. 27 As far as practicable, concrete pouring should be planned for monolithic concrete

actions. 28 Construction joints should be agreed in advance for an easy execution purpose.29 Backfill



30 Wherever required, soil improvement has to be carried out to achieve required safe bearing capacity SBC.

31 Imported desert fill or graded fill has to be used for purpose of limiting Liquid limit as well as, plasticity index to a minimum value.

32 Backfill is one activity that makes a lot of difference on future of foundations.33 It must be rightly conducted in line to project & general specifications.34 It has been observed that site engineers try to neglect its supervision & save

project time by filling thicker layers, which is not a good practice.35 Backfills should be conducted in good compliance to agreed specifications to

achieve 95 to 98 % field density.36 General fill can be compacted to 90 % FD.

Construction sequence should be correctly followed during scheduling stage. 1 Foundations should be planned as far as, possible to be cast monolithic.2 Columns should be cast first.3 Beams & slabs should be cast one time monolithic.4 All connections should be conducted /made to meet requirements.5 It has to be ensured that proper bands are used in brick or stone buildings that

have been required for EQ resistance.6 Long walls should be inserted with bonding columns & bonding beams as

required in specifications.7 Infill walls should be taken up for later, after completing RCC framework.8 Connections between columns & walls should be made with proper fastenings.9 Factually speaking, all constructions activities must be complied with design as

well as, specifications requirements. 10 No negligence should be allowed during supervision by line management.11 QA engineers have to similarly, involve check & inspect all activities by

observations in addition to signing ITPs. 12 Resident Engineer should keep an eagle eye on all significant activities.13 Quality product should be a ‘must requirement’ for delivery.14 During EQ, buildings services too can break due to impact by horizontal forces,

which require strong & durable fills around with durable joints.15 All elements of buildings as well as, finishing should be well secured &

constructed durable, so that during EQ impact, these do not dissociate or tear out.

Points for attention on site:a Site engineer should not decide self about any engineering decision on mistakes

for any reason whatsoever. b Many aberrations from quality compliance & their suggested solutions are noted

as follows:1 Rusted & bent reinforcing bars are often delivered either to site or to fabrication

yard, which are without thought included on works. 2 Straight length without rust only should be used.3 Reinforcing bars are placed on ground soil & not on good wooden or other

supports without covering with polythene sheets. 4 Precaution should be resorted to for good handling & storage of reinforcing bars.



5 Fabricated reinforcing bars are not properly sorted, tagged & stored in a shed or under protection from moisture contact.

6 Right tracking should be maintained by designations of relevant elements.7 Rebar Dowels may be forgotten to place in at various joint connections. 8 Chemical anchors should be used for forgotten dowels. 9 Do not chip concrete & insert small hook. 10 Drill shall be required to fix in chemical anchor to manufacturer’s

recommendations.11 Inserts/embedment respecting services at various locations may be missed.12 Approved shop drawing should be used for inserts locations. 13 Coordinate inserts locations to structural details.14 Block outs for various services may be often missed due to unplanned working. 15 Approved shop drawing should be used to overcome such problem. 16 Coordinate these locations to structural details & services details.17 Sometimes due to site negligence, certain concrete elements inclusion work may

be missed by overlooking. 18 Structural drawings should be deeply coordinated with Architectural drawings.19 Generally, facets dowels are forgotten. 20 Many lintels too are overlooked.21 Opening or bulging of forms at one third of height from pouring base is a

common occurrence. 22 Location requires strong resultant supports to resist forces. 23 It should be taken care of, while considering concreting plan. 24 Chipping should be avoided if feasible, by providing strong supports.25 Honey combing on surface is a common defect occurrence. 26 Vibration to concrete should be applied rightly without segregation. 27 Produce a smooth & a nice surface of concrete for a good delivery.28 Concrete temperatures are not ensured in range of 5 to 32 deg C. 29 Concrete is carried out within temperature above 35 to 42 deg C. 30 During higher temperatures as such, ice needs be added if mercury is above 32

deg C. 31 Thick elements or massive blocks should be concreted within 24 deg C.32 Voids formation in concrete is a common occurrence due to lack of compaction. 33 Void area should be chipped out to reach strong concrete surface followed by

remedial treatment & for repairs use recommended chemicals.34 Exposition of reinforcing bars is a common occurrence on concrete members.35 Mortar is pasted on those areas to hide exposed reinforcing bars, which is a bad

practice.36 Concrete spacers should be placed all over members form surfaces to meet correct

cover or spacer requirements. 37 Congestion of steel is generally, as experienced, not anticipated by site engineer.38 It should be discussed with design engineer, when heavy congestion is anticipated

for an alternative detail. 39 If workable, better arrangement should be approved for action onsite.40 Reinforcing bars are often displaced by electrical conduits fixers.



41 During conduits fixing, steel fixers should replace affected reinforcing bars parallel to conduits installations.

42 For higher size bars, overlaps do not work perfectly.43 Mechanical connectors should be used for both horizontal & vertical bars.44 Generally reinforcing bars dia. 20T & above work better, when mechanically

connected.45 Hardened concrete is, as a bad practice, cut for passing a small air conditioning

duct already missed. 46 No concrete should be cut without proper investigation by either design engineer

or resident engineer.47 Excessive slump is not reported truly. 48 No information should be concealed, but slump should be tried to be brought

down by keeping truck mixer rotating for a couple of minutes. 49 In case, it does not work to reduce slump to acceptable limits, mix should not be

accepted.50 During concreting pouring, due to delay, additional water is secretly added. 51 No additional cube sample is taken for added water batch. 52 If additional water is allowed to be added to concrete, special cubes should be

collected for specific strength confirmation test.53 Construction joint stop end is not readily available on site. 54 Keeping certain emergency in view, stop ends should be made readily available. 55 If required, it is fixed as an emergency exercise, when concrete stops due to

whatever reason.56 Construction joint is not correctly fixed. 57 Construction joint Location should either be indicated either on drawing or should

be agreed with resident engineer prior to commencement of pour.58 Construction joint is not correctly hacked or scabbled, before new concrete is laid.59 Do not run fast, but chip out joint surface to expose aggregates by removing

laitance & then proceed for laying concrete for new work after a lapse of 24 to 48 hours of pouring old concrete.

60 Standby vibrator is not available. 61 It is very important to have additional vibrator to meet working requirement,

when a busy vibrator fails. 62 Vibrators should be checked for working before commencement of pours.63 Curing is not started in time. 64 Curing is not continued as required. 65 Hot weather requires immediate curing particularly, on exposed or unformed

surfaces, which can be done by spraying curing compound even. 66 Polythene sheet can also, be spread on concrete surface immediately, finishing is

affected. 67 Curing should be effectively carried out to defined duration by personal attention

of Site Engineer.68 Curing is not competed for required period. 69 Do not ignore curing.



70 Ignorance can cause a major problem & non conformance report NCR on this account may have no solution consistent enough for closing non conformance report.

71 Non Conformance report means stop to be paid by owner for that part of works 72 It is easy to pour concrete, but extremely expensive to dismantle & rebuild.73 Incorrect cut reinforcing bars are forced to be placed in & unusually bent. 74 Prepare good BBS/ bar bending schedule prior to starting cutting & bending. 75 BBS can be produced on excel sheet duly using required formula. 76 Cutting lengths should be shown with shape codes.77 Stirrups are not rightly centred. 78 Do proper fixing reinforcing bars on site.79 Reinforcing bars are not centered properly as observed even during pouring. 80 Carry out proper fixing work for all reinforcing bars first time itself.81 Reinforcing bars supporting chairs are not rightly cut & fixed. 82 Check before fabrication all required dimensions. 83 Do not depend on steel fixers overconfidently. 84 Reinforcing bars fixing is complex activity. 85 Make sure that reinforcing bars fixing is carried our correctly.86 Reinforcing bars are not well secured. 87 Bind bars properly without worrying about binding wire cost. 88 Check fixing arrangements over all joints.89 Tie bolts are not tightened properly. 90 Use correct dimension tie bolts & fix properly as required.91 Plumb is not inspected to standards allowing non verticality. 92 It is difficult exercise to inspect dimensions, locations & verticality, but should be

conducted particularly, for elements to bear equipment or where facet is involved.93 Extra previous concrete is not chipped out before leaving location aster cocnrete. 94 Site should be kept tidy in all respects. 95 Chip all surplus concrete dropped during pouring or immediately, after.96 Holes are not left for cleaning out dust from forms. 97 It is practically, required to dust out preparatory works. 98 Use compressor frequently to clean out preparatory works.99 Flash setting of concrete is not prevented.100 Use water to be sprayed on forms to keep temperature low before concrete

starts. 101 When steel bar is hot, concrete is cold, combination generates flash setting

of concrete, which should be avoided.102 Cold joints are wrongly allowed, to avoid which, sequence should be

made as such, that concrete repetition is done fast in hot conditions by controlling time gap.

103 Concrete is collected at one spot for longer than required.104 Do not pool up concrete at one location, which is dangerous for

preparatory works & scaffoldings & also, concrete pulling is not recommended.105 Workers add additional water to soften concrete due to delayed following

pour, which act should be discouraged at all.



106 Remedial actions on defects are cared by site staff, without even informing site engineer.

107 Keep an eye on foreman / supervisor & other persons responsible.108 Formwork is struck before defined time limit. 109 Record dates in concrete register for all pours. 110 Record all test results. 111 Record all curing dates.112 Concrete blocks are shifted from factory to site within 3 days of

production. 113 Due curing is not allowed to blocks. 114 Cure blocks prior to being tested & permanently included.115 Class one bricks are not procured or even not available. 116 Procure good bricks or blocks. & avoid using weak bricks.117 Wooden planks are used for formwork with leaking joints. 118 Better suggested to use ply for good results.119 Formwork is not correctly leveled. 120 Set out formwork correctly & check all lines & levels truly.121 Grouting for structural steel bases that are generally RCC foundations,

requires a good control, as it is cement based material. 122 Similarly, grouting for under anchorage plates requires good controls.123 Do not go ahead for any work, where doubts exist either in specifications

or in design. 124 Obtain clarified answers in form of Site Technical Queries, before

carrying out ambiguous items.a It is emphasized that foregoing points should be considered in true spirit. b Carrying out better work on controls shall definitely produce a good concrete

work that would serve to required & desired durability for whole structures on buildings.

c Patience pays on site. d Panic harms works. e Plan properly all day today activities. f Progress is required, but not at quality cost. g Safety first slogan has to be applied in all respects. h Safety is responsibility of one & all.

Site Engineer has also, to be involved with retrofitting activities. Seismic Retrofitting:

1 Structural modifications to upgrade strength, ductility and energy dissipating ability of seismically deficient or earthquake damaged structures.

Seismic Strengthening:1 Process of enhancing strength of existing structures to make them resistant to

seismic activity, ground motion or soil failure due to earthquakes

Identifications:



a Identify various priority buildings, such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes, police stations, fire brigade centre/s, multi storey buildings, water reservoirs, electrical stations, essential services buildings etc.

a All surveys of restorable buildings can be done by experienced site engineers minutely, for purpose of making a report to decision makers.

b All details from site observations & samples, collected from sites can be reported to laboratories as well as, to relevant engineer.

c It requires an extensive grasp of field knowledge of state of chronic materials. d Recording can be done by photographs, video or by taking all measurements of

locations of deteriorating areas. e Hand excavations should be effected for purpose to collect foundation sample of

old concrete. f Reinforcing bar sample can also, be collected from non critical areas that require a

good study of structure, either from records or from site survey.g Engineer should have patience, while working on retrofitting. h Detailed report should be submitted to have an understanding about health of old

building or structure.i Levels at various heights should also, be recorded to reflect major settlement.j Deflections of RCC structural members could also, be recorded if feasible.k Record all applied real loads on buildings, either by inquiring or observing. l These loads can be different than what have been used in designs.m Columns & beams are required to be studied with concentration. n Strengthening of these members shall be very difficult. o Check all deformations & deteriorations.p Similarly, samples & integrity of wall materials should also, be recorded for

making a good report.q It may be proposed to add beams or extend footings in foundations, for which all

existing data must be collected.r Additional columns or beams could also, be required to be added to meet various

requirement for which, all necessary data should be recorded on report.s Retrofitting could also, demand provision of composite sections in to existing

one. t Careful study & understanding is required for all such varying design cases. u Retrofitting requires great input by investigation engineers, prior to making any

reliable decisions. v For certain structures, it may be better to rebuild as a whole while, for others

retrofitting would be economical.w Whatever could be considerations for retrofitting, detailed method statements

giving minute sequences shall import attention & Site Engineer should include all such details with elaborations for making a clear understanding of proposal.

x All works would certainly, impact on budgets for retrofitting project. y If required, reporting can be done by many stages inspections, that may depend on

size of structurez Separate individual records are suggested to be made for a proper audit. aa Complete audit should be worked out.



Post Earthquake Disaster Management1 No one can control disasters, whether it is caused by Earthquake or by other

calamities.2 Preparedness to mitigate a disaster is required. 3 Everybody should be ready to accept responsibilities to help mitigate it. 4 Major contribution would be required from various disciplines, such as indicated

below:5 Police/Army/Fire brigade/Civil defense/Medical professionals/Equipment

companies/Expert Operators6 Helicopters/Cranes/Ambulances/Ladders7 Civil Engineers/NGO Activists/Volunteers etc.8 In Action Being Government Constituted to coordinate, control & assist nation

out from clutches of disasters:

National Disaster Management Authority Vision

1 Zero Tolerance to avoidable deaths due to earthquakes.Mission

1 To formulate Guidelines for preparation of plans to reduce earthquake risk, and minimize impact, loss of lives and damage to property caused by earthquakes

Term Definitions:Disaster

1 A catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in an area, arising from natural or manmade causes or by accident or negligence, which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to and destruction of property or damage to and degradation of environment and is of such a nature or magnitude, beyond coping up capacity of community of affected area

Hazard1 A threatening event or probability of occurrence of a potentially damaging

phenomenon (an earthquake, a cyclonic storm or a large flood) within a given time period and area

High Risk Areas1 Geographical areas, which fall under seismic zones III, IV and V, which are

vulnerable to potential impact of earthquakes, landslides, rock falls or mudflows,Disaster Management

1 A continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures, which are necessary or expedient for prevention of danger or threat of an EQ caused disaster. (EQ means Earth Quake)

Mitigation or reduction of risk of a disaster or its severity or consequences1 Measures aimed at reducing risk, impact or effects of a disaster or threatening

disaster situation.Capacity building

1 Being preparedness to deal with a disaster, prompt response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster, assessing severity or magnitude of effects of a disaster, evacuation, rescue and relief and rehabilitation and reconstruction



Non Structural Measures1 To reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, such as education, training,

capacity development, public awareness, communication etc.Preparedness

1 State of readiness to deal with a threatening disaster situation or disaster and effects thereof

Risk1 Expected number of lives lost, persons injured, damage to property and disruption

of economic activity due to a particular natural phenomenon.Risk Assessment

1 Determination of nature and extent of risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that could pose a potential threat or harm to people, property, livelihoods, and environment.

Risk Management1 Systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization, operational

skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping up capacity of society and communities to lessen impact of hazards.

Rapid Visual Screening RVS1 A procedure requiring visual evaluation to assess vulnerability of buildings, by

permitting vulnerability assessment based on ‘walk around’ of building by a trained evaluator.

2 Evaluation procedure and system is compatible with GIS based city database and also, permits use of collected building information for a variety of other planning and mitigation purposes.

Specific Risk1 Expected degree of loss due to particular natural phenomenon2 EQ risk can be assessed in an area.

Seismic Retrofitting1 Structural modifications to upgrade strength, ductility and energy dissipating

ability of seismically deficient or earthquake damaged structures.Seismic Strengthening

1 Process of enhancing strength of existing structures to make them resistant to seismic activity, ground motion or soil failure due to earthquakes

Points Requiring Attention:1 New buildings should be properly set out so to allow easy access to areas for

rescue operations.2 Adequate access should be included for machines & equipment to enter.3 Equipment must cover as required in EQ situations. 4 Buildings should be located away from main roads.5 Streets should be wide for an easy access of vehicles & equipment.6 Priority & essential buildings should be located in vicinities.7 Standby generators plants should be provided to meet electric supply failures. 8 Firefighting lines should be available during emergencies.9 Road should be constructed resistant to EQ forces.



10 All existing structures prone to failure should be upgraded by strengthening or retrofitting.

11 Trained & Certified Engineers & other personnel should be available all over. 12 All these personnel should be given updates & allowed regular management drills13 Similarly, medical professional should be given updates & allowed drills.14 All other relevant professionals & others should also, be updated & allowed drills.15 General public should be kept well informed & imparted education about methods

to respond during EQ emergencies without panic. 16 Engineers can do this job very well.17 Owners should be educated about benefits to include EQ resistant design

provisions on new structures. 18 Engineers can very well explain to public about EQ management requirement &

how to deal with emergent situations.19 Similarly, Engineers can demand from architects to include all EQR provisions on

new buildings in both public sector & in private sector.20 Engineers can deliver lectures in schools & colleges about EQR methods & about

role of children & public involved.
