11th & 12th lecture, air pollution_mavromatidis

7/24/2019 11th & 12th Lecture, Air Pollution_Mavromatidis

1/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 11

[email protected], [email protected]

. 70, 176 71

2008


2/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 22

(0.04 %)(0.04 %) Carbon

Dioxide CO2(0.035 %) eon Ne (0.0018 %)

Helium He (0.00052 %)

Methane CH4 (0.00015%)

Krypton Kr (0.00010 %) Hydrogen H2(0.00005

%)

itrousOxide - N2O (0.00005 %)

zone O3(0.000007 %)

O2(20.95 %)

N2 (78.08 %)

Ar (0.93 %)

( 0% 4%).

H2O

.


3/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 33

(())

,

.


4/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 44

(1)(1)

Carbon monoxide

(CO): .

.

.

Nitrogen oxide (NO):

, .

Sulphur dioxide (SO2):

.

( , )

, .

15 %

(CO)

48%

16%

16%

()

5%

:


5/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 55

Volatile

Organic Compounds (VOCs):

.

.

Particulate Matter

(PM):

, .

.

(2)(2)

3

Ammonia(NH3),

.


6/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 66

,

.

.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): 95%

.

.

Sulphuric acid (H2SO4):

.

.

Ozone (O3): , .

.

:

: 2, x


7/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 77

:

:

.

:

.

()

.

(1)(1)

:

:

: .

, ,

.

(.. ):

: , , .


8/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 88

,

, ,

, , CO

, , COSO2, SO3 H2SO4

CO, NOx, VOCs,

,

(, ), (SO2, CO

2)

, (CO2, NOx, )

(),

(2)(2)


9/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 99

:

.

.

:

.

(1)(1)

____________________________________________

(Concentration)=

_________________________________________

(mixing ratio)=


10/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 1010

(2)(2)

ppmv =______Vi

Vtotal

x106 x106mi

mtotal

ppmm =_______

(ppmv) (ppmm).

. -

parts per million (ppm) -parts per billion (ppb).


11/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 1111

(Residence time)

.

(3)(3)

_________________________________________________________

=

.

.

:


12/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 1212

, NOx VOCs.

(1)(1)

( )

:

,

(- )

.

O3

.

,

, , CO

SO2.


13/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 1313

.

- .

:

,

.

:

(..

).

(.. ).

: Los

Angeles, Mexico City, , Tokyo, Johannesburg .


14/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 1414

O3

( .. NOx ,

VOCs)

PM10

PM2.5

NO2

SO2

CO

Hydrocarbons (.. CH4, .)


15/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 1515

O3

.

33

.

Altitude(kilometers)

Ozone concentration (ppm)

Altitude(miles)

Stratospheric ozone

Stratosphere

Troposphere

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

00 5 10 15 20

0

5

10

15

20

25

Photochemical ozone


16/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 1616

, Montsouris 1876

1910

(Arkona) 1956 1983.

O3

30-40 ppb 10-15 ppb .

.

NOx

.

From Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts Jr.

(1997), Tropospheric Air Pollution:

Ozone, airborne toxics, polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons, and particles.

Science, 276, 1045-1051.

33


17/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 1717

O3

NOx

400

Tg/yr 210 Tg/yr .

.

33

15000 ppb

490 ppb O3 (Los Angeles, Mexico City)

120-200 ppb O3

80-100 ppb

20-40 ppb (

)

10-20 ppb (pre-industrial)

3


18/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 1818

BOUND RY L YER

: ( )

.

,

: NOx VOCs.

33

&


19/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 1919

O2 + h 2 O (1)

O + O2 + M O3 + M (2)

O3 UV

(290 nm < < 330 nm)

O2:

O3 + h O2 + O (3)

O + O3

2 O2 (4)

33

O3

O3

( -N2) , .


20/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 2020

NO2

O(3P)

O2

NO

O3

h

+

33 (( 1)1)

O3 ?

!!

. O3

NO2 + (< 420 nm) NO + OO + O2 + M O3 + M

NO + O3 NO2 + O2


21/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 2121

RO2

RH

NO2

O(3

P)

O2

NO

O3

h

+

(

). (RO2)

NO

NO2 NO

O3

.

O3

NO.

O3

NO2.

.

O3 .

33 (( 22))


22/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 2222

()

CH4 (VOCs)

O3 :

O3 , :

(CO)

(SO2

)

33


23/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 2323

NOx N2

25 NOx

33 ((NONOx))

NOx:

.

,

().

NOx.


24/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 2424(van Ardenne et al., 2001, GBC 15, 909)

1890:

1990:

19 NOx 20

.

33 (1(1-- NONOx))


25/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 2525

NOx 1985(Canadian Global

Emissions

Interpretation

Centre, 1995)

33 (2(2-- NONOx))

NOx 2001

10,056 Gg, NOx 2001.

(63%)

(35%).


26/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 2626

NO3 NH4

:

(

).

.

(acidification) , .

NOx:

NONOx


27/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 2727

VOCs .

,

.

VOCs :

CO, CO2, H2CO3,

/ , (NH4)2CO3 ( ),

0.01 kPa 25C.

(, ).

, RH.

33 (1(1--VOCsVOCs))


28/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 2828

VOCs 600

.

:

: , ( CH4 NMVOCs).

: (), ().

: 1,3-, 2-1,3- ().

: ().

33 (2(2--VOCsVOCs))


29/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 2929

Brasseur et al., 1998

~100 TgC/yr

43 TgC/yr

45 TgC/yr

15 TgC/yr

~1170 TgC/yr

o (C5H8) 500 TgC/Yr

o 125 TgC/yr

o VOCs 520 TgC/yr

6-36 TgC/yr

(BVOCs)

VOCsVOCs

TgC:

.


30/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 3030

.

.

.

VOCs :

VOCsVOCs

.


31/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 3131

:

Particulate Matter (PM).

Total suspended particulate matter (TSP)

.

Coarse Particles ()

2.5 microns

(PM10). Fine Particles ()

0.1 and 2.5 microns (PM2.5).

Ultrafine Particles (-)

0.1 micron.

(

m)

--

0.001 0.1 2.5 10.0 100.0

--


32/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 3232

(Coarse) ():

,

.

(Fine) :

,

.

NOx VOCs .

: , ,

.

(1)


33/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 3333

NOx VOCs.

.

.

(.. ).

(1)(1)

:

(-)

.

.

:

(2)(2)


34/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 3434

:

. (

).

.

. .

.

(2)(2)


35/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 3535

.

( )

.

.

.

(1)(1)


36/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 3636

NOx VOCs . NOx VOCs

NO2

NO2 O3

NO2 VOCs PAN (

Peroxyacetyl nitrate).

O3. O3

.

(1)(1)


37/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 3737

O3 14:00 15:00.

2-2.5

.

O3 1987-1990

( ) 1993-1996 ( )

(2)(2)


38/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 3838

.

.

.

O3 (,

, ..).

NOx VOCs

3

(1)(1)


39/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 3939

:

.

: , , .

(1)(1)

:

O3

, .

:

, , .

.

. :

.

.

- .


40/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 4040

-

-Peroxyacetyl

nitrate (PAN)

CH3COOONO2

Ozone (O3)

Volatile organic

compounds (VOCs)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

(2)(2)


41/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 4141

.

.

.

O3:


42/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 4242

:

(, , ),

:

( , ).

.

.

(1)(1)

O3

.

, .


43/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 4343

(NOx)

.

(NOx) (N2) (O2).

:

(NOx).

((NOxNOx))


44/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 4444

VOCs

VOC

:

() liquefiedpetroleum gas (LPG).

compressed natural gas (CNG).

.

VOCs .

((VOCsVOCs))


45/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 4545

:

(, , , ..) .

: CO2

SO2, NOx .

:

.

:

.

pH: H+. H+ . 0 14

pH 0 =>

pH 14 =>

pH 7

.


46/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 4646

:, ,

.

: (,

, ). : .

:

.

pH 6.0 6.5

.

=>

.

: Ca+, Mg+, K+ ,

.


47/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 4747

..,, ((,,,, )) ,,

..

--

The source of this material is the Cooperative Program for OperationalMeteorology, Education, and Training (COMET) Website athttp://meted.ucar.edu/ of the University Corporation for AtmosphericResearch (UCAR) pursuant to a Cooperative Agreement with NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1997-2004 University Corporationfor Atmospheric Research. All Rights Reserved.


48/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 4848

-- .. 33-- ,, ,, 33 ..

..


49/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 4949

1.

2.

v

tu

v

xv

v

yw

v

z yfu

xK

v

x yK

v

y zK

v

zm m m=

+

+

+

= + +

t

R

c

u

x

v

y

w

zv

0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

-22.0

C

-20.0

-18.0

-16.0

-14.0

-12.0

-10.0

-8.0

-6.0

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

22.0

0.

1000.

2000.

3000.

4000.

5000.

6000.

z(m)

- 420. -400. -380. -360. -340. x (km)


50/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 5050

..

: .

:. , . , . , . , .

.

12 . 6 , 12:00 UTC


51/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 5151

..

60 . 8, 12:00 UTC

24 . 7, 00:00 UTC


52/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 5252

..

- 27 . 7, 03:00 UTC

- 36 . 7, 12:00 UTC


53/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 5353

..

- 48 . 8 , 00:00 UTC


54/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 5454

..

: .

:. , . , . , . , .

, . , . , . , . , .

, . , . , . , St. Rao, G. Yarwood.


55/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 5555

..

rocky

soil

..


56/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 5656

.

(moles/hr)


57/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 5757

..

: 24 2006


58/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 5858

, 24 2006

: 24 2006

:


59/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 5959

3

PSO4

PM10 ,

PM10


60/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 6060

94.294.25.85.81211214.34.32.42.455.055.0

69.069.031.031.029297.47.43.23.242.942.9

70.070.030.030.0101011.311.33.13.127.027.0,,

20062006

79.079.021.021.081817.97.96.76.746.546.5

65.765.734.334.3393912.712.74.94.938.038.0

45.845.854.254.2242415.015.04.94.932.232.2,,

52.252.247.847.823*23*22.422.48.78.738.738.7

20052005

80.480.419.619.6676711.211.26.06.053.753.7

54.854.845.245.2737318.218.27.77.742.342.348.648.651.451.4363619.219.26.46.426.026.0,,

77.877.822.222.214014016.116.19.39.356.956.9

20042004

75.075.025.025.097974.04.01.91.949.049.0

69.469.430.630.61131136.96.93.13.144.844.8

34.334.365.765.735357.67.62.42.431.731.7,,

77.377.322.722.71821828.68.65.35.362.262.2

20032003

PMPM1010

(%)(%)

(%)(%)

PMPM1010

(%)(%)

((g mg m--33))

PMPM1010

((g mg m--33))

CAMx


61/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 6161

O3+NO2

Galatsi station

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

90,00

15/04/2005

0:00-1:00

15/04/2005

8:00-9:00

15/04/2005

16:00-17:00

16/04/2005

0:00-1:00

16/04/2005

8:00-9:00

16/04/2005

16:00-17:00

17/04/2005

0:00-1:00

17/04/2005

8:00-9:00

17/04/2005

16:00-17:00

18/04/2005

0:00-1:00

18/04/2005

8:00-9:00

18/04/2005

16:00-17:00

19/04/2005

0:00-1:00

19/04/2005

8:00-9:00

19/04/2005

16:00-17:00

obs model

PSO4 - Observed vs Calculated

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

2/8/2001

00:00 -

3:00

2/8/2001

21:00-

0:00

3/8/2001

15:00-

18:00

4/8/2001

12:00-

15:30

5/8/2001

9:00-

12:00

6/8/2001

6:00-9:00

7/8/2001

3:00-6:00

8/8/2001

0:00-3:00

8/8/2001

21:00-

0:00

9/8/2001

18:00-

21:00

10/8/2001

15:00-

18:00

time (UTC)

g/m 3

obs(3h) model (avrg3h)

1-17 APRIL 2003

TEI KOZANH(NO2)

0

0,005

0,01

0,015

0,02

0,025

0,03

1/4/030:00-2:00

1/4/0314:00-16:00

2/4/034:00-6:00

2/4/0318:00-20:00

3/4/038:00-10:00

3/4/0322:00-24:00

4/4/0312:00-14:00

5/4/032:00-4:00

5/4/0316:00-18:00

6/4/036:00-8:00

6/4/0320:00-22:00

7/4/0310:00-12:00

8/4/030:00-2:00

8/4/0314:00-16:00

9/4/034:00-6:00

9/4/0318:00-20:00

10/4/038:00-10:00

10/4/0322:00-24:00

11/4/0312:00-14:00

12/4/032:00-4:00

12/4/0316:00-18:00

13/4/036:00-8:00

13/4/0320:00-22:00

14/4/0310:00-12:00

15/4/030:00-2:00

15/4/0314:00-16:00

16/4/034:00-6:00

16/4/0318:00-20:00

17/4/038:00-10:00

ppm

OBS MODEL

7-20 APRIL 2003

TEI KOZANH(SO2)

0,000

0,001

0,002

0,0030,004

0,005

0,006

0,007

0,008

0,009

0,010

7/4/030:00-2:00

7/

4/0312:00-14:00

8/4/030:00-2:00

8/

4/0312:00-14:00

9/4/030:00-2:00

9/

4/0312:00-14:00

1

0/4/030:00-2:00

10/

4/0312:00-14:00

1

1/4/030:00-2:00

11/

4/0312:00-14:00

1

2/4/030:00-2:00

12/

4/0312:00-14:00

1

3/4/030:00-2:00

13/

4/0312:00-14:00

1

4/4/030:00-2:00

14/

4/0312:00-14:00

1

5/4/030:00-2:00

15/

4/0312:00-14:00

1

6/4/030:00-2:00

16/

4/0312:00-14:00

1

7/4/030:00-2:00

17/

4/0312:00-14:00

1

8/4/030:00-2:00

18/

4/0312:00-14:00

1

9/4/030:00-2:00

19/

4/0312:00-14:00

2

0/4/030:00-2:00

20/

4/0312:00-14:00

OBS MODEL

3+2

PSO4

( )

4 10 2001


62/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 6262

g

a b c

d e f

4

2001, 12UTC

5

2001, 12UTC

6

2001, 12UTC

7

2001, 12UTC

8

2001, 12UTC

9

2001, 12UTC

10 2001, 12UTC

: 4-10 2001 -

0-8km (g/m2

)

( )

2 13 2003


63/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 6363

: 2-13 2003 -

0 - 4km (mg/m2

)


64/64

19/12/200819/12/2008 6464

,

.

( )

, .

( )

,

.

, ,

.

11th & 12th lecture, air pollution_mavromatidis

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