11.1 environmental data 11.2 collection of environmental ... · •characterization –special...

11.1 Environmental Data

11.2 Collection of Environmental Data

11.3 Monitoring Networks

11.4 Laboratory Data

11.5 Example: EIS

Baden-Württemberg

11.6 Summary

Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 916

11 Environmental Information Systems

http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/

• Characterization

– Special geographic information system

– Collecting, storing, analyzing, presentation of environmental data

– Includes data on natural, artificial, social environment and interdependencies

– Focus on different application areas

• Environment pollutions, endangerments,

precautions

• Control of air, water, soil

– Basis for planning, decision making



http://www.clisap.de/

• Operators

– Federal government (federal environment

agency)

– Federal state (ministry of

the environment)

– Administrative authority

(district, commune)

– Industry (occupational EIS)



http://www.hannover.de/

• Applications

– Environmental documentation

– Recording, monitoring

– Biotope cadastre

– Radiation detection

– Simulation of environmental

processes

– Environmental compatibility

assessment

– Informing the public



http://www.bec-kommunal.de/

http://www.e-c-o.at

• Example: urban planning



[SX08]

• Example: visualization of potential wind energy



http://www.gogis.dk/natgis/

• Example: visualization of flooding areas



http://www.braunschweig.de/

• Example: occurrence

of a species

(beavers in

Central

Franconia)



http://www.regierung.mittelfranken.bayern.de/

• Are related with the environment and are describing the environment

• Often have complex structure

• Have spatial components and usually also temporal components

• Are often spatially distributed

• Usually are recorded in large quantities

• There is a continuum between conventional data and environmental data



http://luadb.lds.nrw.de/



• The federal environment agency distinguishes 14 environment sectors, including – Environmental aspects of energy and raw material

– Environmental aspects of genetically modified organisms

– Environmental issues in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food

– Chemicals/harmful substances

– Noise/vibration

– Waste

– Soil

– Air

– Nature and landscape

– Radiation

– Water

http://www.wash-tec.de/

• The environment sectors are each structured

in 7 layers

– Methodological aspects of environmental planning

– Causes of pollutions

– Effects of pollutions

– Methods of measurement

– Quality

– Measures to reduce pollution

– Theory and fundamentals



http

://ww

w.u

mw

eltbu

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• The combination of the environment sectors with

the layers results in about 100 categories of

issues, some of which are further subdivided

• For example, some issues of the sector "air" (LU)

– LU10: Emission data of materials and waste heat

– LU11: Emission - kind, composition

– LU12: Air pollution from traffic

– LU13: Air pollution from private households

– LU14: Air pollution from industrial plants



– LU15: Heat discharge into the atmosphere

– LU16: Dispersion of emissions

– LU20: Climate change

...

– LU71: Physics of the

atmosphere, meteorology,

climatology

– LU72: Atmospheric chemistry



http://www.wdr.de/

• A further, very rough

and incomplete

classification of

environmental objects



• Environmental

objects with some

attributes



• Example of environmental data: "forest management planning"

– Kind of "forest inventory", is conducted every 10 years

– Acquisition of the forest status through special data acquisition forms

– Forest is divided into forestry, departments, divisions

– Acquisition of data include

• Forest floor

• Types of trees

• Inventory layers (major, shelter, 2nd growth)

• Mixture proportions

• Age, height, circumference



http://www.wald-online-bw.de/

• "Geometrical part" of environmental data can be

captured by

– Terrestrial surveying

• Chain, laser

• Theodolite: optical angle measurement

• Tachymeter: theodolite with electro-

optical distance measurement

– Photogrammetry (see section 9.2)

– Satellite imagery (see section 9.3)

– GPS (see section 10.1)



http://baumschutz.files.wordpress.com/

• "Non-geometrical part" of environmental data can

be captured by

– Satellite imagery (see section 9.4)

– Field recordings, field survey

– Continuous measurement

• Monitoring

networks

• Evaluation

of

laboratory

data



http://www.vista-geo.de/

• Surveying with theodolite

– Device for angle measurement of geodesy

– Measurement of horizontal direction and vertical angle

– Consists of

• Sighting telescope

• Vertical and horizontal reference circles

• Several bubble levels

– Is perpendicularly adjusted above measuring point

– Target points are focused on

– Read at angle scale



http://www.maerki.com/

• In addition to the hair cross, a theodolite usually

has two short slashes

– Thus, distance

measurements are possible

– This requires a level

indicator

– However, the measurement

method is not very accurate



http://www.uni-kiel.de/ewf/geographie/

• With theodolite surveying of triangular networks (triangulation) is possible

– Starting point is a 4 to 10 km long baseline (basic measurement)

– Then measurement of the angles between the baseline points and a visible target

– Resulting triangle is the starting point for further measurements



http://www.sgc.ethz.ch/

• Surveying with tachymeter

– Angle measurement as with theodolite

– Additional distance measurement, now usually by laser

– Measured by a laser pulse runtime and/or phase angle

of the laser beam

– Substantial improvement of accuracy compared to the

distance measurement with theodolite



http://www.acuitylaser.com/

• Field survey

– Direct observation of environmental events/states

(the focus is on the "non-geometrical part")

– Examples

• Traffic counting

• Occurrence of a species

(beavers in Central Franconia,

cheetahs in the Serengeti,

lynxes in the Harz Mountains,

the giant hogweed in the

Weser Hills)



http://www.tra-inc.com/

• Tools for field survey

– Counting device

– Data acquisition

forms

• Paper-bound

• Electronically (e.g. via PDA)

– Datalogger

– Tracking

transmitter



http://www.biostation-dueren.de/ http://www.ufz.de/

http://www.atp-messtechnik.de/

• Tasks of a monitoring network

– Automatic and continuous recording of measurement data

– At several locations

• Properties of a monitoring network

– Automatically

• Measure, transfer, storage without user interaction

• Intervals are in seconds to minutes

• Costly to develop, accident-sensitive in operation



http://www.wetterstation-goettingen.de/

– Continuously

• Measurements round the clock

• Robust against equipment failures

– Data acquisition

• Different phenomena require different measuring technology

• All measurements are afflicted with measuring errors

– Quality

• Measuring results of comparable measurements should be interchangeable

• Preferable are continuous (automatic) plausibility checks



http://www.wsl.ch/

• Example: TAO monitoring network

– “Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Array”

– World's largest marine monitoring network

– Approx. 8000 miles near the equator

through the Pacific, from New Guinea to

Panama

– Consists of 70 measuring buoys

– Data are transmitted via satellite

– Air temperature, humidity, wind

speed, surface temperature, water

temperature at various depths



http

://ww

w.en

so.in

fo/

http://www.argos-system.org/

• Example: ODL monitoring network – "Gamma dose rate monitoring network" (Gamma-

Ortsdosisleistungs-Messnetz) Federal Office for Radiation

– Serves to warn people of increased

gamma-radiation in the atmosphere

– Approx. 2150 automatic measuring points

– Approx. a probe every 20 kilometer

– Covers whole Germany

– Per probe two Geiger-Müller tubes



http://upload.wikimedia.org

– Probe is connected to a transmitter

– Every 10 minutes the average

from the measurement

results is calculated

– Averages are requested once per day by a monitoring node

– Computer systems in monitoring nodes operate redundantly



http://www.bfs.de/de/ion/imis/

• Example: Berlin hydrological monitoring network

– Serves to monitor the levels in the waters of the city of Berlin

– Wide range of measurement principles (a total of about 60 sampling points) • Staff gauge, meter reading once a week

• Automatically recording gauge, continuous measurement

• Ultrasonic measurement with remote data transmission, continuous measurement

– Collection and processing of measurements in a special information system



http://www.berlin.de/sen/umwelt/

• Example: sensor network on Great Duck Island

– For monitoring of the petrels' breeding in the U.S. state of Maine

– Network of 32 sensor nodes

– 9 nodes in different breeding caves

– Temperature measurement in the nest (presence of the old birds)

– Additional nodes for measurement of air temperature and humidity and for message forwarding

– Example of peer-to-peer sensor network



http://www.wired.com/

• Not all relevant environmental parameters can be recorded automatically on the spot

• The accurate determination of concentrations of elements and organic traces in water, soil, and air requires instrumental analysis of samples

• The more specific the investigated parameter is and the smaller its concentration the more complex the analysis is



http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/

• Sampling

– Apparently simple process

– Errors that are made here, propagate themselves

during the analysis

– There are detailed

instructions for sampling of

air, soil, plants, snow,

fire residues, quench water



http://tea.armadaproject.org/

• Instrumental analysis

– Spectroscopic methods for the quantification of elements

– Chromatographic methods for the quantification of organic chemical trace elements



http://www.gerstel.com/ http://www.fh-muenchen.de/

• Spectroscopy

– Kind of analysis at which wavelength a substance

absorbs or emits energy in the form of photons

– Spectrum: frequency plotted vs. intensity

– Distinction of many methods of

• Atomic spectroscopy

• Mass spectroscopy

• Ion spectroscopy

• Laser spectroscopy

• Molecular spectroscopy



http://www.tgs-chemie.de/

• Example of a mass spectrogram



http://bild.lexikon.meyers.de/

• Chromatography – Kind of analysis for the separation of mixtures;

involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture

– Spectrum: intensity plotted vs. time

– Important form is gas chromatography



http://bild.lexikon.meyers.de/

• Example of two gas chromatograms



http://www.bam.de/de/ http://www.aktuelle-wochenschau.de/2005/

• Management of collected data, samples, and results

directly by an environmental information system or

initially by an laboratory information system

• Functions of a laboratory information system – Sample collection

(manual, automatic)

– Sample management

– Threshold monitoring

– Derivation of statistical parameters

– Graphical analysis

– Access protection, user administration



http://www.flsmidthminerals.com/NR/

• Makes accessible environmental data sets for different

target groups

• Metadata about the EIS in the

environmental data catalog,

whose main classes are

– Organizational unit/task

– Data collection/database

– Document/report/literature

– Spatial information/map

– Service/application/ information system

– Intention/project/program


11.5 Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg

http://www2.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/

• Integrates multiple environmental databases

– Air

– Noise

– Radioactivity

– Climate and renewable energies

– Environmental meteorology

– Waste

– Nature and landscape

– Soil and geology

– Water

– Spatial base data



http://brsweb.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/

• Maps as well as reports or tables are provided



http://brsweb.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/

• The whole

system

roughly

consists of

– Basic

components

– Components

for specific

fields

– Integrating

components



http://brsweb.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de

• A significant integrating component is RIPS (spatial planning and information system, Räumliches Informations- und Planungssystem) – Complex subsystem, is subject

to continuous improvement

– Initially grown historically (single, specific files with specific data formats)

– Integrates all useful data (spatial and non-spatial)

– Also offers the OGC web services WMS and WFS

– Substantially based on Oracle Spatial



htt

p:/

/brs

web

.lub

w.b

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• Characterization of environmental information systems

• Examples (urban planning, etc.)

• Environmental data – Characterization

– Classification of the Federal Environmental Agency

– Example of environmental data (forest management planning)

• Collection of environmental data – Surveying with theodolite

– Surveying with tachymeter

– Field survey


11.6 Summary

• Monitoring networks

– Characterization

– Examples (TAO monitoring network, etc.)

• Laboratory data

– Sampling

– Instrumental analysis

– Spectroscopy

– Chromatography

• Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg


11.6 Summary


11.6 Summary

GIS collect

manage

analyze

visualize

EIS

terrestrial surveying

monitoring networks

laboratory data

11.1 environmental data 11.2 collection of environmental ... · •characterization –special...

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