11 environmental information systems - tu braunschweig · •characterization –special geographic...
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11.1 Environmental Data
11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
11.3 Monitoring Networks
11.4 Laboratory Data
11.5 Example: EIS
Baden-Württemberg
11.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 879
11 Environmental Information Systems
http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/
• Characterization
– Special geographic information system
– Collecting, storing, analyzing, presentation of environmental data
– Includes data on natural, artificial, social environment and interdependencies
– Focus on different application areas
• Environment pollutions, endangerments,
precautions
• Control of air, water, soil
– Basis for planning, decision making
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 880
11 Environmental Information Systems
http://www.clisap.de/
• Operators
– Federal government (federal environment
agency)
– Federal state (ministry of
the environment)
– Administrative authority
(district, commune)
– Industry (occupational EIS)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 881
11 Environmental Information Systems
http://www.hannover.de/
• Applications
– Environmental documentation
– Recording, monitoring
– Biotope cadastre
– Radiation detection
– Simulation of environmental
processes
– Environmental compatibility
assessment
– Informing the public
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 882
11 Environmental Information Systems
http://www.bec-kommunal.de/
http://www.e-c-o.at
• Example: urban planning
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 883
11 Environmental Information Systems
[SX08]
• Example: visualization of potential wind energy
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 884
11 Environmental Information Systems
http://www.gogis.dk/natgis/
• Example: visualization of flooding areas
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 885
11 Environmental Information Systems
http://www.braunschweig.de/
• Example: occurrence
of a species
(beavers in
Central
Franconia)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 886
11 Environmental Information Systems
http://www.regierung.mittelfranken.bayern.de/
• Are related with the environment and are describing the environment
• Often have complex structure
• Have spatial components and usually also temporal components
• Are often spatially distributed
• Usually are recorded in large quantities
• There is a continuum between conventional data and environmental data
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 887
11.1 Environmental Data
http://luadb.lds.nrw.de/
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 888
11.1 Environmental Data
• The federal environment agency distinguishes 14 environment sectors, including– Environmental aspects of energy and raw material
– Environmental aspects of genetically modified organisms
– Environmental issues in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food
– Chemicals/harmful substances
– Noise/vibration
– Waste
– Soil
– Air
– Nature and landscape
– Radiation
– Water
http://www.wash-tec.de/
• The environment sectors are each structured
in 7 layers
– Methodological aspects of environmental planning
– Causes of pollutions
– Effects of pollutions
– Methods of measurement
– Quality
– Measures to reduce pollution
– Theory and fundamentals
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 889
11.1 Environmental Data
http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/
• The combination of the environment sectors with
the layers results in about 100 categories of
issues, some of which are further subdivided
• For example, some issues of the sector "air" (LU)
– LU10: Emission data of materials and waste heat
– LU11: Emission - kind, composition
– LU12: Air pollution from traffic
– LU13: Air pollution from private households
– LU14: Air pollution from industrial plants
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 890
11.1 Environmental Data
– LU15: Heat discharge into the atmosphere
– LU16: Dispersion of emissions
– LU20: Climate change
...
– LU71: Physics of the
atmosphere, meteorology,
climatology
– LU72: Atmospheric chemistry
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 891
11.1 Environmental Data
http://www.wdr.de/
• A further, very rough
and incomplete
classification of
environmental objects
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 892
11.1 Environmental Data
• Environmental
objects with some
attributes
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 893
11.1 Environmental Data
• Example of environmental data: "forest management planning"
– Kind of "forest inventory", is conducted every 10 years
– Acquisition of the forest status through special data acquisition forms
– Forest is divided into forestry, departments, divisions
– Acquisition of data include
• Forest floor
• Types of trees
• Inventory layers (major, shelter, 2nd growth)
• Mixture proportions
• Age, height, circumference
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 894
11.1 Environmental Data
http://www.wald-online-bw.de/
• "Geometrical part" of environmental data can be
captured by
– Terrestrial surveying
• Chain, laser
• Theodolite: optical angle measurement
• Tachymeter: theodolite with electro-
optical distance measurement
– Photogrammetry (see section 9.2)
– Satellite imagery (see section 9.3)
– GPS (see section 10.1)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 895
11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
http://baumschutz.files.wordpress.com/
• "Non-geometrical part" of environmental data can
be captured by
– Satellite imagery (see section 9.4)
– Field recordings, field survey
– Continuous measurement
• Monitoring
networks
• Evaluation
of
laboratory
data
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 896
11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
http://www.vista-geo.de/
• Surveying with theodolite
– Device for angle measurement of geodesy
– Measurement of horizontal direction and vertical angle
– Consists of
• Sighting telescope
• Vertical and horizontal reference circles
• Several bubble levels
– Is perpendicularly adjusted above measuring point
– Target points are focused on
– Read at angle scale
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 897
11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
http://www.maerki.com/
• In addition to the hair cross, a theodolite usually
has two short slashes
– Thus, distance
measurements are possible
– This requires a level
indicator
– However, the measurement
method is not very accurate
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 898
11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
http://www.uni-kiel.de/ewf/geographie/
• With theodolite surveying of triangular networks (triangulation) is possible
– Starting point is a 4 to 10 km long baseline (basic measurement)
– Then measurement of the angles between the baseline points and a visible target
– Resulting triangle is the starting point for further measurements
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 899
11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
http://www.sgc.ethz.ch/
• Surveying with tachymeter
– Angle measurement as with theodolite
– Additional distance measurement, now usually by laser
– Measured by a laser pulse runtime and/or phase angle
of the laser beam
– Substantial improvement of accuracy compared to the
distance measurement with theodolite
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 900
11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
http://www.tu-dresden.de/die tu dresden/.../fakultaet forst geundhydrowissenschaften/
• Field survey
– Direct observation of environmental events/states
(the focus is on the "non-geometrical part")
– Examples
• Traffic counting
• Occurrence of a species
(beavers in Central Franconia,
cheetahs in the Serengeti,
lynxes in the Harz Mountains,
the giant hogweed in the
Weser Hills)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 901
11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
http://www.aaleninfo.de/
• Tools for field survey
– Counting device
– Data acquisition forms
• Paper-bound
• Electronically (e.g. via PDA)
– Datalogger
– Tracking
transmitter
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 902
11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
http://www.biostation-dueren.de/http://www.ufz.de/
• Tasks of a monitoring network
– Automatic and continuous recording of measurement data
– At several locations
• Properties of a monitoring network
– Automatically
• Measure, transfer, storage without user interaction
• Intervals are in seconds to minutes
• Costly to develop, accident-sensitive in operation
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 903
11.3 Monitoring Networks
http://www.wetterstation-goettingen.de/
– Continuously
• Measurements round the clock
• Robust against equipment failures
– Data acquisition
• Different phenomena require different measuring technology
• All measurements are afflicted with measuring errors
– Quality
• Measuring results of comparable measurements should be interchangeable
• Preferable are continuous (automatic) plausibility checks
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 904
11.3 Monitoring Networks
http://www.wsl.ch/
• Example: TAO monitoring network
– “Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Array”
– World's largest marine monitoring network
– Approx. 8000 miles near the equator
through the Pacific, from New Guinea to
Panama
– Consists of 70 measuring buoys
– Data are transmitted via satellite
– Air temperature, humidity, wind speed,
surface temperature, water temperature
at various depths
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 905
11.3 Monitoring Networks
http://www.enso.info/
• Example: ODL monitoring network– "Gamma dose rate monitoring network" (Gamma-
Ortsdosisleistungs-Messnetz) Federal Office for Radiation
– Serves to warn people of increased
gamma-radiation in the atmosphere
– Approx. 2150 automatic measuring points
– Approx. a probe every 20 kilometer
– Covers whole Germany
– Per probe two Geiger-Müller tubes
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 906
11.3 Monitoring Networks
http://upload.wikimedia.org
– Probe is connected to a transmitter
– Every 10 minutes the average
from the measurement
results is calculated
– Averages are requested once per day by a monitoring node
– Computer systems in monitoring nodes operate redundantly
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 907
11.3 Monitoring Networks
http://www.bfs.de/de/ion/imis/
• Example: Berlin hydrological monitoring network
– Serves to monitor the levels in the waters of the city of Berlin
– Wide range of measurement principles (a total of about 60 sampling points)
• Staff gauge, meter reading once a week
• Automatically recording gauge, continuous measurement
• Ultrasonic measurement with remote data transmission, continuous measurement
– Collection and processing of measurements in a special information system
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 908
11.3 Monitoring Networks
http://www.berlin.de/sen/umwelt/
• Example: sensor network on Great Duck Island
– For monitoring of the petrels' breeding in the U.S. state of Maine
– Network of 32 sensor nodes
– 9 nodes in different breeding caves
– Temperature measurement in the nest (presence of the old birds)
– Additional nodes for measurement of air temperature and humidity and for message forwarding
– Example of peer-to-peer sensor network
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 909
11.3 Monitoring Networks
http://www.wired.com/
• Not all relevant environmental parameters can be recorded automatically on the spot
• The accurate determination of concentrations of elements and organic traces in water, soil, and air requires instrumental analysis of samples
• The more specific the investigated parameter is and the smaller its concentration the more complex the analysis is
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 910
11.4 Laboratory Data
http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/
• Sampling
– Apparently simple process
– Errors that are made here, propagate themselves
during the analysis
– There are detailed
instructions for sampling of
air, soil, plants, snow,
fire residues, quench water
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 911
11.4 Laboratory Data
http://tea.armadaproject.org/
• Instrumental analysis
– Spectroscopic methods for the quantification of elements
– Chromatographic methods for the quantification of organic chemical trace elements
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 912
11.4 Laboratory Data
http://www.gerstel.com/ http://www.fh-muenchen.de/
• Spectroscopy
– Kind of analysis at which wavelength a substance
absorbs or emits energy in the form of photons
– Spectrum: frequency plotted vs. intensity
– Distinction of many methods of
• Atomic spectroscopy
• Mass spectroscopy
• Ion spectroscopy
• Laser spectroscopy
• Molecular spectroscopy
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 913
11.4 Laboratory Data
http://www.tgs-chemie.de/
• Example of a mass spectrogram
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 914
11.4 Laboratory Data
http://bild.lexikon.meyers.de/
• Chromatography– Kind of analysis for the separation of mixtures;
involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture
– Spectrum: intensity plotted vs. time
– Important form is gas chromatography
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 915
11.4 Laboratory Data
http://bild.lexikon.meyers.de/
• Example of two gas chromatograms
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 916
11.4 Laboratory Data
http://www.bam.de/de/ http://www.aktuelle-wochenschau.de/2005/
• Management of collected data, samples, and results
directly by an environmental information system or
initially by an laboratory information system
• Functions of a laboratory information system– Sample collection
(manual, automatic)
– Sample management
– Threshold monitoring
– Derivation of statistical parameters
– Graphical analysis
– Access protection, user administration
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 917
11.4 Laboratory Data
http://www.flsmidthminerals.com/NR/
• Makes accessible environmental data sets for different
target groups
• Metadata about the EIS in the
environmental data catalog,
whose main classes are
– Organizational unit/task
– Data collection/database
– Document/report/literature
– Spatial information/map
– Service/application/ information system
– Intention/project/program
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 918
11.5 Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg
http://www2.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/
• Integrates multiple environmental databases
– Air
– Noise
– Radioactivity
– Climate and renewable energies
– Environmental meteorology
– Waste
– Nature and landscape
– Soil and geology
– Water
– Spatial base data
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 919
11.5 Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg
http://brsweb.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/
• Maps as well as reports or tables are provided
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 920
11.5 Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg
http://brsweb.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/
• The whole
system
roughly
consists of
– Basic
components
– Components
for specific
fields
– Integrating
components
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 921
11.5 Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg
http://brsweb.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de
• A significant integrating component is RIPS (spatial planning and information system, Räumliches Informations- und Planungssystem)– Complex subsystem, is subject to continuous
improvement
– Initially grown historically (single, specific files with specific data formats)
– Integrates all useful data (spatial and non-spatial)
– Also offers the OGC web services WMS and WFS
– Substantially based on Oracle Spatial
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 922
11.5 Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg
• Characterization of environmental information systems
• Examples (urban planning, etc.)
• Environmental data– Characterization
– Classification of the Federal Environmental Agency
– Example of environmental data (forest management planning)
• Collection of environmental data– Surveying with theodolite
– Surveying with tachymeter
– Field survey
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 923
11.6 Summary
• Monitoring networks
– Characterization
– Examples (TAO monitoring network, etc.)
• Laboratory data
– Sampling
– Instrumental analysis
– Spectroscopy
– Chromatography
• Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 924
11.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 925
11.6 Summary
GIScollect
manage
analyze
visualize
EIS
terrestrial surveying
monitoring networks
laboratorydata