11 the cardiovascular part b system -...

ELAINE N MARIEB

EIGHTH EDITION

11

Copyright copy 2006 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPointreg Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L Cook Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS

OF HUMAN

ANATOMY

amp PHYSIOLOGY

PART B

The Cardiovascular

System


The Heart Regulation of Heart Rate

Stroke volume usually remains relatively

constant

Starlingrsquos law of the heart ndash the more that

the cardiac muscle is stretched the

stronger the contraction

Changing heart rate is the most common way

to change cardiac output



Increased heart rate

Sympathetic nervous system

Crisis

Low blood pressure

Hormones

Epinephrine

Thyroxine

Exercise

Decreased blood volume




Decreased heart rate

Parasympathetic nervous system

High blood pressure or blood volume

Dereased venous return


Blood Vessels The Vascular System

Taking blood to the tissues and back

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

Figure 118a


The Vascular System

Figure 118b


Blood Vessels Anatomy

Three layers (tunics)

Tunic intima

Endothelium

Tunic media

Smooth muscle

Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

Tunic externa

Mostly fibrous connective tissue


Differences Between Blood Vessel Types

Walls of arteries are the thickest

Lumens of veins are larger

Skeletal muscle ldquomilksrdquo blood in veins

toward the heart

Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer

thick to allow for exchanges between blood

and tissue


Movement of Blood Through Vessels

Most arterial blood is

pumped by the heart

Veins use the milking

action of muscles to

help move blood

Figure 119


Capillary Beds

Capillary beds consist

of two types of

vessels

Vascular shunt ndash

directly connects

an arteriole to a

venule

Figure 1110


Capillary Beds

True capillaries ndash

exchange vessels

Oxygen and

nutrients cross to

cells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolic

waste products

cross into blood

Figure 1110


Diffusion at Capillary Beds

Figure 1120


Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation

Figure 1111


Major Veins of Systemic Circulation

Figure 1112


Arterial Supply of the Brain

Figure 1113


Hepatic Portal Circulation

Figure 1114


Circulation to the Fetus

Figure 1115


Pulse

Pulse ndash pressure

wave of blood

Monitored at

ldquopressure pointsrdquo

where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure

Measurements by health professionals are

made on the pressure in large arteries

Systolic ndash pressure at the peak of

ventricular contraction

Diastolic ndash pressure when ventricles relax

Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the

distance away from the heart increases


Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure

Figure 1118


Figure 1117

Comparison of Blood Pressures in

Different Vessels


Blood Pressure Effects of Factors

Neural factors

Autonomic nervous system adjustments

(sympathetic division)

Renal factors

Regulation by altering blood volume

Renin ndash hormonal control



Temperature

Heat has a vasodilation effect

Cold has a vasoconstricting effect

Chemicals

Various substances can cause increases or

decreases

Diet


Factors Determining Blood Pressure

Figure 1119


Variations in Blood Pressure Human normal range is variable

Normal

140ndash110 mm Hg systolic

80ndash75 mm Hg diastolic

Hypotension

Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)

Often associated with illness

Hypertension

High systolic (above 140 mm HG)

Can be dangerous if it is chronic


Capillary Exchange

Substances exchanged due to concentration

gradients

Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood

Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the

cells


Capillary Exchange Mechanisms

Direct diffusion across plasma membranes

Endocytosis or exocytosis

Some capillaries have gaps (intercellular

clefts)

Plasma membrane not joined by tight

junctions

Fenestrations of some capillaries

Fenestrations = pores


Developmental Aspects of the

Cardiovascular System

A simple ldquotube heartrdquo develops in the embryo

and pumps by the fourth week

The heart becomes a four-chambered organ

by the end of seven weeks

Few structural changes occur after the

seventh week


Atherosclerosis

Narrowing of arteries

from the inside out


Myocardial Infarction

ldquoHeart Attackrdquo heart muscle cell death due

to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris

Crushing chest pain caused by Oxygen

deprivation to the myocardium This can be

relieved by Nitroglycerin


Ischemia

Lack of adequate blood supply to heart


Thrombophlebitis

Condition where inflammation of varicose

veins can result in a clot


Bradychardia vs Tachycardia

Bradychardia Low heart rate (Less than 60bpm)

Tachycardia High heart rate (Greater than

100bpm)

(Hint when remembering these twohellipthink of when

things are done tacky they are usually done sloppy

and fast)



Stroke volume usually remains relatively

constant

Starlingrsquos law of the heart ndash the more that

the cardiac muscle is stretched the

stronger the contraction

Changing heart rate is the most common way

to change cardiac output





Crisis

Low blood pressure

Hormones

Epinephrine

Thyroxine

Exercise












Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

Figure 118a


The Vascular System

Figure 118b




Tunic intima

Endothelium

Tunic media

Smooth muscle


Tunic externa







toward the heart



and tissue




pumped by the heart



help move blood

Figure 119


Capillary Beds


of two types of

vessels


directly connects

an arteriole to a

venule

Figure 1110


Capillary Beds


exchange vessels

Oxygen and

nutrients cross to

cells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolic

waste products

cross into blood

Figure 1110



Figure 1120



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)





Crisis

Low blood pressure

Hormones

Epinephrine

Thyroxine

Exercise












Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

Figure 118a


The Vascular System

Figure 118b




Tunic intima

Endothelium

Tunic media

Smooth muscle


Tunic externa







toward the heart



and tissue




pumped by the heart



help move blood

Figure 119


Capillary Beds


of two types of

vessels


directly connects

an arteriole to a

venule

Figure 1110


Capillary Beds


exchange vessels

Oxygen and

nutrients cross to

cells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolic

waste products

cross into blood

Figure 1110



Figure 1120



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)











Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

Figure 118a


The Vascular System

Figure 118b




Tunic intima

Endothelium

Tunic media

Smooth muscle


Tunic externa







toward the heart



and tissue




pumped by the heart



help move blood

Figure 119


Capillary Beds


of two types of

vessels


directly connects

an arteriole to a

venule

Figure 1110


Capillary Beds


exchange vessels

Oxygen and

nutrients cross to

cells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolic

waste products

cross into blood

Figure 1110



Figure 1120



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


The Vascular System

Figure 118b




Tunic intima

Endothelium

Tunic media

Smooth muscle


Tunic externa







toward the heart



and tissue




pumped by the heart



help move blood

Figure 119


Capillary Beds


of two types of

vessels


directly connects

an arteriole to a

venule

Figure 1110


Capillary Beds


exchange vessels

Oxygen and

nutrients cross to

cells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolic

waste products

cross into blood

Figure 1110



Figure 1120



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)




Tunic intima

Endothelium

Tunic media

Smooth muscle


Tunic externa







toward the heart



and tissue




pumped by the heart



help move blood

Figure 119


Capillary Beds


of two types of

vessels


directly connects

an arteriole to a

venule

Figure 1110


Capillary Beds


exchange vessels

Oxygen and

nutrients cross to

cells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolic

waste products

cross into blood

Figure 1110



Figure 1120



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)






toward the heart



and tissue




pumped by the heart



help move blood

Figure 119


Capillary Beds


of two types of

vessels


directly connects

an arteriole to a

venule

Figure 1110


Capillary Beds


exchange vessels

Oxygen and

nutrients cross to

cells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolic

waste products

cross into blood

Figure 1110



Figure 1120



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)




pumped by the heart



help move blood

Figure 119


Capillary Beds


of two types of

vessels


directly connects

an arteriole to a

venule

Figure 1110


Capillary Beds


exchange vessels

Oxygen and

nutrients cross to

cells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolic

waste products

cross into blood

Figure 1110



Figure 1120



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


Capillary Beds


of two types of

vessels


directly connects

an arteriole to a

venule

Figure 1110


Capillary Beds


exchange vessels

Oxygen and

nutrients cross to

cells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolic

waste products

cross into blood

Figure 1110



Figure 1120



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


Capillary Beds


exchange vessels

Oxygen and

nutrients cross to

cells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolic

waste products

cross into blood

Figure 1110



Figure 1120



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Figure 1120



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Figure 1111



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Figure 1112



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Figure 1113



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Figure 1114



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Figure 1115


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


Pulse


wave of blood

Monitored at


where pulse is

easily palpated

Figure 1116


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


Blood Pressure










Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Figure 1118


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


Figure 1117


Different Vessels



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Neural factors



Renal factors





Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Temperature



Chemicals


decreases

Diet



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Figure 1119



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)



Normal



Hypotension



Hypertension




Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


Capillary Exchange


gradients



cells






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)






clefts)


junctions











seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)









seventh week


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


Atherosclerosis


from the inside out




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)




to lack of blood


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


Angina Pectoris





Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


Ischemia



Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)


Thrombophlebitis







100bpm)



and fast)





100bpm)



and fast)

11 the cardiovascular part b system -...

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