11-submerged artificial reefball breakwaters
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Artificial Reefs for BeachArtificial Reefs for Beachand Reef Restorationand Reef Restoration
Lee E. Harris, Ph.D., P.E., Assoc. Professor,Lee E. Harris, Ph.D., P.E., Assoc. Professor,FIT Department of Marine & Environmental SystemsFIT Department of Marine & Environmental Systems
Todd Barber, Chairman, Reef Ball FoundationTodd Barber, Chairman, Reef Ball Foundation
Purposes for Artificial ReefsPurposes for Artificial Reefs•Provide environmental enhancement•Mitigate for damages to reefs
–Ship groundings, dredging, burial, pollution
•Restore damaged reefs–Natural events (storms, tsunamis, etc.)
•Enhance eco-tourism –fishing, diving, snorkeling, surfing
•Assist with shoreline stabilization
Reef BallReef Ball™™ UnitsUnits
Reef BallReef BallTM TM
Artificial Reef UnitsArtificial Reef Units
6-8less than one50 lb bag
30-45 lbs(15-20 kg)
1 foot(0.30m)
1.5 feet(0.46m)Oyster Ball
6-10less than two50 lb bags
80-130 lbs(35-60 kg)
1.5 feet(0.46m)
2 feet(0.61m)Lo-Pro Ball
8-12less than four50 lb bags
150-200 lbs(70-90 kg)
1.75 feet(0.53m)
2.5 feet(0.76m)Mini-Bay Ball
11-160.10 yard(0.08m3 )
375-750 lbs(170-340 kg)
2 feet(0.61m)
3 feet(0.9m)Bay Ball
17-240.33 yard(0.25m3 )
1500-2200 lbs(700-1000 kg)
2.9 feet(0.9m)
4 feet(1.22m)Pallet Ball
22-340.75 yard(0.6m3 )
3000-4200 lbs(1350-1900 kg)
3.8 feet(1.22m)
6 feet(1.83m)Reef Ball
22-340.9 yard(0.7m3 )
3,500-4,500 lbs(1600-2000 kg)
4.3 feet(1.31m)
5.5 feet(1.83m)Ultra Ball
22-341.3 yard(1.0 m3 )
4,000-6,000 lbs(1800-2700 kg)
4.5 feet(1.37m)
6 feet(1.83m)Super Ball
25-401.3 yard(1.0 m3 )
4,000-6,000 lbs(1800-2700 kg)
5 feet(1.52m)
6 feet(1.83m)Goliath Ball
# Holes
ConcreteVolumeWeightHeightWidthStyle
LayercakesLayercakes, , Sculptures, etc.Sculptures, etc.
Reef BallReef BallFabricationFabrication
Reef Ball Unit Reef Ball Unit Floating Floating
InstallationInstallation
Barge Transport & DeploymentBarge Transport & Deployment
Grand Cayman DeploymentGrand Cayman Deployment
AnchoringAnchoring
• Environmental Enhancement
• Wave Attenuation• Snorkel Reef
Artificial Reef Artificial Reef SubmergedSubmergedBreakwaterBreakwater
Natural & Natural & Artificial Artificial Reefs as Reefs as BreakwatersBreakwaters
Reef Ball Artificial Reef BreakwaterReef Ball Artificial Reef BreakwaterSubmerged breakwater with Reef Ball artificial reef units
REEF UNITS
Reef Ball Units UnderwaterInduced Wave Breaking
Artificial Reef Artificial Reef BreakwaterBreakwater
19982001
3-Row Reef Ball Breakwater (3 segments) in Dominican Republic
6’ wide 4’ tall 2-ton Unit
After 2 monthsApril 2001
After 3 years
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Distance (meters)
Elev
atio
n (m
eter
s)
3-Row Reef Ball Breakwater
13m gain in shoreline
April 2001 Profile
February 1999 Profile
distance = 13m
Artificial Reef BreakwaterArtificial Reef Breakwater
AccretionTable 1. Changes in Shoreline and
Sand Volume Calculations 1998 to 2001
+2.0 m3/m0 mControl
+44.25 m3/m+13 mEast
+25.65 m3/m+10 mWest
Sand Volume Change(m3/m)
Shoreline Change(meters)
Profile Line
Original vs. Eroded Original vs. Eroded Beach ConditionsBeach Conditions
Wide beach
Narrow beach
Grand Cayman Grand Cayman 7mile Beach7mile Beach
October 2002 (left) February 2003(right)October 2002 (left) February 2003(right)
Profile Line D-7
-6
-5
-4
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-2
-1
0
1
2
3
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240Distance (feet)
Elev
atio
n (fe
et)
Nov-02 Feb-03
Profile Line at Center ProjectProfile Line at Center Project
Accretion
5-Row Reef Ball BreakwaterNatural Reef
Submerged Breakwater Reef Submerged Breakwater Reef Maiden Island, AntiguaMaiden Island, Antigua
Diving AreaDiving AreaSwim PassagesSwim Passages
Snorkel TrailSnorkel Trail
Swimming, Swimming, Snorkeling, & Snorkeling, & Diving TrailsDiving Trails
6363rdrd Street ReefStreet ReefSubmerged Reef BallSubmerged Reef BallTMTM
Artificial Reef BreakwaterArtificial Reef Breakwater
USACE National Shoreline Erosion Control Development and Demonstration Program
Section 227
32nd Street: Headland BW’s
Sunny Isles: Detached Submerged BW’sExisting Existing MiamiMiami
““Hot SpotHot Spot””TreatmentsTreatments
Submerged Breakwater Reef Design Submerged Breakwater Reef Design for 63for 63rdrd Street, Miami BeachStreet, Miami Beach
Physical Modeling Physical Modeling by USACEby USACE
ERDCERDC--WESWESSection 227 Project
Reef Ball Units on Articulated Mat Reef Ball Units on Articulated Mat for Miami Beach USACE Sec. 227 for Miami Beach USACE Sec. 227
Submerged Breakwater DesignSubmerged Breakwater Design
Propagated Coral Propagated Coral Transplants on Transplants on Reef Ball UnitsReef Ball Units
Coral Propagation Coral Propagation & Transplanting& Transplanting
Curacao Coral Rescue Project
Aquaculture Raised Aquaculture Raised Coral TransplantsCoral TransplantsMustique ProjectMustique Project
Planting coral plugsPlanting coral plugs
77--months Progression in Antiguamonths Progression in Antigua
5, 18, and 285, 18, and 28--month Growthmonth GrowthProgression in CuracaoProgression in Curacao
Indonesia Indonesia –– 55--year Growthyear Growth
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