Stove Testing Standards: Scientific and Global Perspective

Tami C. BondTami C. BondUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

July 25, 2013July 25, 2013

Photo: NASA

Combustion affects public health22

Lim et al., Comparative risk Assessment, Lancet 380, 2012

Global disability-adjusted life years

Combustion affects public health33

Lim et al., Comparative risk Assessment, Lancet 380, 2012

South Asia: % of disability-adjusted life years

Photo from Space ShuttleCourtesy Robert Charlson & NASA

East coast of Asia

Combustion affects global air quality

particles carried over the ocean

particles changing

clouds

Residential stoves are a large source of combustion products

Source: Satellite measurements from NASA Aura; IIASA-GAINS and RETRO values for CO emission; own tabulation

Source: Bond et al, ACP 2011 for modeling; IIASA-GAINS and RETRO database for BC emission; own tabulation

Carbon monoxide concentrations

Many impacts – many potential benefits66

Health

Economic Development

Home Environment

Women’s Empowerment

Forests

Air pollution and climate

Figure concept from WHO – altered by me. Images may be subject to copyright

77

History of stoves & testing (outside Nepal)

1982-1985

1st Water

Boiling Test(VITA)

2004

New interest

Manystove

programsLittle

monitoring

1980s

Donor burnout

2001 2002

Partnership for Clean Indoor Air

3rd

WBT

Field testing & training

2006 2007

IWA

20122010

Global Alliance for

Clean Cookstoves

Technical evaluation

of protocols

Major Focus:Deforestation

Major Focus:Indoor Air

Focus Addition:Climate

R&D,commercial-

ization

An important moment in history

Technical capacity has grown along with interest Technical capacity has grown along with interest in household energy.in household energy.

However, However, big successbig success and and major improvementsmajor improvements in emissions have not yet been demonstrated.in emissions have not yet been demonstrated.

It’s important to get it right this time. It’s important to get it right this time.

88

Against Standards: Every place is different

99

different stovesdifferent stoves different foodsdifferent foods different fuelsdifferent fuels different cooking habitsdifferent cooking habits different usesdifferent uses

For standards: Every place is the same

emissions have effects emissions have effects beyond householdbeyond household

health effects of PM health effects of PM similar around the worldsimilar around the world

Temporary “IWA” provides stove ratings1010

IWA = International Workshop AgreementWorkshop held in The Hague, Netherlands, Feb 2012Over 80 participants - 3 from Nepal

Fuel Efficiency

Does the stove use fuel efficiently?

Emissions How much pollution is emitted to the environment?

Indoor Emissions

Are indoor pollutant concentrations reduced by using a chimney, or can good IAQ be achieved without a chimney because of low emissions?

Safety Does the stove reduce the risk of burns, poisoning, and other injuries?

Four rating classesAllows each program to choose what’s important

Tiers mark progressive performance1111

Tier 1Measurable improvement

Tier 2Substantial improvement

Tier 3Solid biomass achievableas of 2011

Tier 4Aspirational goal

Tier 5 ？

Tier 0 – No improvement

1212It is hoped that many protocols can produce Tier ratings

dirtysucia

高排放

sale

IWA language allows this possibility.

Informal name: “Rosetta Stone” =

A system to translate many

languages

Tier 3 Tier 0

In-use performance differs from laboratory1313

Field- Lab-Improved Improved

Reasons:Fuel size

Fuel qualityFuel feeding

Fire tending…

Roden et al.2006; 2009

Goal of all testing: Program effectiveness

In an In an effective effective programprogram the full performance of the technology is achievedthe full performance of the technology is achieved poorly performing technology is displacedpoorly performing technology is displaced a large fraction of users adopt better technologya large fraction of users adopt better technology

Possible reasons for Possible reasons for loss of effectivenessloss of effectiveness technology doesn’t perform (technical testing)technology doesn’t perform (technical testing) users don’t use the technology (understand users don’t use the technology (understand

consumers)consumers) users don’t adopt the technology (cost, other users don’t adopt the technology (cost, other

motivation)motivation)

1414

Summary

There are many reasons to improve There are many reasons to improve household energy (especially biomass)household energy (especially biomass)

This is a unique time in history:This is a unique time in history:attention, capacity, some global discussionsattention, capacity, some global discussionsBut success is not yet guaranteedBut success is not yet guaranteed

Seek program effectiveness, not just good testsSeek program effectiveness, not just good tests

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?

1515