11. sampling & proposal.pptx

7/30/2019 11. Sampling & Proposal.pptx

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Validity and Reliability


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There are two major criteria for evaluatingmeasurements (instruments):

Validity Have we measured the concept that we intend to measure?

Validity is an indication of how sound your research is.

Validity is the accuracy of your measurement.

Reliability Is there consistency in our measurement?

Validity and reliability are usually complementary

concepts.


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Goodness ofMeasure

( How wellhave you

measured the

concept?)

Validity(Are we

measuring the

right concept?)

Reliability( Are the

measuresconsistent

and

accurate?)

Content

Criterion

Construct

Predictive

(Independent

Variable)

Criterion

(Dependent

Variable)

Stability( overtime & situation)Test-retestAlt-form

ConsistencySplit-HalfInter-item reliability

(How well the items are

linked together as a set?)


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Please Note

Reliability is a necessary condition for validity.

Researchers often use the instruments tested earlier.

Validity and reliability are the strengths of ourconclusion and inferences.

Example

Weighing Machine


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Purposes of Sampling

There are two basic purposes of sampling:

To estimate population parameters

To test hypothesis


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Methods of SamplingProbability Sampling

Simple random sampling

Stratified random sampling

Systematic sampling Cluster and multistage sampling

Non-Probability Sampling Purposive sampling Convenient (grab) sampling

Quota (stratification) sampling

Snowball (chain, hard-to-reach population) sampling

l f


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Potential Sources of Error

Sampling Error (Random Error) Selecting non-representative samples.

This error may be the result of chance. Even if you are careful,this error will take place.

The main protection against this kind of error is to use a largerenough sample.

Non-Sampling Error (Systematic Error)

Non-sampling error (also called bias) is a more serious problem.This cannot be controlled by making the sample size bigger.

Response Error

Researcher Error (Population definition, measurement, dataanalysis)

Interviewer Error (Respondent selection, questioning,cheating, recording)

Response Error (unwillingness)

Non-response Error

Refusals

Not-at-home


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RESEARCH PROPOSAL


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RESEARCH PROPOSAL

A research proposal is a critical element in the research

process.

A research proposal is a contract between theresearcher and the client for whom the research is

being performed.

The research proposal once accepted, becomes theblueprint for the implementation of the project.

The research proposal works as a benchmark againstwhich the final outcome is assessed.

A research proposal is a work plan, an outline,a

framework, and a statement of intent.


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A research proposal is an offer by theresearcher to the buyer.

to produce a research product, or

to render a service.

A research proposal tells What, when, where and to whom the

research will be done. Expected output. Application of the output.


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DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH PROPOSALS

Internal prepared by the staff of the organization. External submitted in response to a request for

bid. Academic prepared for an academic degree.

Internal and external proposals have problem-

solving orientation. Academic proposals focus on knowledge

generation.


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SOLICITED Vs UNSOLICITED PROPOSALS

Asolicited proposal is developed in response to a request for proposal(RFP).

It has to compete against several others. It concentrates on known problems. It proposes an appropriate research design to address the

problem. Research objectives are known; therefore, problem

statement is brief. Qualification, resources, budgets and schedules are

emphasized.

An unsolicited proposal is a request to sponsor the project. It does not have to compete against others. Its difficulty is to find the problem facing the management. It lays greater emphasis on problem statement and

objectives. Qualification of the researcher is emphasized.


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RESEARCH PROPOSAL MODULES

Executive Summary

Background Information Statement of the Problem Literature Review Objectives, Research Questions, Hypotheses Importance, Significance or Need of the Study

Research MethodsResearch DesignPopulation and SamplingData Analysis

Research Plan (House-keeping Arrangements)Time-frameBudget and ResourcesProject ManagementEquipment and Instruments

Qualification of the Researchers References

Appendices


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Proposal Development Process

The management describes the problem and states themanagement questions.

The researcher translates these management questions intoresearch questions.

These research questions are further elaborated into

investigative questions.

The draft research proposal is proposed.

The management and the researcher discuss the proposal; andrefine it.

The final research proposal is submitted.

The proposal is approved.

The study begins.


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Components of Academic Research Proposals

Title

Background information

Statement of the problem

Literature review and theoretical framework

Objectives

Research questions or hypotheses Research methods

References

11. sampling & proposal.pptx

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