(108190963) 66508144 microelectronic capsule

7/27/2019 (108190963) 66508144 Microelectronic Capsule

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O

ur Body is a sensitive system.

any times even doctors aren able to interpret the disease

Th M t . us itbecome too late to cure it.

To remove this problem scientists discovered electronic capsule in

1972. Use of discrete & relatively large components, poor reliability, short

lifetimes & low sensitivity makes it outdated.

To overcome all these problems Professor Jon Cooper and Dr Erik

Johanessen from Glasgow University , U.K has led to the development of

a modern microelectronic pill.

When Microelectronic pill is swallowed, then it will travel through the

Gastro Intestinal Tract & simultaneously perform multi parameter in situ

physiological analysis


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After completing its mission it will come out of the body by normal

bowel movement

The pill is 16mm in diameter & 55mm long weighing around 5 gram

It records parameters like temperature, pH, Conductivity, & Dissolved

Oxygen in real time.


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Capsule endoscopy is a

way to record images of

the digestive tract for

use in medicine.


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The capsule is the size and shape of a pill and contains a

tiny camera. After a patient swallows the capsule, it takes

pictures of the inside of the gastrointestinal tract.


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PARTS

CONTROLCHIP

BIOCOMPATIBLE CAPSULE

ENCASING

MICROSENSOR

RADIO

TRANSMITTE

R

2 SILVER


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OXID E CE LLS

SILICONDIODE

ION-

SELECTIVE

FIELD

EFFECTTRANSISTO

R (ISFET)

DIRECT

CONTACT

GOLD

ELECTRODE

3 ELECTRODE

ELECTROCHE

MICAL CELL


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It measures the body core temperature. Also compensates with the temperature induced signal changes in other sensors.

It also identifies local changes associated with TISSUE INFLAMM A TION & ULCERS.


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The ISFET measures pH.

It can reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels

These abnormalities include :


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Pancreatic disease Hypertension

Inflammatory bowel disease

The activity of fermenting bacteria

The level of acid excretion

Reflux of oesophagus

Effect of GI specific drugs on target organs.


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The pair of direct contact Gold electrodes measures conductivity, by measuring the contents of water &salt absorption, bile secretion & the breakdown of organic components into charged colloids etc. in the GI tract.

Since the gold has best conductivity among all the elements, Therefore it gives true value of conductivity asmeasured.


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The three electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of dissolved oxygen in solution. It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal to the distal GI Tract

It investigates :

Growth of aerobic or bacterial infection

Formation of radicals causing cellular injury & pathophysiological conditions like inflammation &Gastric ulceration.


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It develops 1st

generation enzymes linked with amperometric

biosensors.


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MICRO

ELECTRONIC PILL

CHIP - 1 CHIP - 2 CONTROL CHIP


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A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to

mechanically support and electrically

connect electronic components using

conductive pathways, tracks or traces etched

from copper sheets laminated on to an on-

conductive substrate.

PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly

reliable. However,the space required for

this solution is too big.


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Microelectronics


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Miniaturitzation


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How it all got started...

Microelectronics is related to the study and manufacture or micro fabrication of electronic

components which are very small.

These devices are made from semiconductors.

1947 The Point contacttransistor Bell Labs

1958 The First IC

Texas Instruments

1961 The First

Planar IC Fairchild


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And Finally .

2007 Penryn Intel


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The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that connectstogether other components of the micro system.

It contains an analogue signal conditioning module operating the sensors,10-bit analogue to digital (ADC) & digital to analogue (DAC) converters, & digital data processing

module

The temperature circuitry bias the diode at constant current so that change in temperature reflectsa corresponding change in diode voltage.

The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with

the source voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH.

The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the electrode pair

as an inverse function of solution conductivity.


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An incorporated potentiostat circuit operates the O2

sensor with a 10bit DAC

controlling the working electrode potential w.r.t the reference

Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being digitized by ADC.

ASIC & sensors consume 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA of current.


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Size of transmitter = 853 mm Modulation Scheme = Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbps

Frequency = 40.01 MHz at 20C Bandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHz


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Power Consumption = 12.1 mW Corresponding currentconsumption = 3.9mA Supply Voltage = 3.1 V


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RANGE :

Temperature from 0 to 70C

pH from 1 to 13

Dissolved Oxygen up to 8.2 mg per liter

Conductivity above 0.05 mScm-1

Full scale dynamic Range analogue signal = 2.8 V

ACCURACY :pH channel is around 0.2 unit above the real value


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OxygenSensor is0.4mgL.

Temperature &Conductivityiswithin

1%.


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It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human


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It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human

Very long life of the cells(40 hours), Less Power, Current & Voltage requirement (12.1 mW, 3.9 mA,3.1 V)

Less transmission length & hence has zero noise interference.


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It cannot perform ultrasound & impedance tomography. Cannot detectradiation abnormalities

Cannot perform radiation treatment associated with cancer & chronic inflammation. Micro Electronic Pills are expensive & are not available in many countries.


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Still its size is not digestible to small babies

Further research are being carried out to remove its draw backs.


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VECTOR Capsule: ASIC


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uPinside8kB program memory, 2kB data memoryI2C bus implemented

Additional sensing/actuating capabilities

Vision Sensor Control

WR/RD camera registers via I2C bus

Illumination control Control of

groups of 4 LEDS Programmable

intensity

Interface with RF communications

Reception with specific RX channel

I2C bus for sending messages

Time stamp generation Only2

external capacitors Powering at

3.3V and 1.8V

10MHz external clock


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uPinside8kB program memory, 2kB data memoryI2C bus implemented

Power consumption< 30mW@10MHz
mailto:30mW@10MHzmailto:30mW@10MHz


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WEB REFERENCE:-

1. http://ubimon.doc.ic.ac.uk/bsn/public/Jon_Cooper.pdf

2. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

3. http://www.forumsains.com
http://www.forumsains.com/http://ubimon.doc.ic.ac.uk/bsn/public/Jon_Cooper.pdfhttp://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/http://www.forumsains.com/


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BOOK REFERENCE:-

1. S. Mackay and B. Jacobson, "Endoradiosonde," Nature,

vol. 179, pp.

1239-1240, 1957.

2. H. S. Wolff, "The radio pill," New

Scientist, vol 12, pp. 419-421, 1961.

(108190963) 66508144 microelectronic capsule

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