182

10 References

Aaras, A., 1994. The impact of ergonomic intervention on individual health and corporate prosperity in a telecommunication environment. Ergonomics, 37, 1679–1696.

Aaras, A., Horgen, G., Bjorset, H.H., Ro, O. and Thoresen, M., 1998. Musculoskeletal,visual and psychosocial stress in VDU operators before and after multidisciplinary ergonomic interventions. Applied Ergonomics, 29 (5), 335–354.

Aaras, A., Westgaard, R.H. and Stranden, E., 1988. Postural angles as an indicator of postural load and muscular injury in occupational work situations. Ergonomics, 31(6), 915-933.

Aaras, A., Marvin Dainof. F.B., Ola, R. and Magne. T., 2002. Can a more neutral position of the forearm when operating a computer mouse reduce the pain level for VDU Operators? International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 30, 307–324.

AbuAli, M., Purswell, J.L. and Schegel, R.E., 1996. Psychophysiological determined work cycle parameters for repetitive hand gripping. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomic, 17, 35-42.

ADA., 1997. Survey of current issues in dentistry: Repetitive motion injuries. Chicago, American Dental Association, 2–8.

Aghazadeh, F. and Mital, A., 1987. Injuries due to hand tools: Results of a questionnaire. Applied Ergonomics, 18 (4), 273-278.

Akesson, I., Johnsson, B., Rylander, L., Moritz, U. and Skerfviing, S., 1999. Musculoskeletal disorders among female dental personnel—clinical examination and a 5-year follow-up study of symptoms. International. Archieves of Occupupational Environvironmental and Health, 72 (6), 395–403.

Al-Eisawi, K.W., Kerk, C.J., Congleton, J.J., Amendola, A.A., Jenkins, O.C. and Gaines, W.G., 1999b. The effect of handle height and cart load on the initial hand forces in cart pushing and pulling. Ergonomics, 42, 1099–1113.

Amell,T.K., Kumar, S., Narayan, Y. and GilCoury, H., 2000. Effect of trunk rotation and arm position on gross upper extremity adduction strength and muscular activity. Ergonomics, 43(4), 512- 527.

American academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), 2012. American Occupational Therapy Association, 1994, Uniform terminology for occupational therapy-

third edition. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48, 1047-1054. An, K.N., Kui, G.C., Morre, B.F., Linscheid, R.L. and Chao. E.Y., 1981. Muscles across the elbow

joint: A biomechanical analysis. Journal of Biomechanics, 10, 659-69. Anton, D., Shibley, L., Fethke, N., Hess, J., Cook, T. and Rosecrance, J., 2001. The effect of overhead

drilling position on shoulder moment and electromyography. Ergonomics, 44(5), 489-501. Anton, D., Rosecrance, J., Merlino, L. and Cook, T., 2002. Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms

and carpal tunnel syndrome among dental hygienists. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42(3), 248–257.

Antony, N.T. and Keir, P.J., 2009. Effects of posture movement and hand load on shoulder muscle activity. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 20(2), 191-198.

Aptel, M., Aubelt-Cuvelier, A. and Cnockaert, J.C., 2002. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb. Joint Bone Spine, 69, 546–555.

Arbouw., 2001. Bedrijfstakatlas 1998–1999. (Atlas of Construction Industry 1998–1999). Arbouw, Amsterdam.

Armstrong, T.J. and Chaffin, D.B, 1979. Some biomechanical aspects of the carpel tunnel. Journal Biomechanics, 12, 567-70.

Armstrong, T.J., 1986a. Ergonomics and cumulative trauma disorders. Hand Clinics, 2, 553-566.

183

Armstrong, T.J., 1986b. Upper-extremity posture: Definition, measurement and control. In: N. Corlett (Ed.), Ergonomics of Working Posture. Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, PA, 59-73.

Armstrong, T.J., Buckle, P., Fine, L.J., Hagberg, M., Jonsson, B., Kilböm, A., Kuorinka, I.A.A., Silverstein, B.A., Sjögaard, G. and Viikari-Juntura, E.R.A., 1993. A conceptual model for work-related neck and upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 19, 73-84.

Armstrong, T.J., Chaffin, D.B. and Foulke, J.A., 1979. A methodology for documenting hand positions and forces during manual work. Journal of Biomechanics, 12, 131–133.

Armstrong T.J., Fine L.J., Goldstein S.A., Lifshitz Y.R. and Silverstein B.A., 1987. Ergonomics considerations in hand and wrist tendinitis. Journal of Hand Surgery, part 2, 12A (5), 830–837.

Armstrong, T.J., Joseph, B.S. and Woolley, C., 1984. Analysis of jobs for control of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders, Proceedings of the International Conference on Occupational Ergonomics, Toronto. Vol. 1-2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Armstrong, T.J., Radwin, R.G., Hansen, D.J. and Kennedy, K.W., 1986. Repetitive trauma disorders: job evaluation and design. Human Factors 28, (3), 325–336.

Armstrong, T.J., Ulin, S. and Ways, C., 1989. Hand tools and control of cumulative trauma disorders of the upper limb. International Occupational Ergonomics Symposium (3rd), Yugoslavia. Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, PA, 43-50.

Asselt, A.D.I.V., Carmen, D., Dirksen, A.A. and Severens, J.L., 2008. Difficulties in Calculating Productivity Costs: Work Disability Associated with Borderline Personality Disorder. Value in Health, 11 (4), 637-644.

Atack, J and Bateman, F. 1992. How long was the workday in 1880? Journal of Economic History, 52, 129–160.

Atack, J., Bateman, F. and Margo, R.A., 2002. Part year operation in nineteenth century American manufacturing evidence from 1870 & 1880, Censuses. Journal of Economic History, 62(3), 792-809.

Atack, J., Bateman, F. and Margo, R.A., 2003. Productivity in manufacturing and the length of the working day: evidence from the 1880 census of manufactures. Explorations in Economic History, 40, 170–194

Au, A and Keir, P., 2007. Interfering effects of multitasking on muscle activity in the upper extremity. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 17, 578–586.

Ayoub, M. A., 1990a. Ergonomic deficiencies, pain at work. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 32(1), 52–57.

Ayoub, M. A., 1990b. Ergonomic deficiencies. II. Probable causes. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 32(2), 131–136.

Badi, T.H. and Boushaala, A.A., 2008. Effect of One-handed pushing and pulling strength at different handle heights in vertical direction. World academy of science, Engineering and Technology, 47.

Baldwin. M.L., 2004. Reducing the costs of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: targeting strategies to chronic disability cases. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 14, 33–41.

Battini. D., Faccio, M., Persona, A. and Sgarbossa, F., 2011. New methodological frame work to improve productivity and ergonomics in assembly system design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41, 30-42.

Beaton, D.E. and Kennedy, C.A., 2005. The Workplace Upper Extremity Research Group Beyond return to work: testing a measure of at-work disability in workers with musculoskeletal pain. Quality of Life Research, 14(8), 1869–1879.|

Bernard, T.N., and Willis, W.H.K., 1987. Recognizing specific characteristics of non specific low back pain. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 217, 266-280.

184

Bethesda, M.D., 2010. An article: What Are Shoulder Problems? Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public accessed from Website: http://www.niams.nih.gov on March 30, 2011.

Bjelle, A., Hagberg, M. and Michaelson, G., 1981. Occupational and individual factors in acute shoulder–neck disorders among industrial workers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 38, 356–63.

Bjoring, G. and Hagg, G.M., 2000. Musculoskeletal exposure of manual spray painting in the wood working industry- an ergonomic study on painters. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26(6), 603-614.

BLS, 2000a. Tables O8. Nonfatal occupational illnesses by category of illness, private industry: 1995-1999. US Department of labour, Retrieved January 10, 2008. from http://www.bls.gov.

BLS, 2000b. Table S10. Highest incidence rates (1) and number of disorders associated with repeated trauma, private industry, 1999. US Department of Labour, Retrieved January 10, 2008. from http://www.bls.gov.

BLS, 2000c. Table R19. Number of Non fatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work (1) by part of body and selected natures of injury or illness: 1998. US Department of labour,. Retrieved January 10, 2008. from http:// www.bls.gov.

BLS., 2004.Workplace Injuries and illness in 2003. Bureau of Labour Statistics, Washington, DC, USDL – 95–508.

Boadella, J.M., Kuijer, P.K., Sluiter, J.K., Frings-Dresen, M.H., 2005. Effect of self selected handgrip position on maximal handgrip strength. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86,328–331.

Bohr, P.C., 2002. Office ergonomics education: a comparison of traditional and participatory methods. WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 19 (2), 185-191.

Bongers, P.M., Boshuizen, H.C., Hulshof, T.J., Koemeester, A.P., 1988. Back disorders in crane operators exposed to whole body vibration. International journal of Archives on Occupational Environmental Health, 60, 129-137.

Bressel, E., Bressel, M., Marquez, M., Heise, G.D., 2001. The effect of handgrip position on upper extremity neuoromuscular responses to arm cranking exercise. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology, 11, 291-298.

Brookham, R.L., Joanna, M.W. and Dickerson, C.R., 2010. Upper limb posture and sub maximal hand tasks influence shoulder muscle activity. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 40(3), 337-344.

Burdorf, A. and Sorock, G., 1997. Positive and negative evidence of risk factors for back disorders. Scandinavian journal of Work Environment and Health, 23, 243–256.

Burdrof, A., Govaert, G. and Elders, L., 1991. Postural load and back pain in the manufacturing of prefabricated concrete elements. Ergonomics 34, 909-918.

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1997. Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 1996, USDL 97-453. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC.

Bureau of labour Statistics, 2000a. Tables O8. Nonfatal occupational illnesses by category of illness, private industry, 1995-1999. US Department of labour, Retrieved January 10, 2008. from http://www.bls.gov.

Bureau of labour Statistics, 2000b. Table S10. Highest incidence rates (1) and number of disorders associated with repeated trauma, private industry, 1999. US Department of Labour. Retrieved. January, 10, 2008. from http://www.bls.gov.

Bureau of Labour Statistics, 2000c. Table R19. Number of Non fatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work (1) by part of body and selected natures of injury or illness: 1998. US Department of labour. Retrieved. January, 10, 2008. from http:// www.bls.gov.

185

Bureau of labour Statistics, 1990. Workplace injuries and illness in 1989. US Department of Labour. Bureau of Labour Statistics, Washington, DC, 98–112.

Burke, M.J., Sarpy, S.A., Smith-Crowe, K., Chan-Serafin, S., Salvador, R.O. and Islam, G., 2006. Relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods. American Journal of Public Health, 96 (2), 315-324.

Burri, G. J. and Helander, M.G., 1991. A field study of productivity improvements in the manufacturing of circuit boards. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 7, 207–215.

Burton, A.K., Symonds, T.l., Zinzen, E., Tillotson, K.M., Caboor, D., Van Roy, P. and Clarys, J.P., 1997. Is ergonomics intervention alone sufficient to limit musculoskeletal problems in nurses. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 47, 25-32.

Burton, W.N., Conti, D.J., Chen, C.Y., Shultz, A.B. and Edington, D.W., 1999. The role of health risk factors and disease on worker productivity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41, 863–877.

Bust, P.D., Gibb, A.G.F. and Haslam, R.A., 2005. Manual handling of highway kerbs—focus group findings. Applied Ergonomics, 36, 417–425.

Bylund, S.H. and Burström, L., 2006. ‘The influence of gender, handle size, anthropometric measures, and vibration on the performance of a precision task. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomic, 36, 907–914.

Bystrom, S., Hall, C., Welender, T., Kilböm, Å, 1995. Clinical disorders and pressure-pain threshold of the forearm and hand among automobile assembly line workers. Journal of Hand Surgery 20B (5), 782–790.

Bystrom, S.E.G. and Kilböm, Å., 1990. Physiological response in forearm during and after isometric intermittent handgrip. Europaen Journal of Applied Physiology, 60, 457–466.

Canjuga, M., Läubli, T., Bauer, G., 2010. Can the job demand control model explain back and neck pain? cross-sectional study in a representative sample of Swiss working population. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 40 (6), 663- 668.

Cao. L., Du, W.W., Wang. S., Yang. X.N., He, L.H., Dong, X.M., Lu, H.H., Cao, X.O. and Xu, Y., 2011. The interactive effect of job task and psychosocial factors on work-related musculoskeletal disorders. US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 29(3), 176-179.

Carey, E. J. and Gallwey, T. J., 2005. Wrist discomfort levels for combined movements at constant force and repetition rate. Ergonomics, 48, 171-186.

Carey, E.J. and Gallwey, T.J., 2002. Effects of wrist posture, pace and exertion on discomfort. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 29, 85-94.

Carey, E.J. and Gallwey, T.J., 1999.Discomfort prediction from postural deviations of the wrist. In: Hanson, M.A, Lovesey, E.J., Robertson, S.A., (Eds), Contemporary Ergonomics. Taylor & Francis, London, 296-300.

Chaffin, D.B., 1987. Manual materials handling and the biomechanical basis for prevention of low-back pain in industry- an overview. American Industrial Hygienic Association Journal, 48, 989–996.

Chaffin, D.B., Andersson, G.B.J., Martin, B.J., 2006. Occupational Biomechanics, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

Chandler, A., 1977. The Visible Hand. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Chang, C.H. and Shih, Y.C., 2007.The effects of glove thickness and work load on female hand

performance and fatigue during an infrequent high-intensity gripping task. Applied Ergonomics, 38, 317–324.

Chang, S.R., Park, S. and Freivalds, A., 1999. Ergonomic evaluation of the effects of handle types on garden tools. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 24, 99-105..

186

Chaurasia, B.D., 1999. Human Anatomay, Vol 1. 3rd Edition, CBC Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, ISBN-81-239-0004-X.

Chen, H.C., Chen, W.C., Liu, Y.P., Chen, C.Y. and Pan, Y.T. 2009. Whole body vibration exposure experienced by motorcycle riders- An evaluation according to ISO 2631-1 and ISO 2631-5 standards. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39(5), 708–718.

Chen, H.M., Leung, C.T., 2007. The effect on forearm and shoulder muscle activity in using different slanted computer mice. Clinical Biomechanics, 22, 518–523.

Chiang, H.C, Ko, Y.C, Chen, S.S., Yu, H.S., Wu, T.N. and Chang, P.Y., 1993. Prevalence of shoulder and upper-limb disorders among workers in the fish processing industry. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 19,126–131.

Chiang, H., Chen, S.,Yu, K. and Ko, Y., 1990. The occurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome in frozen food factory employees. Kaohsiung Journal of Medicine and Science, 6, 73-80.

Choobineh, A.R., Sani, G.P., Rohani, M.S., Pour, M.G. and Neghab, M., 2009. Perceived demands and musculoskeletal symptoms among employees of an Iranian petrochemical industry. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39 (5), 766-770.

Choobineh, A.R., Rajaeefard, A. and Neghab, M., 2006. Association between perceived demands and musculoskeletal disorders among hospital nurses of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences: a questionnaire survey. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 12 (4), 347-354.

Choobineh. A., Motamedzade, M., Kazemi, M., Moghimbeigi, A., Pahlavian, A.H., 2011. The impact of ergonomics intervention on psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal symptoms among office workers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41, 671- 676.

Christensen, H., Sjøgaard, K., Pilegaard, M. and Olsen, H.B., 2000. The importance of the work/rest pattern as a risk factor in repetitive monotonous work. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 25, 367-373.

Chung, M.K., Lee, I. and Kee, D., 2003. Assessment of postural load for lower limb postures based on perceived discomfort. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 31, 17-32.

Chyuan, J.A, Du, C.L., Yeh, W.Y. and Li, C.Y., 2004. Musculoskeletal disorders in hotel Restaurant workers. Occupational Medicine, 54, 55-8.

Ciriello, V.M., Webster, B.S. and Dempsey, P.G., 2002. Maximal acceptable torques of highly repetitive screw driving, ulnar deviation, and hand grip tasks for 7-h workdays. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 63, 594–604.

Claudon, L., 2006. Influence on grip of knife handle surface characteristics and wearing protective gloves. Applied Ergonomics, 37, 729-735.

Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF). 2012. A report on An Overview of Neck and Shoulder Pain accessed from http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/neck/hic_an_overview_of_neck_and_shoulder_pain.aspx date of access : April 18, 2012.

Cochran, D.J. and Riley, M.W., 1986. The effects of handle shape and size on exerted forces. Human Factors, 28, 253-265.

Colombini, D. and Occhipinti, E., 2006. Preventing upper limb work-related musculoskeletal ldisorders (UL-WMSDS): New approaches in job (re)design and current trends in standardization. Applied Ergonomics, 37 (4), 441–450.

Colombini, D., Occhipinti, E. and Grieco, A., 2002. Risk Assessment and Management of Repetitive Movements and Exertions of Upper Limbs: Job analysis, OCRA Risk Index, Prevention Strategies and Design Principles. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (NL).

Columbini. D., 1998. An observational method for classifying exposure to repetitive movements of the upper limbs. Ergonomics, 41(9), 1261 - 1289.

187

Cook, C. and Burgess-Limerick, R., 2004.The effect of forearm support on musculoskeletal discomfort during call centre work. Applied Ergonomics, 35, 337–342.

Corks, I., 1997. Occupational health hazards in dentistry: musculoskeletal disorders. Ontario Dental, 74 (6), 27–30.

Corlett, E.N. and Bishop, R.P., 1976. A Technique for assessing postural discomfort. Ergonomics, 19, 175–182.

Côté, J.N., Raymond, D., Mathieu, P.A., Feldman, A.G. and Levin, M.F., 2005. Differences in multi-joint kinematic patterns of repetitive hammering in healthy, fatigued and shoulder-injured individuals. Clinical Biomechanics, 20(6), 581-590.

Coury, G.H., Kumar, S. and Narayan, Y., 1997. Measurement of shoulder strength in different postures. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22(3), 195-206.

Coury, G., Kumar, S., Rodgher, S. and Narayan, Y., 1998a. An electromyographic study of upper limb adduction force with varying shoulder and elbow postures. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 8, 157-168.

Coury, G., Kumar, S., Rodgher, S. and Narayan, Y., 1998b. Measurement of shoulder abduction strength in different postures. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 195-206.

Coury, H.G., Kumar, S. and Narayan, Y., 1998. An electromyographic study of upper limb adduction force with varying shoulder and elbow postures. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 8 (3), 157–168.

Cowan, R., Sanditova, B. and Weehuizen, R., 2011. Productivity effects of innovation, stress and social relations. Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization, 79, 165– 182

Crawford, J.O., Laiou, E., Spurgeon, A. and McMillan, G., 2008. Musculoskeletal disorders within the telecommunications sector-a systematic review. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 38 (1), 56-72.

D’Gould et al., 2001. Research in Nursing and Health 13, 227-236. NICOLA CRICHTON. © Blackwell Science Ltd, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10, 697-706.

D’Errico, A., Caputo, P., Falcone, U., Fubini, L., Gilardi, L., Mamo, C., Migliardi, A., Quarta, D. and Coffano, E., 2010. Risk factors for upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms among call center employees. Journal of Occupational Health, 52 (2), 115-124.

Das, B., 1987. An ergonomic approach to designing a manufacturing work system. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1(3), 231–240.

Das, B. and Sengupta, A., 1996. Industrial workstation design: A systematic ergonomic approach. Applied ergonomics, 27(3), 157–163.

Das, B. and Shikdar, A.A., 1999. Participative versus assigned production standard setting in repetitive industrial task: a strategy for improving worker productivity. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 5 (3), 417–430.

Dawson, A.P., Schluter, P.J., Hodges, P.W., Stewart, S. and Turner, C., 2011. Fear of movement, passive coping, manual handling, and severe or radiating pain increase the likelihood of sick leave due to low back pain. Pain, 152 (7), 1517-1524.

de Groot, J.H, Rozendaal, L.A., Meskers, C.G. and Arwert, H.J., 2004. Isometric shoulder muscle activation patterns for 3-D planar forces: a methodology for musculoskeletal model validation. Clinical Biomechanics, 19,790–800.

de Korte, E.M. and van Lingen, P., 2006. The effect of speech recognition on working postures, productivity and the perception of user friendliness. Applied Ergonomics, 37,341–347

De Looze, M.P., Kuijt-Evers, L.F.M. and Van Dieën, J., 2003. Sitting comfort and discomfort and the relationships with objective measures. Ergonomics, 46, 985–997.

De Souza Magnago, T.S., Lisboa, M.T., Griep, R.H., Kirchhof, A.L. and De Azevedo Guido, L., 2010. Psychosocial aspects of work and musculoskeletal disorders in nursing workers. Revista Latino Americana de Enfermagem, 18 (3), 429- 435.

188

De Krome, M.C.T.F.M., Kester, A.D.M., Knipschild, P.G. and Spaans, F., 1990. Risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome. American Journal of Epidemiology, 132(6), 1102 – 1110.

Dempsey, P.G., McGorry, R.W. and O’Brien, N.V., 2004. The effects of work height, work piece orientation, gender, and screwdriver type on productivity and wrist deviation. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 33 (4), 339–346.

Dempster, W.T., 1964. Mechanisms of shoulder movement. In: Paper presented at the Scientific Session of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Boston, 24, 49–69.

Dieen, J.H.V. and Vrielink, H.H.E., 1994. The relation between relative force and endurance time. Ergonomics, 37 (2), 231-243.

Dimberg, L., 1987. The prevalence and causation of tennis elbow, lateral Epicondylitis in a population of workers in an Engineering Industry. Ergonomics, 30, 573-580.

Dong, R.G., Rakheja, S., Mcdowell, T.W., Welcome, D.E. and Wu, J.Z., 2010. Estimation of the biodynamic responses distributed at fingers and palm based on the total response of the hand-arm system. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 40(4), 425-436.

Driessen, M.T., Proper, K.I., Anema, J.R., Knol, D.L., Bongers, P.M. and Beek, A.J., 2011. The effectiveness of participatory ergonomics to prevent low-back and neck pain results of a cluster randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal Work, Environmental & Health, 37(5):383-393.

Drucker, J. and Feser, E., 2012. Regional industrial structure and agglomeration economies: An analysis of productivity in three manufacturing industries. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42, 1–14.

Drury, C.G., 1987. A biomechanical evaluation of the repetitive motion injury potential of industrial jobs. Seminars in Occupational Medicine, 2(1), 41-49.

Drury, C.G. and Spitz, G., 1976. Strength, duration and recovery mechanisms. In C.G.Drury (ed), Report on International Symposium: Safety in Manual Materials Handling. Cincinati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 46-51.

Drury, C.G., 2000. Global quality: linking ergonomics and production. International Journal of Production Research, 38 (17), 4007-4018.

Dubrowski, A. and Carnahan, H., 2004, Grip force when grasping moving cylinders. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34, 69–76.

Earle-Richardson, G., Jenkins, P.L., Slingerland, D.T., Mason, C., Miles, M. and May, J.J., 2003. Occupational injury and illness among migrant and seasonal farm workers in New York State and Pennsylvania, 1997-1999: pilot study of a new surveillance method. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44 (1), 37-45.

Eashwe European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2008. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Back to Work Report. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxemburg.

Eklund, J.A.E., 1995. Relationships between ergonomics and quality in assembly works. Applied Ergonomics, 26 (1), 15-20.

Eklund, J.A.E., 1997. Ergonomics, quality and continuous improvement-conceptual and empirical relationships in an industrial context. Ergonomics, 40 (10), 982-1001

Eksiaglu, M., 2011. Endurance time of grip force as a function of grip- span, posture and anthropometric variables. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41, 401-409.

El Ahrache, k., Imbeau, D. and Farbos. B., 2006. Percentile values for determining maximum endurance times for static muscular work. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 36, 99-108.

Elders, L.A.M. and Burdorf, A., 2004. Do they matter in return to work after absenteeism because of low back pain. Occupational Environmental Medicine, 61, 287-288.

189

Engerman, S. and Goldin, C., 1993. Seasonality in nineteenth century labor markets. In: Schaefer, D.,Weiss, T. (Eds.), Economic Development in Historical Perspective. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

Escorpizo, R. and Moore, A., 2007. The effects of cycle time on the physical demands of a repetitive pick-and-place task. Applied Ergonomics, 38(5), 609–615

Escorpizo, R., 2008. Understanding work productivity and its application to work-related musculoskeletal disorders. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 38, 291–297

Ettema, G.J.C., Styles, G. and Kippers, V., 1998. The moment arms of 23 muscle segments of the upper limb with varying elbow and forearm positions: Implications for motor control. Human Movement Science, 17, 201–220.

EUROSTAT and Communities 2004. Government financing of research & development 1975-83: Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities (0824), Luxembourg.

Fagarasanu, M., Kumar, S. and Narayan, Y., 2004. Measurement of angular wrist neutral zone and forearm muscle activity. Clinical Biomechanics, 19, 671–677.

Farina D., and Merletti, R., 2000. Comparison of algorithms for estimation of EMG variables during voluntary isometric contractions. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 10, 337–349

Faucett, J. and Rempel, D., 1994. VDT-related musculoskeletal symptoms: interactions between work posture and psychosocial work factors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 26 (5), 597-612.

Fernandes, R.D.E., Assunção, A.A., Silvany Neto, A.M. and Carvalho, F.M., 2010. Musculoskeletal disorders among workers in plastic manufacturing plants. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 13(1), 11-20.

Feuerstein, M., Miller, V.L., Burrell, L.M. and Berger, R., 1998. Occupational upper extremity disorders in the federal workforce-prevalence, health care expenditures, and patterns of work disability. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 40, 546–555.

Finneran, A. and O’Sullivan, L., 2010. Force, posture and repetition induced discomfort as a mediator in self-paced cycle time. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 40, 257–266

Finsen, L. and Christensen, H.A., 1998. Biomechanical study of occupational loads in the shoulder and elbow in dentistry. Clinical Biomechanics, 13, 272-279.

Finsen, L., Christensen, H. and Bakke, M., 1998. Musculoskeletal disorders among dentists and variation in dental work. Applied Ergonomics, 29 (2), 119–125.

Fish, D.R. and Morris-Allen, D.M., 1998. Musculoskeletal disorders in dentists. NewYork State Dental Journal, 64 (4), 44–48.

Fogleman, M. and Brogmus, G., 1995. Computer mouse use and cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremities. Ergonomics, 38, 2465–2475.

Ford, E.S., Giles, W.H. and Dietz, W.H., 2002. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA, 287(3), 356-359.

Forsman, M., Henrik, C., Moller,T., Kadefors, R. and Mathiassen, S.E., 2002. Activity in five muscles during joint securing using pneumatic nut runners. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 29, 21–32.

Fredrikson, K., Bildt, C., Hagg, G. and Kilböm, Å. 2001. The impact on musculoskeletal disorders of changing physical and psychosocial work environment conditions in the automobile industry. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 28, 31 – 45.

Freund, J., Takala, E.P. and Toivonen, R., 2000. Effects of two ergonomic aids on the usability of an in-line screw driver. Applied Ergonomics, 31, 371-376.

Frieling, E., Freiboth, M., Henniges, D. and Saager, C., 1997. Effects of team work on the working conditions of short cycled track work: A case study from the European automobile industry. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 20, 371- 388.

190

Galizzi, M., Jay L. and Zagorsky, J.L., 2009. How do on-the-job injuries and illnesses impact wealth. Labour Economics, 16, 26–36.

Galizzi, M. and Boden, L.I., 2003. The return to work of injured workers: new evidence from matched unemployment insurance and workers' compensation data. Labour Economics, 10, 311–337.

Garg, A., Hegmannb, K.T., Schwoerera, B.J., Kapelluscha, J.M., 2002. The effect of maximum voluntary contraction on endurance times for the shoulder girdle. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 30, 103–113

Garg, A., Hegmannb, K. and Kapelluscha, J., 2006. Short-cycle overhead work and shoulder girdle muscle fatigue. International Journal of Industrial. Ergonomics, 36, 581–597.

Geanaidy, A.M., Barkawi, A. and Christensen, D., 1995. Ranking of static non-neutral postures around the joints of the upper extremity and the spine. Ergonomics, 38, 1851-1858.

Genaidy, A.M. and Karwowski, W., 1993. The effects of neutral posture deviations on perceived joint discomfort ratings in sitting and standing postures. Ergonomics, 36, 785-792.

Gescheider, G.A., 1988. Psychophysical scaling. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 169-200. Gil Coury, H., Menegon, L., Rosa, S., Camarotto, J. and Walsh, I., 1997. Shoulder adduction exertion

in industry and musculoskeletal disorders. Paper to be presented at 13th International Ergonomics Association Congress, Tampere, Finland.

Gil Coury, H.J.C., Porcattib, I.A., Michelle, E.R. and Jorge Oishi, A., 2002. Influence of gender on work-related musculoskeletal disorders in repetitive tasks. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 29 33–39.

Gil Coury, H.J.C., Kumar,S., Rodgher,S. and Narayan, Y., 1998. Measurements of shoulder adduction strength in different Postures. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 195-206

Gilbert-Ouimet, M., Brisson, C., Vezina, M., Trudel, L., Bourbonnais, R., Masse, B., Baril- Gingras, G. and Dionne, C.E., 2011. Intervention study onpsychosocialwork factors and mental health and musculoskeletal outcomes. Health Pap journal, 1, 47-66.

Gordon, K.D., Pardo, R.D., Johnson, J.A., King, G.J.W. and Muller, T.A., 2004. Electromyographic activity and strength during maximum isometric pronation and supination efforts in healthy adults. Journal of Orthopedic Research, 22, 208–213.

Grieco, A.G., Molteni, G.D., Vito, N. and Sias, N. 1998. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal disorders due to biomechanical overload, Ergonomics, 41, 1253–1260.

Griffin, M.J., 1998. General Hazards: vibration, In: encyclopaedia of occupational Health and Safety. International Labour Organization, Geneva, 50.2-50.15.

Groenesteijn, L., Eikhout, S.M. and Vink, P., 2004. One set of pliers for more tasks in installation work: the effects on (dis)comfort and productivity. Applied Ergonomics, 35, 485- 492.

Gupta, S., and Van der Helm, F.C.T., 2004. Load transfer across the scapula during humeral abduction. Journal of Biomechanics, 37 (7), 1001-1009.

Hägg, G.M., Oster, J. and Byström, S., 1997. Forearm muscular load and wrist angle among automobile assembly line workers in relation to symptoms. Applied Ergonomics, 28 (1), 41–47.

Hadler, N.M., 1977. Industrial rheumatology: Clinical investigation into the influence of the pattern of usage on the pattern of musculoskeletal disorders. Rheumatism, 20(4), 1019-1025.

Hagberg, M., 1981. Work load and fatigue in repetitive arm elevations. Ergonomics,24, 543–555. Hagberg, M., and Wegman, D.H., 1987. Prevalence rate and odds ratios of shoulder-neck diseases in

different occupational groups. British journal of Industrial Medicine, 44, 602-610. Hagberg, M., 2001. Director, Professor and Chief Physician at the Clinic of Occupational and

Environmental Medicine and Department of Occupational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden.

Hagberg, M., Silverstein, B., Wells, R., Smith, M.J., Handrick. H.W., Carayon, P., Peruse, M., 1995. Evidence of work relatedness for selected musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and limbs. In

191

Kuorinka and L., Forcier (eds), Work related Muskuloskeletal disorders (WMSDs). A reference book for prevention. Taylor & Francis, London.

Hagberg, M., Tornqvist, E.W. and Toomingas, A., 2002. Self-reported reduced productivity due to musculoskeletal symptoms: associations with workplace and individual factors white-collar computer users. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 12, 151–162.

Hägg, G.M., Luttmann, A. and Jäger, M., 2000. Methodologies for evaluating electromyographic field data in ergonomics. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 10, 301-312.

Hägg, G.M. and Astrom, A, 1997. Load pattern and pressure pain threshold in the upper trapezius muscle and psychosocial factors in medical secretaries with and without shoulder/neck disorders. International Achieves of Occupational and Environmental Health, 69,423-432.

Hägg, G.M. and Milerad E., 1997. Forearm extensor and flexor muscle exertion during simulated gripping work - an electromyographic study. Clinical Biomechanics, 12, 39–43.

Hallbeck, M.S. and McMullin, D.L., 1993. Maximal power grasp and three-jaw chuck pinch force as a function of wrist position, age, and glove type. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomic, 11, 195–206.

Hanse, J., 2002. The impact of VDU use and psychosocial factors at work on musculoskeletal shoulder symptoms among white-collar workers. Work Stress, 16 (2), 121-126.

Haque, S. and Khan, A.A., 2009. Effects of ulnar deviation of the wrist combined with flexion/extension on the Maximum Voluntary Contraction of grip. Journal of Human Ergology, 38 (1), 1-9.

Hasegava,T., Inoue, K., Tsutsue, O. and Kumashiro, M., 2001. Effects of a sit-stand schedule on a light repetitive task. International Journal Industrial Ergonomics, 28, 219-224.

Hashemi, L., Webster, B.S., Clancy, E.A., Courtney, T.K., 1998. Length of disability and cost of work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 40, 261–269.

Hasselquist, R.J., 1981. Increasing manufacturing productivity using Human Factors principles. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society—25th Annual Meeting, 204–206.

Haufler, A.J., Feuerstein, M. and Huang, G.D.S., 2000. Job stress, upper extremity pain and functional limitations in symptomatic computer users. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 38 (5), 507-515.

Haukka, E., Leino-Arjas, P., Ojajärvi, A., Takala, E.P., Viikari-Juntura, E., Riihimäki, H., 2011. Mental stress and psychosocial factors at work in relation to multiple-site musculoskeletal pain: a longitudinal study of kitchen workers. European Journal of Pain, 15 (4), 432-438.

Haynes, S. and Williams, K., 2008. Impact of seating posture on user comfort and typing performance for people with chronic low back pain. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 38 (1), 35-46.

Health and safety Executive (HSE), 2006. Health and Safety Executive, 2006. Research report 491: Cost benefit studies that support tackling

musculoskeletal disorders. Northampton, UK. Henschke, N., Maher, C.G., Refshauge, K.M., Herbert, R.D., Cumming, R.G., Bleasel, J., York, J.,

Das, A. and McAuley, J.H., 2009. Characteristics of patients with acute low back pain presenting to primary care in Australia. Clinical Journal of Pain, 25(1): 5-11.

Roy, O.H.L., Niedhammer, I., Sandret , N. and Leclerc, A., 1999. Manual materials handling and related occupational hazards: a national survey in France. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 24, 365-377.

Herbert, R., Dropkin, J., Warren, N., Sivin, D., Doucette, J., Kellogg, L., Bardin, J., Kass, D. and Zoloth, S., 2001. Impact of a joint labor-management program on upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms among garment workers. Applied Ergonomics, 32, 453-460.

192

Herberts, P., Kadefords, R. and Broman, H., 1980. Arm positioning in manual tasks: an electromyographic study of localized muscle fatigue. Ergonomics, 23, 655-665.

Herberts, P., Kadefors, R., Andresson, G. and Petersen, I., 1981. Shoulder pain in industry, An epidemiological study on welders. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 52, 299-306.

Hertzberg, T., 1955. Some contributions of applied physical anthropometry to human engineering. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 63, 616-629.

Hignett, S. and McAtamney, L., 2000. Rapid Entire body Assessment. Applied Ergonomics, 31,201-205.

Holmstoem, E., Lindell, J. and Moritz, U., 1992, Low back and neck/shoulder pain in construction workers: occupational workload and psychosocial risk factors. Spine, 17, 672 - 677.

Hoogendoorn, W.E., Boongers, P.M., de Vet, H.C.W., Douwes, M., Koes, B.W., Miedema, M.C., Ariens, G.A. and Bouter, L.M., 2000. Flexion and rotation of the trunk and lifting at work are risk factors for low back pain, Results of a prospective cohort study. Spine, 25(23), 3087-3092.

Hoogendoorn, W.E., van Poppel, M.N. and Bongers, P., 1999. Physical load during work and leisure time as risk factors for back pain. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 25, 387–403.

Hoozemans, M.J.M., Beek, A.J.V.D., Fringsdresen, M.H.W., Dijk, F.J.H.V. and Woude, L.H.V.V.D., 1998. Pushing and pulling in relation to musculoskeletal disorders: a review of risk factors. Ergonomics, 41, 757–781

Hsu, S.H. and Chen, Y.H., 1998. The establishment of ergonomic design guidelines on non-powered hand tools. Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 6(1), 101-111.

Hughes, R.E., Silverstein, B.A. and Evanoff, B.A., 1997. Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders in an aluminium smelter. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 32, 66–75.

Imrhan, S.N., 1991. The influence of wrist position on different types of pinch strength. Applied Ergonomic. 22, 379–384.

Indecon, 2006. Report on Economic Impact of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Legislation. 1-17.

ISO 5349, 2001, Mechanical Vibration-measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration- part-I: General Guidelines, International Organization of Standard, Geneva, Switzerland

ITJII., 2012, A note on Hand Tendonitis Information http://www.itendonitis.com/hand-tendonitis.html. iTendonitis.com

Järvholm, U., Palmerud, G., Styf, J., Herberts, P. and Kadefors, R., 1988. Intramuscular pressure in the supraspinatus muscle. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 6, 230–238.

Jarvholm, U., Palmerud, G., Karlesson, D., Herberts, P. and Kadepors, R., 1991. Intramuscular pressure and electromyography in four shoulder muscles. Journal of orthopardic Research, 1, 379-386.

Järvholm, U., Palmerud, G., Karlsson, D., Herberts, P. and Kadefors, R., 1991. Intramuscular pressure and electromyography in four shoulder muscles. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 9, 609–619.

Jensen, C., Vasseljen, O. and Westgaard, R.H., 1993, The influence of electrode position on bipolar surface electromyogram recordings of the upper trapezius muscle. European Journal Applied Physiology, 67:266–273.

Johansson, H. and Sojka, P., 1991. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in genesis and spread of muscular tension in occupational muscle pain and in chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes: A Hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 35, 196-203.

Johansson, L., Bjoringa, G., and Hägg, G.M., 2004. The effect of wrist orthoses on forearm muscle activity. Applied Ergonomics, 35, 129–136.

193

Johnston, V., Jull, G., Souvlis, T. and Jimmieson, N.L., 2010. Interactive effects from self reported physical and psychosocial factors in the workplace on neck pain and disability in female office workers. Ergonomics, 53 (4), 502-513.

Johnston, V., Souvlis, T., Jimmieson, N.L. and Jull, G., 2008. Associations between individual and workplace risk factors for self-reported neck pain and disability among female office workers. Applied Ergonomics, 39 (2), 171-182.

Jonsson, B., 1988. The static load component in muscle work. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 57(3), 305–10.

Josty, I.C., Tyler, M.P.H., Shewell, P.C. and Roberts, A.H.N., 1997. Grip and pinch strength variations in different types of workers. Journal of Hand Surgery, 22, 266–269.

Juslen, H., Wouters, M. and Tenner, A., 2007. The influence of controllable task-lighting on productivity: a field study in a factory. Applied Ergonomics, 38, 39–44.

Kacian, N., 1997. A Statistical report on occupational disease in Croatia. Work and Safety, 2, 271. Kadefors, R., 1994. Welding and musculoskeletal disease: a review. Proceedings of the 12th Triennial

Congress of the IEA, Toronto. 2, 72–74. Kahya. E., 2007. The effects of job characteristics and working conditions on job performance.

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 37, 515–523 Karhu, O., Kansi, P. and Kuorinka, I., 1977, Correcting working postures in industry: A practical

method for analysis. Applied Ergonomics, 8, 199-201. Kattel, B.P., Frederick, T.K., Fernandez, J.E. and Lee, D.C., 1996. The effects of upper extremity

posture on maximum grip strength. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 18, 423-429.

Kee, D. and Karkowski, W., 2001.The boundaries for joint angles of isocomfort for sitting and standing males based on perceived comfort of static joint postures. Ergonomics, 44,614-648.

Kee, D., 2005. Gender differences in rankings of joint motion stressfulness based on psychophysical scaling. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 461–469.

Kelsey, J., 1997. Upper extremity disorders: Frequency, Impact, and Cost. Churchill Livingstone, New York.

Kemmlert, K., 1994. Labor inspectorate investigation for the prevention of occupational musculo-skeletal injuries (licentiate thesis). National institute of occupational health, Solna, Sweden.

Keyserling, W.M., Punnett, L. and Fine, L.J., 1988. Trunk posture and back pain: identification and control of occupational risk factors. Applied Industrial Hygiene. 3, 87-92.

Khan, A.A,. O’Sullivan, L.W. and Gallwey, T.J., 2010. Effect on discomfort of frequency of wrist exertions combined with wrist articulations and forearm rotation. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 40, 492-503.

Khan, A.A., O’Sullivan, L.W. and Gallwey, T.J., 2009a. Effects of combined wrist deviation and forearm rotation on discomfort score. Ergonomics, 52, 345-361.

Khan, A.A., O’Sullivan, L.W. and Gallwey, T.J., 2009b. Effects of combined wrist flexion/ extension and forearm rotation and two levels of relative force on discomfort. Ergonomics 52, 1265-1275. .

Khan,A.A., Gallwey, T.J., and O’Sullivan, L.W., 2003. Effects of grip force when combined with wrist flexion and frequency of exertion. In: H. Strasser, K ,Kluth, H.Rausch, and H.Bubb, eds.Quality of work and products in enterprises of the future, Stuttgart: Ergonomica Verlag, 391-394.

Kilböm, Å. and Persson, J., 1987. Work technique and its consequence for musculoskeletal disorders. Ergonomics, 30,273–9.

Kilböm, Å., Persson, J. and Jonsson, B., 1986, Risk factors for work-related disorders of the neck and shoulder± with special emphasis on working postures and movement, in E. N. Corlett, J. R.

194

Wilson and I. Manenica (eds), Ergonomics of Working Postures (London: Taylor & Francis), 44 - 53.

Klien, M.G. and Fernandez, J. E., 1997. The effect of posture, duration, and force on pinching frequency. International Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology, 8(2), 93-100.

Klussman, A., Gebhardt, H., Liebers, F. and Rieger, M.A., 2008. Muskuloskeletal symptoms of the upper extremities and the neck: a cross sectional study on prevalence and symptom-predicting factors at visual display terminal (VDT) work stations (Research Article). BMC Muskuloskeletal Disorders. 9-96.

Kong, Y.K., Lowe, B.D., Lee, S.J. and Krieg, E.F., 2007. Evaluation of handle design characteristics in a maximum screw driving torque task. Ergonomics, 50, 1404–1418. Kong, Y.K., Kim, D.M., Lee, K.S. and Jung, M.C., 2012. Comparison of comfort, discomfort, and

continuum ratings of force levels and hand regions during gripping exertions. Applied Ergonomics, 43, 283-289.

Kong, Y.K., Song, Y.W., Jung, M.C. and Lee, I., 2011. Effects of hand position on maximum grip strength and Discomfort. HFESA 47th Annual Conference Ergonomics (Special Edition), Australia,1-5.

Kong, Y.K., Lowe, B.D., Lee, S.J. and Krieg, E.F., 2008. Evaluation of handle shapes for screw driving. Applied Ergonomics, 39, 191–198. Konz, S., 1995. Work design: Industrial ergonomics (5th ed.). Ohio: Grid Columbus. Korhan, O. and Mackieh, A., 2010. A model for occupational injury risk assessment of

musculoskeletal discomfort and their frequencies in computer users. Safety Science 48, 868–877.

Kroemer, K.H.E., 1989. Cumulative Trauma disorders: their recognition and ergonomics measures to avoid them. Applied Ergonomics, 20, 274-280.

Kroemer, K.H.E., 1992. Avoidening Cumulative Trauma disorders in shops and offices. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 53.596-604.

Kronberg, M., Nemeth, G. and Bystrom, L.A., 1990. Muscle activity and coordination in the normal shoulder- An electromyographic study. Clinical Orthopaedics, 257, 76–85.

Kronberg, M. and Bystrom, L.A., 1991. Nemeth G. Differences in shoulder muscle activity between patients with general joint laxity and normal controls. Clinical Orthopaedic, 269, 181–192.

Kuijt-Evers, L.F.M., Bosh, T., Huysmans, M.A., de Looze, M.P. and Vink, P., 2007. Association between objective and subjective measurements of comfort and discomfort in hand tools. Applied Ergonomics, 38 (5), 643-654.

Kuijt-Evers, L.F.M., Twisk, J., Groenesteijn, L., De Looze, M.P. and Vink, P., 2005. Identifying predictors of comfort and discomfort in using hand tools. Ergonomics, 48, 692-702.

Kumar, S. and Saife, W.G.S., 1979. A precision task posture and strain. Journal of Safety Research. 11, 28–36.

Kumar, S., 1995 .Electromyography of spinal and abdominal muscles during garden raking with two rakes and rake handles. Ergonomics, 38, 1793–1804.

Kumar, S., 1994. Computer desk for bifocal lens wearers with special emphasis on selected telecommunication tasks. Ergonomics, 37, 1669–1678.

Kumar, R. and Kumar, S., 2008. Musculoskeletal risk factors in cleaning occupation– a literature review. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 38 (2), 158–170.

Kumar, S. and Mittal, A., 1996. Electromyography in Ergonomics (Ch. I). In Electromyography in Ergonomics, eds. Taylor and Francis, London, 1–50.

Kumar, S., 1995. Electromyography of spinal and abdominal muscles during garden raking with two rakes and rake handles. Ergonomics, 38, 1793–1804.

Kumar, S., 2001. Theories of musculoskeletal injury causation. Ergonomics, 44, 17–47.

195

Kuorinka, I., Forcier, L., Hagberg, M., Silverstein, B., Wells, R.; Smith, M.J., Hendrick, H.W., Carayon, P. and Pérusse, M., 1995. Work related Musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs): A reference book for prevention. Taylor and Francis, London.

Kurppa, K., Viikari-Juntura, E., Kuosma, E., Huuskonen, M. and Kivi, P., 1991. Incidence of tenosynovitis or peritendinitis and epicondylitis in a meat-processing factory. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 17, 32 – 37.

Kuzala, E.A. and Vargo, M.C., 1992. The relationship between elbow position and grip strength. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46, 509–512.

Laing, A.C., Cole, D.C., Theberge, N., Wells, R.P., Kerr, M.S. and Frazer, M.B. 2007. Effectiveness of a participatory ergonomics intervention in improving communication and psychosocial exposures. Ergonomics, 50 (7), 1092-1109.

Lalumandier, J.A. and McPhee, S.D., 2001. Prevalence and risk factors of hand problems and carpal tunnel syndrome among dental hygienists. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 75 (2), 130–134.

Lalumandier, J.A., McPhee, S.D., Riddle, S., Shulman, J.D. and Daigle, W.W., 2000. Carpal tunnel syndrome: effect on Army dental personnel. Military Medicine, 165 (5), 372–378.

Lamoreaux, L. and Hoffer, M.M., 1995. The effect of wrist deviation on grip and pinch strength. Clinical Orthopaedics Related Research, 314,152–155.

Lapointe, J., Dionne, C.E., Brisson, C. and Montreuil, S., 2009. Interaction between postural risk factors and job strain on self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms among users of video display units: a three-year prospective study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 35 (2), 134-144.

Law, L.A.F. and Awin, K.G., 2010. Endurance time is joint-specific: A modelling and meta-analysis investigation. Ergonomics, 53 (1), 109–129

Law, L.A.F., Lee, J.E., McMullen, T.R. and Xia, T., 2010. Relationships between maximum holding time and ratings of pain and exertion differ for static and dynamic tasks. Applied Ergonomics, 42, 9-15.

Lee, H., Wilbur, J., Kim, M.J. and Miller, A.M., 2008. Psychosocial risk factors for work related musculoskeletal disorders of the lower-back among long-haul international female flight attendants. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 61 (5), 492-502.

Lee, H.Y., Yeh, W.Y., Chen, C.W. and Wang, J.D., 2005. Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of upper extremity musculoskeletal pain in industries of Taiwan a Nationwide study. Journal of Occupational Health, 47, 311-318.

Lee, S., and Bro, R., 2008. Regional differences in world human body dimensions. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 9(4), 325-345.

Leigh, J.P., Markowitz, S.B., Fahs, M., Shin, C. and Landrigan, P.J., 1997. Occupational injury and illness in the United States: estimated costs, morbidity, and mortality. Archives of Internal Medicines, 157, 1557–1568.

Leigh, J.P. and Miller, T.R., 1998. Occupational illnesses within two national data sets. International Journal of Occupational Environment and Health, 4 (2), 99–113.

Lewis, R.J., Fogleman, M., Deeb, J., Crandall, E., Agopsowicz, D., 2001. Effectiveness of a VDT ergonomics training program. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 27 (2), 119-131.

Li, K.W. and Ruifeng, Y., 2011. Assessment of grip force and subjective hand force exertion under handedness and postural conditions. Applied Ergonomics, 42, 929-933.

Li, K.W., 2002. Ergonomic design and evaluation of wire tying hand tools. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 30, 149-161.

Lin, C.L., Wang, M.J., Drury, C.G. and Cheng, Y.S., 2009. Evaluation of perceived discomfort in repetitive arm reaching and holding tasks. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 1-12.

196

Lin, C-L., Wang, M-J.J., Drury, C.G. and Chen, Y.S., 2010. Evaluation of perceived discomfort in repetitive arm reaching and holding tasks. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 40, 90–96.

Lin, M.L., Radwin, R.G. and Snook, S.H., 1997. Asingle metric for quantifying biomechanical stress in repetitive motions and exertions. Ergonomics, 405, 543-558.

Rose. L., Ericson, M. and Ortengren, R., 2000. Endurance time, pain and resumption in passive loading of the elbow joint. Ergonomics, 43(3), 405- 420.

Lipscomb, H.J., Glazner, J.E., Bondy, J., Guarini, K. and Lezotte, D., 2006. Injuries from slips and trips in construction. Applied Ergonomics. 37(3), 267–274.

Liss, G.M., Jesin, E., Kusiak, R.A. and White, P., 1995. Musculoskeletal problems among Ontario dental hygienists. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 28 (4), 521–540.

Liu, D.R., and Tokarski, T., 2005. Upper limb strength in relation to upper limb posture. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 19-31.

de Looze, M.P., Kuijt-Evers, L.F. and van Dieën, J., 2003. Sitting comfort and discomfort and the relationships with objective measures. Ergonomics, 46 (10), 985–997.

Lotters, F., Burdorf, A. and Kuiper, J., 2003. Model for the work-relatedness of low back pain. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment Health, 29, 431-440.

Lowe, B.D., 2004. Accuracy and validity of observational estimates of wrist and forearm posture. Ergonomics, 47(5), 527-554.

Lucchetti, R., Schoenhuber, R. and Nathan, P., 1998. Correlation of segmental carpal tunnel pressures in hand and wrist positions in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and controls. Journal of hand surgery, 23B(5), 598-602.

Lupojaravi, T., Kuorinka, I., Virolainen, M. and Holmberg, M., 1979. Prevalence of tenosynovitis and other injuries of the upper extremities in repetitive work. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 5(3), 48-55.

MacDonell, C. and Keir, P., 2005. Interfering effects of task demands of grip force and mental processing on isometric shoulder strength and muscle activity. Ergonomics, 48(15), 1749-1769.

MacFarlane, G.J., Hunt, I.M. and Siman, A.J., 2000. Role of psychosocial factors in the onset of forearm pain. Prospective population based study. British Medical Journal, 32, 676-679.

Mader, S.S., 2004. Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0072935158.

Marcoux, B.C., Krause, V. and Nieuwenhuijsen, E.R., 2000. Effectiveness of an educational intervention to increase knowledge and reduce use of risky behaviours associated with cumulative trauma in office workers. WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 14(2), 127- 135.

Marley, R.J., DeBree, T.S. and Wehrman, R., 1993. The effect of wrist, forearm and elbow posture on maximum grip strength. In 2nd Industrial Engineering Research Conference Proceedings, 525–529. Los Angeles.

Marras, W., 1990. Guidelines industrial electromyography (EMG). International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 6, 89–93.

Masear, V.R., Hayes, J.M. and Hyde, A.G., 1986. An industrial cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand surgery, 11A(2), 222-227.

Mastelerz, A., Nowak,E., Palczewska, I. and Kalka, E., 2009. Maximal grip force during holding a cylindrical handle with different diameters. Human movement, 10(1), 26-30.

Mathiowetz, V., Rennells, C. and Donahoe, L., 1985. Effect of elbow position on grip and key pinch strength. Journal of Hand Surgery, 10A, 694–697.

Mathiowetz, V., Rennels, C. and Denohoe, L., 1985. Effect of elbow position on grip and key pinch strength. Journal of Hand Surgery, 10(A), 694-697.

197

McAtamney, L. and Corlett, E.N., 1993. RULA: a survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders. Applied Ergonomics, 24(2), 91-99.

McDowell, T.W., Kashion, M.L., Welcome, D.E., Warren, C. and Dong, R.G., 2007. Relationship between psychometrics, exposure conditions, and vibration power absorption in the hand-arm system, In: proceedings of the 11th international Conference on Hand-arm vibration, Bologana, Italy.

McGorry, R.W. and Lin, J.H., 2007. Power grip strength as a function of tool handle orientation and location. Ergonomics, 50(9), 1392-1403.

McMahon, P.J., Jobe, F.W., Pink, M.M, Brault, J.R. and Perry, J., 1996. Comparative electromyographic analysis of shoulder muscles during planar motions: anterior glenohumeral instability versus normal. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 5, 118–123.

Meerding, W.J., Ijzelenberg, W., Koopmanschap, M.A., Severens, J.L. and Burdorf, A., 2005. Health problems lead to considerableproductivity loss at work among workers with high physical load jobs. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58, 517-523.

Mehta, R.K. and Agnew, M.J., 2011. Effects of concurrent physical and mental demands for short duration static task. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41, 488-493.

Melhorn, J.M., 1998. Cumulative trauma disorders and repetitive strain injuries. Clinical ortopaedic Related Research, 351, 107-126.

Melin, E., 1987. Neck-shoulder loading characteristics and work technique. Ergonomics, 30, 281–285.

Mirka, G.A., Jin, S. and Hoyle, J., 2009. An evaluation of arborist handsaws. Applied Ergonomics, 40, 8-14.

Mogk J. and Keir. P., 2003. The effects of posture on forearm muscle loading during gripping. Ergonomics, 46(9), 956-975.

Montorselli, N.B., Lombardini, C., Magagnotti, N., Marchi, E., Neri, F., Picchi, G. and Spinelli, R., 2010. Relating safety, productivity and company type for motor-manual logging operations in the Italian Alps. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42, 2013–2017.

Moore, A., Wells, R. and Ranney, D., 1991. Quantifying exposure in occupational manual tasks with cumulative trauma disorder potential. Ergonomics, 34, 1433-1453.

Moore, J.S. and Garg, A., 1994, Upper extremity disorders in a pork processing plant. Relationships between work factors and morbidity. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 55, 703 – 715.

Moore, J.S. and Garg, A., 1995. The strain index: a proposed method to analyse jobs for risk of distal upper extremity disorders. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 56, 443–458.

Morken, T.; Moen, B.; Riise, T.; Hauge, S.H.V.; Holien, S.; Langedrag, A.; Olson, H.O.; Pedersen, S.; Saue, I.L.L.; Seljebo, G.M. and Thoppil, V., 2002. Effects of a training program to improve musculoskeletal health among industrial workers- effects of supervisor’s role in the intervention. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 30, 115-127.

Morse, T., Punnet, L., Warren, N., Dillon,C. and Warren, A., 2003. The relationship of unions to prevalence and claim filing for work related upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44, 83-93.

Motamedzade, M., Mohseni, M., Golmohammadi, R. and Mahjoob, H., 2011. Ergonomics intervention in an Iranian television manufacturing industry. WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 38(3), 257-263.

Motamedzade, M., Shahnavaz, H., Kazemnejad, A., Azar, A. and Karimi, H., 2003. The impact of participatory ergonomics on working conditions, quality, and productivity. International Journal of occupational safety and Ergonomics, 9(2), 135-147.

Mote, A., 2010. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/neck-nerve-pain.html. Accesed on April 18, 2011.

198

Muggleton, J.M., Allen, R. and Chappell, P.H., 1999. Hand and arm injuries associated with repetitive manual work in industry: a review of disorders, risk factors and preventive measures. Ergonomics, 42, 714-739.

Mukhopadhyay, P., O’Sullivan, L.W. and Gallwey, T.J., 2007a. Effects of upper arm articulations on shoulder arm discomfort profile in a pronation task. Occupational Ergonomics, 7, 169-181.

Mukhopadhyay, P., O’Sullivan, L.W. and Gallway, T.J., 2007. Estimating upper limb discomfort level due to intermittent isometric pronation torque with various combination of elbow angles, forearm rotation angles, force and frequency with upper arm at 900 abduction. International journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 37, 313-325.

Mukhopadhyay, P., Gallwey, T.J. and O’Sullivan, L.W., 2003. Effect of grip force and shoulder abduction angle in repetitive clockwise forearm pronation/supination movement: In: Proc. of the International Annual Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conf. 7th-9th May, Munich, 2003, 81-88.

Mukhopadhyay, P., O’Sullivan, L.W, and Gallwey, T.J., 2007b. Estimating upper limb discomfort level due to intermittent isometric pronation torque with various combinations of elbow angles, forearm rotation angles and frequency with upper arm at 900abduction. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 37, 313-325.

Mukhopadhyay, P., O’Sullivan, L.W. and Gallway, T.J., 2009. Upper limb discomfort profile due to intermittent isometric pronation torque at different postural combinations of the shoulder-arm system. Ergonomics, 52(5), 584-600.

Mukhopadhyaye, P., O’Sullivan, L. and Gallway, T.J., 2006. Estimating upper limb discomfort level due to intermittent isometric pronation torque with various combinations of elbow angles, forearm rotation angles, force and frequency with upper arm at 900 abduction. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,37, 313-325.

Murray, W.M., Delp, S.L. and Buchanan, T.S., 1995. Variation of muscle moment arms with elbow and forearm position. Journal of Biomechanics, 5, 513–525.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2001. Muskuloskeletal Disorders in the work place: low back and upper extremities, panel on musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace. Commission on behavioural and social sciences and education. National Academy press, Washington DC.

Neumann, W.P., 2004. Production Ergonomics: Identifying and managing risk in the design of high performance work systems. Doctoral thesis. Lunds Technical University and National Institute for Working Life, Sweden.

Nicolay, C.W. and Walker, A.L., 2005. Grip strength and endurance: Influences of anthropometric variation, hand dominance, and gender. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 605–618.

Nijholf, E.J. and Gabriel, D.A., 2006. Maximum isometric arm forces in the horizontal plane. Journal of Biomechanics, 39,708–716

NIOSH, Technical Report, 1981. Work practices guide for manual lifting. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81, 122.

NIOSH, 1997, Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors, Centre for disease control and prevention, A critical review of epidemiologic evidence for work related musculoskeletal disorders of the Neck, Upper extremity, and Low Back, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, B.P. Bernard (Ed.), Taylor and Francis, London.

Nordander, C., Hansson, G.A., Rylander, L., Asterland, P., UngeBystrom., J., Ohlsson, K., Balogh, I., Skerfying, S., 2000. Muscular restand gap frequency as EMG measures of physical exposure:the impact of work tasks and individual related factors. Ergonomics, 37, 891-897.

199

Nuriminen, M., 1997. Reanalysis of the occurrence of back pain among construction workers: modeling for the interdependent effects of heavy physical worn, earlier back accidents, and aging. Occupational Environmental Medicine, 54, 807-811.

Nussbaum, M.A., 2003. Postural stability is compromised by fatiguing overhead work. American Industrial Hygienic Association Journal, 64, 56-61.

O’Donnell, M.P., 2000. Health and productivity management: the concept, impact, and opportunity: commentary to Goetzel and Ozminkowski (comment). American Journal of Health Promotion, 14 (4), 215–217.

O’Sullivan L.W. and Gallwey, T.J., 2005. Forearm torque strengths and discomfort profiles in pronation and supination. Ergonomics, 48(6), 703-721.

O’Sullivan, L.W. and Gallwey, T.J., 2002. Upper-limb surface electro-myography at maximum supination and pronation torques: the effect of elbow and forearm angle. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 12, 275– 285.

O’Sullivan, L.W., 2001. Estimating forearm discomfort due to pronation-supination torques for elbow and forearm angles. Thesis (PhD). University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland.

Occhipinti, E. and Colombini, D., 1996. Proposal of a concise index for the evaluation of the exposure to repetitive movements of the upper extremity (OCRA index). Display Settings. 87(6):526-48.

Occhipinti, E., 1998. OCRA: A concise index for the assessment of exposure to repetitive movements of the upper limbs. Ergonomics, 41(9), 1290-1311.

Oda, S. and Kida, N., 2001. Nonmuscular fatigue during maximal concurrent handgrip and elbow flexion or extension. Journal of Electromyography and kinesiology, 11, 281-289.

Ohlsson, K., Hansson, G.A., Balogh, I., Stromberg, U., Palsson, B., Nordander, C., Rylander, L. and Skerfving, S., 1994. Disorders of the neck and upper limbs in women in the fish processing industry. Occupational Environmental Medicine, 51(12), 826–832.

Olendorf, M.R. and Drury, C.G., 2001. Postural discomfort and perceived exertion in stadardised box-holding postures. Ergonomics, 44, 1341-1367.

Olson, P., 1987. Working postures related to musculoskeletal disorders, abstract and poster presented at, The XXII International Congress on Occupational Health, Sydney, Australia, September 1987.

Osorio, A.M., Ames, R.G., Jones, J., Castorina, J., Rempel, D., Estrin, W. and Thompson, D., 1994. Carpal tunnel syndrome among grocery store workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 25, 229–245.

Palastanga, N., Field, D. and Soames, R., 1998. Anatomy and human movement, structure and function, 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.

Palmer, K.T., Cooper, C., Walker-Bone, K., Syddall, H. and Coggon, D., 2001. Use of Key boards and symptoms in the neck and arm: evidence from a national survey. Occupational Medicine, 51, 392–395.

Paoli, P., 1997. The second European survey: indicators of working conditions in the European Union. The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin.

Polanyi, M.F., Cole, D.C., Beaton, D.E., Chung, J., Wells, R., Abdolell, M., Beech- Hawley, L., Ferrier, S.E., Mondloch, M.V., Shields, S.A., Smith, J.M. and Shannon, H.S., 1997. Upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders among newspaper employees: cross-sectional survey results. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 32 (6), 620-628.

Politti, J.C., Felice, C.J. and Valentinuzzi, M.E., 2003. Arm EMG during abduction and adduction: hysteresis cycle. Medical Engineering and Physics, 25(4), 317-20.

200

Porter, W., Gallagher, S. and Krajeweski, J.T., 2010. Analysis of applied forces and electromyography of back and shoulders muscles when performing a simulated hand scaling task. Applied Ergonomics, 41, 411-416.

Pransky, G., Benjamin, K., Hill-Fotouhi, C., Fletcher, K.E., Himmelstein, J. and Katz, J.N., 2002. Work-related outcomes in occupational low back pain: a multidimensional analysis. Spine, 27 (8), 864–870.

Pryce, J.C., 1980. The Wrist position between neutral and ulnar deviation that facilitates the maximum power grip strength. Journal of Biomechanics, 13, 501-511.

Punnet, L., Fine, L.J., Keyserling, W.M., Herrin G.D. and Chaffin, D.B., 1991. Back disorders and non neutral trunk postures of automobile assembly workers. Scandinavian journal of work environment and health, 17, 337-346.

Punnet, L., Fine, L.J. and Keyserling., 1987. Exposure to ergonomics stresses in the garment industry. Application and critic of job site work analysis methods. Ergonomics, 30(70) 1099-1116.

Punnet, L. and Wegman, D.H., 2004. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: the epidemiologic evidence and the debate. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 14 (1), 13-23.

Punnett, L., Prüss-Utün, A., Nelson, D.I., Fingerhut, M.A., Leigh, J., Tak, S. and Phillips, S., 2005. Estimating the global burden of low back pain attributable to combined occupational exposures. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48(6), 459-469.

Putz-Anderson, V. and Galinsky, T.L., 1993. Psychophysically determined work durations for limiting shoulder girdle fatigue from elevated manual work. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 11, 19–28.

Putz-Andersson, V., 1988. Cumulative trauma disorders- a manual for musculoskeletal diseases of the upper limbs. Taylor & Francis, London, PA, 275.

Radwin, R.G., Lin, M.L. and Yen, T.Y., 1994. Exposure assessment of biomechanical stress in repetitive manual work using frequency-weighted filters. Ergonomics, 37, 1984–1998.

Ramon, B., Gerber, S., Kilpatric, G., Remler, M. and Beckley, D., 1999. A comparison of forearm and thumb muscle electromyographic responses to the use of laparoscopic instruments with either a finger grasp or a palm grasp. Ergonomics, 42(12), 1634-1645.

Ranney, D., Wells, R. and Moore, A., 1995. Upper limb musculoskeletal disorders in highly repetitive industries: precise anatomical physical findings. Ergonomics, 38(7), 1408–1423.

Rayan, J.P., 1989. A study of selected ergonomic factors in occupational safety. In A. Mital (Ed.), Advances in industrial ergonomics and safety I. 359–364, Taylor and Francis, London

Resnick, M.L. and Chaffin, D.B., 1996, Kinematics, kinetics, and psychophysical perceptions in symmetric and twisting pushing and pulling tasks. Human Factors, 38, 114–129

Resnick, M.L. and Zanotti, A., 1997.Using ergonomics to target productivity improvements. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering. 33(1–2), 185–188.

Rice, V.J., Nindl, B. and Pentikis, J.S., 1996. Dental workers, musculoskeletal cumulative trauma, and carpal tunnel syndrome, who is at risk? A pilot study. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2 (3), 218–233.

Richards, L.G., 1997. Posture Effects on Grip Strength. Achieves Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78, 1154-1156

Riihimaki, H., Mattsson, T., Zitting, A., Wickström, G., Hänninen, K., Waris, P., 1990. Radiographically detectable degenerative changes of the lumbar spine among concrete reinforcement workers and house painters. Spine, 15 (2), 114–119.

Riihimaki, H., Tola, S., Videman, T. and Hänninen, K., 1989. Low back pain and occupation: a cross sectional questionnaire study of men in machine operating, dynamic physical work, and sedentary work. Spine, 14 (2), 2004-2009.

201

Ringelberg, J.A., 1985. EMG and force production of some human shoulder muscles during isometric abduction. Journal of Biomechanics, 18(12), 939-947.

Ritz, B.R., 1995. Humeral Epicondylitis among gas and Water works employees. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 21, 478–486.

Rohmert, W., 1973. Problems in determining rest allowances. Part 2: Determining rest allowances in different tasks. Applied Ergonomics, 4, 158–162.

Roman Liu-D., 2003. Maximum handgrip force in relation to upper limb posture. A Meta analysis. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 64, 609-617.

Roman-Liu, D. and Tokarski. T., 2005. Upper limb strength in relation to upper limb posture. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 19-31.

Roman-Liu, D. and Tokarski, T., 2002. EMG of arm and forearm muscle activities with regard to handgrip force in relation to upper limb location. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 4 (2) 33-48.

Roman-Liu, D., Tokarski, T. and Kamiriska, J., 2001. Assessment of musculoskeletal load of trepazius and deltoid muscles, during activity of hand. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 7, 179-193.

Rose, L., Ortengren, R. and Ericson, M., 2001. Endurance, pain and resumption in fully flexed postures. Applied Ergonomics, 32, 501–508.

Rose, L., Ericsson, M., Glimskar, B., Nordgren, B. and Ortengren, R., 1992. Ergo-Index. Development of a model to determine pause needs after fatigue and pain reactions during work. In: Mattila, M., Karwowski, W. (Eds.), Computer Applications in Ergonomics, Occupational Safety and Health. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V, North-Holland, 461–468.

Rosecrance, J., Cook, T. and Zimmermann , C., 1996. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among construction workers in the pipe trades, WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 7, 13-20.

Ryan, G.A., 1989. The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in super market workers. Ergonomics, 30(7), 359-371.

Saari, J. and Wickström, G., 1978. Load on back in concrete reinforcement work. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 4(1), 3–19.

Salter, N. and Darcus, H.D., 1952. The effect of the degree of elbow flexion on the maximum torques developed in pronation and supination of the right hand. Journal of Anatomy, 89,197-202.

Sanders, M.S. and McCormic, E.J., 1992 Human Factors in Engineering and Design. McGraw- Hill, New York.

SCB, 1994. Yrkesrisker 1990-1991. Arbetsolyckor och arbetssjukdomar, Report in Swedish. Society for Conservation Biology, Förlag, Stockholm.

Schanauber, H., 1986. Ergonomics and productivity as reflected in a new factory. In W. Karwowski (Ed.). Trends in ergonomics/human factors III (pp. 459–465). Berlin: Elsevier.

Schibye, B., Søgaard, K., Laursen, B. and Sjøgaard, G., 1997. Mechanical load on the spine during pushing and pulling. In: Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 4, 536–538. Finland.

Schoemarklin, R.R., Marras, W.S. and Leurgans, S., 1994. Industrial wrist motions and incidences of hand/wrist cumulative trauma disorders. Ergonomics, 37, 1449-1460.

Seidel. H., 1993. Selected health risks caused by long term whole-body vibration. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 23, 589-604.

Seo, N.J and Armstrong, T.J., 2011. Effect of elliptic handle shape on grasping strategies, grip force distribution, and twisting ability. Ergonomics, 54 (10), 961-970.

Shahnavaz, H., 1987.Workplace injuries in the developing countries. Ergonomics, 30 (2), 397-404. Shephard, R.J., 1986a. Economic Benefits of Enhanced Fitness. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. Shephard, R.J., 1986b. Fitness and Health in Industry. Karger, Basel.

202

Shih, Y.C., 2005. Effect of a splint on measures of sustained grip exertion under different forearm and wrist postures. Applied Ergonomics,36, 293–299.

Shikdar, A.A., and Sawaqed, N.M., 2003a. Worker productivity and occupational health and safety issues in selected industries. Computers & Industrial Engineering 45, 563–572.

Shikdar, A.A. and Das, B., 2003b. The relationship between worker satisfaction and productivity in a repetitive industrial task. Applied Ergonomics, 34,(6),603–610

Shikdar, A.A. and Das, B., 1995. A field study of worker productivity improvements. Applied Ergonomics, 26 (1), 21-27.

Silverstein, B., Fine, L.J. and Armstrong, T.J., 1986. Hand wrist cumulative trauma disorders in industry. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43, 779–784.

Silverstein B.A., Fine, L. J. and Armstrong, T.J., 1987.Occupational factors and carpal tunnel syndrome. American journal of Industrial Medicine, 11, 343-358.

Silverstein, B.A., 1998. Claims incidence of work related disorders of the upper extremities: Washington State 1987-1995, Public Health, 88, 1827-1833.

Silverstein, B.A., 1985. The prevalence of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders in industry. PhD University Microfilms International, Michigan Thesis. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Sjøgaard , G., Savard, G. and Juel, C., 1988. Muscle blood flow during isometric activity and its relation to muscle fatigue. European Journal of applied Physiology, 57, 327-335.

Sjøgaard, G., Chriestensen, H. and Pedersen, M.B., 1991. Neck and shoulder disorders due to prolonged uncomfortable working postures. In Proc. of Eleventh Congress of the International Ergonomics,1, 123-25. Paris.

Sjøgaard, G., Sogaard, K., Hermens, H.J., Sandso, L., Laubli, T., Thorn, S., Sell, L., Chriestensen, H., Klipstein, A., Kadefers, R. and Merletti, R., 2006. Neuromuscular assessment in elderly workers with and without work related shoulder/ neck trouble: the new-study design and physiological findings. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 96, 110–121.

Smith, D.R. and Leggat, P.A., 2004. Muskulodisorders among rural Australian nursing students. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 12, 241-246.

Smith, D.R., Sato, M., Miyajima, T., Mizutani, T. and Yamagata, Z., 2003. Muskuloskeletal disorders self-reported by female nursing students in central Japan, a complete cross-sectional survey. International journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 40, 725-29.

Smith, G.S., Huang, Y.H., Ho, M. and Chen, P.Y., 2006. The relationship between safety climate and injury rates across industries: The need to adjust for injury hazards Accident Analysis and Prevention, 38, 556–562.

Snook, S.H., Ciriello, V.M., and Webster, B., 1999. Maximum acceptable forces for repetitive wrist extension with a pinch grip. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 24, 579-590.

Sokoloff, K., 1984. Was the transition from the artisanal shop to the non-mechanized factory associated with gains in efficiency? Evidence from the US manufacturing censuses of 1820 and 1850. Explorations in Economic History, 21, 351-382.

Soo, Y., Sugi, M., Yokoi, H., Arai, T., Kato, R. and Ota, J., 2011. Quantitative estimation of muscle fatigue on cyclic handgrip tasks. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 42(1), 103-112.

Spielholz, P., Bao, S. and Howard, N., 2001. A practical method for ergonomic and usability evaluation of hand tools: a comparison of three random orbital sander configurations. Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene, 16, 1043–1048.

Sporrong, H., Palmerud,G. and Herberts, P., 1998. The effects of light manual precision work on shoulder muscles-an EMG analysis. Journal of Electromyography and kinesiology, 8, 177-184.

Stanton, N., Hedge, A., Brookhuis, K., Salas, E. and Hendrick, H., 2005. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods, CRC Press, ISBN 0-415-28700-6

203

Statistics Sweden, 1999. The work environment 1999. Ordernumber: AM 68 SM 0001. Also available at: http:// www.scb.se/sm/AM68SM0001 ikortadra2.asp

Stewart, W.F., Ricci, J.A., Chee, E. and Morganstein, D., 2003. Lost productive work time costs from health conditions in the United States: results from the American productivity audit. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45, 1234–1246.

Straker, L.M., Pollock, C.M. and Mangharam, J.E., 1997, The effect of shoulder posture on performance, discomfort and muscle fatigue whilst working on a video display unit. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 20, 1-10.

Strasser, H., Grass, E. and Keller, E., 1991.Electromyographic evaluation of the physical load of the left hand-arm-shoulder system during simulated work at eight different cash register arrangements, In Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety III, eds.W. Karwowski and J. W. Yates. Taylor and Francis, London/New York/Philadelphia, 457–463.

Strasser, H., Wang, B. and Hoffmann, A., 1996. Electromyography and subjective evaluation of hand tools: the example of masons’ trowels. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 18, 91-106.

Su, C.Y., Lin, J.H. and Chien, T.H., 1994. Grip strength in different positions of elbow and shoulder. Grip strength as measured by the Jamar dynamometer. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 75, 812–815.

Tanaka,S., Wild, D.K., Seligman, P.J., Halperin, W.E., Behrens, V.J. and Putz-Anderson, V., 1995. Prevalence and work relatedness of self-carpal tunnel syndrome among US workers Analysis of the occupational health supplement data of 1988 National Health Interview Survey. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 27, 451-470.

Torp, S., Riise, T. and Moen, B.E., 1999. How the psychosocial work environment of motor vehicle mechanics may influence coping with musculoskeletal symptoms. Work Stress, 13 (3), 193-203.

Trevelyan, F.C. and Haslam, R. A., 2001, Musculoskeletal disorders in a handmade brick manufacturing plant. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 27, 43-55.

Tsauo, J.Y., Liang, H.W., Jang, Y., Du, C.L., 2009. Physical therapy utilization in subjects with work-related musculoskeletal disorders: Taiwan experience. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 19 (1), 106-112.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by Injury, 1995.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997

US Bureau of Labour Statistics 1993.Occupational injuries and illness in the United States by Industry, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington ,DC.

Van der Beek, A.J., Kluvers, B.D.R., Frings-Dresen, M.H.W. and Hoozemans, M.J.M., 2000. Gender differences in exerted forces and physiological load during pushing and pulling of wheeled. Ergonomics, 43, 269–281.

Van der Molen, H.F., Kunst, M., Kuijer, P.F.M., Frings-Dresen, M.H.W., 2011. Evaluation of the effect of a paver’s trolley on productivity, task demands, workload and local discomfort. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41(1) 59-63.

Vandergrift, J.L., Gold, J.E., Hanlon, A. and Punnett, L., 2012. Physical and psychosocial ergonomic risk factors for low back pain in automobile manufacturing workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 69(1), 29-34.

Veiersted, K.B., Westgaard, R.H. and Andersen, P., 1993. Electromyographic evaluation of muscular work pattern as a predictor of trapezius myalgia. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 19, 284–290.

Vink, P., 2005. Comfort and Design; Principles and Good Practices. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London New York, Washington, D.C.

204

Vink, P., Koningsveld, E.A.P. and Molenbroek, J.F., 2006. Positive outcomes of participatory ergonomics in terms of greater comfort and higher productivity. Applied Ergonomics, 37, 537–546.

Warming, S., Precht, D.H., Suadicani, P. and Ebbehoj, N.E., 2009. Muskuloskeletal complaints among nurses related to patient handling tasks and psychosocial factors-based on logbook registrations. Applied Ergonomics, 40(4), 569-576.

Waters, T.R., 2004. National efforts to identify research issues related to prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 14, 7–12.

Wesserman, D.E., Wilder, D.G., Pope, M.H., Magnusson, M., Aleksiev, A.R. and Wesserman, J.F., 1997. Whole body vibration exposure and occupational work hardening. Journal of Occupational environment Medicine, 39, 403-407.

Westgaard, R.H., 1988. Measurements and evaluation of postural load in occupational work situations. European Journal Applied Physiology, 57, 291– 304.

Westgaard, R.H., Vasseljen, O. and Holte, K.A., 2001. Trapezius muscle activity as a risk indicator for shoulder and neck pain in female service workers with low biomechanical exposure. Ergonomics, 44, 339–353.

Westgaard, R.H. and Winkel, J., 2011. Occupational musculoskeletal and mental health: significance of rationalization and opportunities to create sustainable production systems, a systematic review. Applied Ergonomics, 42 (2), 261-296.

Wieser, S., Horisberger, B., Schmidhauser, S., Eisenring, C., Brügger, U., Ruckstuhl, A., Dietrich, J., Mannion, A.F., Elfering, A., Tamcan, O., Müller, U., 2011. Cost of low back pain in Switzerland in 2005. European Journal of Health Economics, 12(5), 455-467.

Wiker, F.S., Chaffin, D.B. and Langolf, G.D., 1989. Shoulder posture and localized muscle fatigue and discomfort. Ergonomics, 32, 211–237.

Williams, D.M., Sharma, S. and Bilodeau, M., 2002. Neuromuscular fatigue of elbow flexor muscles of dominant and non-dominant arms in healthy humans. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 12, 287–294

Workplace Safety & Insurance Board (WSIB), 2005. Statistical Supplement. Accessed on 2007 August 7 from the World Wide Web http://www.wsib.on.ca/wsib/ wsibobj.nsf/LookupFiles/DownloadableFile2005StatisticalSupplement/$File2278A_StatSup.pdf.

Wu, S.W., Wu, S.F., Liang, H.W., Wu, Z.T. and Huang, S., 2009. Measuring factors affecting grip strength in a Taiwan Chinese population and a comparison with consolidated norms. Applied Ergonomics, 40, 811-815.

Xiao, G., Lei, L., Dempsey, P.G., Lu, B. and Liang, Y. 2005. Isometric muscle strength and anthropometric characterisics of a Chinese sample. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomic, 35, 674–679.

Xu, Z., Ko, J., Cochran, D.J. and Jung, M.C., 2012. Design of assembly lines with the concurrent consideration of productivity and upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders using linear models. Computers & Industrial Engineering 62, 431–441.

Ye, Z., Abe, Y., Kusano, Y., Takamura, N., Eida, K., Takemoto, T. and Aoyagi, K., 2007. The influence of visual display terminal use on the physical and mental conditions of administrative staff in Japan. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 26 (2), 69-73.

Yen, T.Y. and Radwin, R.G., 2000. Comparison between using spectral analysis of electrogoniometer data and observational analysis to quantify repetitive motion and ergonomic changes in cyclical industrial work. Ergonomics, 43 (1), 106–132.

Yeow, P.H.P. and Sen, R.N., 2003. Quality, productivity, occupational health and safety and cost effectiveness of ergonomic improvements in the test workstations of an electronic factory. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 32, 147–163.

205

Yessierli, and Nussbaum, M.A., 2009. Effects of age, gender, and task parameters on fatigue development during intermittent isokinetic torso extensions. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39, 185-191.

You, H., Kumar, A., Young, R., Veluswamy, P. and Malzahn, D.E., 2005. An ergonomic evaluation of manual Cleco plier designs: effects of rubber grip, spring recoil, and work surface angle. Applied Ergonomics, 36, 575-583.

Yun, M.H, Lee, Y.G., Eoh, H.J. and Lin, S.H., 2001. Results of a survey on the awareness and severity assessment of upper limb work related muskuloskeltal disorders among female bank tellers in Korea. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 27, 347-357.

Zhang, L., Helander, M.G. and Drury, C.G., 1996 Identifying factors of comfort and discomfort in seating. Human Factors, 38, 377–389.

Zieve, D. and Eltz, D.R., (Eds.), 2010. Accessed from http://ssmhealth.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=115&pid=1&gid=000433&uid=stfrancismaryville on March 30, 201