10 phonemes
TRANSCRIPT
PHONETICSStudy of the physical properties of speech-sounds– how they are made – how they are heard– how they are transmitted
PHONOLOGYStudy of the linguistic properties of speech-sounds – the “sound system” of language – the sound systems of individual
languages
PHONETICSStudy of the physical properties of speech-sounds
Articulatory Phonetics– how they are made
Auditory Phonetics– how they are heard
Acoustic Phonetics– how they are transmitted
PHONETICSStudy of the physical properties of speech-sounds– how they are made – how they are heard– how they are transmitted
PHONOLOGYStudy of the linguistic properties of speech-sounds – the “sound system” of language – the sound systems of individual
languages
PHONETICSUniversal: the study of the sounds produced in human speech
PHONOLOGYLocal: the study of the sound system of one single language or variety of language
The Talking White Male Head
(Ladefoged p.2)5
Daniel Jones, 1918, An Outline of English PhoneticsFrontispiece from the 9th edition, 1972
6
7
CLOSE (HIGH)B
AC
KFR
ON
T
OPEN (LOW) 8
[e]
Phonetic symbols are shown in square brackets:
/e/
Phonological symbols are shown in slashes:
phonesphonemesallophones
phonesphonemesallophones
phonessounds of language
Segments• How fine can you slice language?
• sentence• phrase• word• syllable• letter ... ?
Review the slide on
Slicing Language in
the first week ….
Letters ?
cat ratcat cotcat cap
Letters ?
cat ratcat cotcat cap
Letters ?cat coat caught
k V tcodekeyed
k V dright write rite
r V t
Segments• How thin can you slice language?
• sentence• phrase• word• syllable• letter ....... phone
cat ratcat cotcat cap
top stoplip milkcode cold
significant difference- different word
non-significantdifferent- change impossible
cat ratcat cotcat cap
top stoplip milkcode cold
significant
non-significant
predictable
non-predictablemeaning
structure
cat ratcat cotcat cap
top stoplip milkcode cold
PHONEMES
ALLOPHONES
phones are either:
• phonemessignificant sound differencesmeaning-based choice
• allophonesnon-significant sound differencesfixed choice
How can we tell whether a sound is a phoneme or an allophone?
Minimal pairscat ratcat cotcat cap
kæt rætkæt kotkæt kæp
Minimal pairs
cat rattight tidecore scorenose knowsKorea career
service surface
kæt rættait taidkO(r) skO(r)n0uz n0uzk01ri0 k01ri0k01ri0 k01rir
Minimal pairs
service surface
show snowmake maidghost toastwail whale
1sEvis 1sEfis1sErvis 1sErfis1sEv0s 1sEf0sS0u sn0umeik meidg0ust t0ustweil weilweil Weil
Minimal contexts
pressure measurefission vision
1preS0 1meG01fiS0n
1viG0n
Allophones
top stoppie spycare scare
top stoppai spaike0 ske0ker sker
Allophones
top stoppie spycare scare
No free choice between p and pH.Complementary distribution
tHop stoppHai spaikHe0 ske0kHer sker
Compementary angles:
phoneme
allophone
/ /[ ] [ ]
phoneme
allophone
Usually, of course, the different ALLOPHONES of the same PHONEME are all similar to each other - they form a FAMILY of sounds. But we mustn't fall into the trap of thinking that ALLOPHONIC difference is small while PHONEMIC difference is large. There is actually no real difference between these differences! We can see this by the fact that the same difference can be allophonic in one language, and phonemic in another.
from http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/phonemes.html
seat sheetmassivemachinebasic nation
She is fine as morn in May,mild, divine and clever.Like a shining summer’s dayshe is mine for ever.
Sr. Sigurður Norland í Hindisvík
Mitsubishi
Subaru
phoneme
allophone
MitsubishiSubaru
this theatre
think this thoughtþ ð þ
þessi þýðing
þessi þýðing
The lateral - l
lipyellowmillmillermilkpeople
l
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy.html
l
phoneme
allophone
The phoneme /l/ is light before a vowel, otherwise dark
The lateral - l
lipyellowmillmillermilkpeople
trouble follows the blameless milkman like a wealthy lawyer trÆbl fol0uz ð0 bleimlis milkm0n laik 0 welþ^ lOj0
layplaysplayclay
exclaim
(from week 6):
Is it followed by a vowel?
Does it follow k or p in a stressed syllable?
clayplay
layyellow
millmilk