10 June 1966Vol. 152, No. 3728 X'

LETTERS Psychological Experiments without Subjects' Consent: J. C. Maloney; A. Standen;AAAS Election System: E. L. Yochelson; Soviet Genetics: C. E. Goulden;Same Old Yardstick: F. C. Dyer; Why Scientists Speak Out: E. Graham;Tough Old Boys at M.I.T.: E. Hodgins; NIH Traineeships: A. D. Bass ........

EDITORIAL Student Exchange

ARTICLES Chromosomal Variation and Evolution: G. L. Stebbins ........................

Polyploidy and chromosome size and number shed light on evolutionaryprocesses in higher plants.

NEWS AND COMMENT

BOOK REVIEWS

Genetics of the Bacterial Cell: F. Jacob ...................................... 1470

High-Temperature Aqueous Solutions: J. W. Cobble ....... . . ...................... ......1479The chemistry of hot water solutions has established a new and rapidlydeveloping frontier in science.

Money for Science: The Community Is Beginning To Hurt-FDA: New Man,New Mood-Oceanography: Congress Acts ................................ 1485

The History of Cell Respiration and Cytochromne, reviewed by S. Granick; otherreviews by K. B. Krauskopf; R. V. McGehee. K. L. Franklin; J. Popenoe;J. Keosian; J. B. Irwin; R. Finn; J. R. Reeder; New Books ..................

REPORTS X-Ray Spectra from Three Cosmic Sources: R. J. Grader et al. ..................

1455

1461

1463

1493

1499

Copper Artifacts: Correlation with Source Types of Copper Ores:A. M. Friedman et al..................................................1504

Correlation of Archeological and Palynological Data: A. J. Jelinek ............... 1507

Ultracentrifuge Schlieren Photographs: Automatic Analysis: R. Moore et al......... .1509

Uric Acid, Uric Acid Dihydrate, and Urates in Urinary Calculi, Ancient andModern: K. Lonsdale and P. Mason ..................................

Uric Acid Dihydrate: Crystallography and Identification: R. Shirley ............... 1512

Immunoglobulin Structure: Variation in the Sequence of Bence Jones Proteins:K. Titani, E. Whitley, Jr., F. W. Putnam ................................. 1513

Sex Attractant of the Pink Bollworm Moth: Isolation, Identification, and-Synthesis:W. A. Jones, M. Jacobson, D. F. Martin ................................. 1516

Allelic Antigenic Factor Inv(a) of the Light Chains of Human Immunoglobulins:Chemical Basis: C. Baglioni et al. ...................................... 1517

Light-Chain Heterogeneity of Cold Agglutinins: N. Costea, V. Yakulis, P. Heller .... 1520

Sweating Exercise Stimulation during Circulatory Arrest: W. van Beaumont andR. W. Bullard ........................................................ 1521

Technical Comments: Cutaneous Water Loss in Reptiles: P. J. Bentley andK. Schmidt-Nielsen ................................................... 1523

MEETINGS Cancer Research: U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science Program: Y. Nishizuka,0. Hayaishi, H. P. Morris; Swine in Biomedical Research: L. K. Bustad andR. 0. McClellan; Forthcoming Events ................................... 1524

05m1te0% COVER

$?4QtS ~Bladder stone, now at the Norfolk~ tt C A ~StGti ~and Norwich (England) Hospital Mu-

j *~ seum, from a boy aged 12 years in1877. The nucleus is uric acid; inter-

~ mediate layers a're uric acid dihydrate;surface is calcium oxalate monohy-drate and ammonium acid urate.

U.M. Widest dimension, 25 millimeters. SeeEpage 1511 . [Stone obtained by cour-

tesy of Ridley Thomas]

10 June 1966, Volume 152, Number 3728.,, '-,

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its readers as a forum forthe presentation and discussion of impor-tant issues related to the advancement ofscience, including the presentation of mi-nority or conflicting points of view, ratherthan by publishing only material on whicha consensus has been reached. Accordingly,all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and bookreviews-are signed and reflect the indi-vidual views of the authors and not officialpoints of view adopted by the AAAS orthe institutions with which the authors areaffiliated.

Editorial Board

ROBERT L. BOWMAN EVERErr I. MENDELSOHINJOSEPH W. CHAMBERLAIN NEAL E. MILLERJOHN T. EDSALL JOHN R. PIERCEEMIL HAURY KENNETH S. PITZERALEXANDER HOLLAENDER ALEXANDER RICHWILLARD F. LIBBY DEWIrT STETTEN, JR.GORDON J. F. MACDONALD CLARENCE M. ZENER

Editorial Staff

EditorPHILIP H. ABELSON

Publisher Business ManagerDAEL WOLPLE HANS NUSSBAUM

Managing Editor: ROBERT V. ORMES

Assistant Editors: ELLEN E. MURPHY, JOHN B.RINGLE

Assistant to the Editor: NANCY TEIMOURIAN

News and Comment: DANIEL S. GREENBERG,JOHN WALSH, ELINOR LANGER, LUTHER J. CARTER,MARION ZEIGER, JANE AYRES

Europe: VICrOR K. McELHENY, Flat 3, 18 Ken-sington Court Place, London, W.8, England(Western 5360)

Book Reviews: SARAH S. DEES

Editorial Assistants: ISABELLA BOULDIN, ELEA-NORE BUTZ, BEN CARLIN, SYLVIA EBERHART, GRAYCE

FINGER, NANCY HAMILTON, OLIVER HEATWOLE,ANNE HOLDSWORTH, KONSLYNNIErrA HUTCHINSON,KATHERINE LIVINGSTON, HELEN MACOTSIN, DIR-GHAM SALAHI, BARBARA SHEFFER

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SOlE:NOE

Student ExchangeFor a fortunate few, the Grand Tour of Europe used to be an im-

portant part of education. More recently, other arrangements, such asthe Junior Year Abroad, have allowed selected students to live or studyfor a few months in another country. One program that is extensivelyused in Europe and deserves to be more widely known in the U.S. isIAESTE-the International Association for the Exchange of Studentsfor Technical Experience.

Under the IAESTE program, each member country offers temporaryemployment to engineering and science students from other countriesand in turn is permitted to select an approximately equal number of itsown students for temporary employment in other countries. Most of theexchange students work in industry, but some are placed in governmentlaboratories or universities. Employment is usually for a summer periodof 8 to 12 weeks but may run for as long as a year. The employer isexpected to pay the student a wage sufficient to cover his living expensesduring the working period and pays IAESTE a standard fee to help meetadministrative expenses. Placement of foreign students in American in-dustry and selection of American students for foreign assignments arehandled by IAESTE-U.S., 866 United Nations Plaza, New York, NewYork 10017.From the student's standpoint, the program provides an eagerly sought

opportunity to work for several months in another country, to earn mostof the expenses necessary for the trip, and to have a happy blend ofvocational, professional, and international experience. In Europe, thenumber of students exchanged has increased steadily from 920 in 1948,the first year of the program, to approximately 10,000 this year.

United States participation has remained fairly small, partly becausetransatlantic travel is more expensive than travel across a European bor-der, partly because many American students lack fluency in a secondlanguage, and chiefly because American employers do not offer enoughpositions for foreign students to earn as many places abroad as Americanstudents would like to fill.

This year 150 U.S. students are leaving American campuses for workin Europe, and a few for other parts of the globe. Twice this numberwanted to go, but half could not be accepted because the U.S. did notoffer enough positions to students from other countries.The employer considering this program must balance the cost of a

temporary employee against the stimulating effect of temporary associa-tion with a bright, inquiring young mind from a different scientific orengineering background. The U.S. companies which have participatedin the past appear to be well satisfied, for most continue to take partyear after year. And the number of positions they offer4 rog,I r&iei--are about 50 more this year than in 1965. The students who comei --,t

`

the U.S. under this program are advanced undergraduate or graduatestudents who are highly motivated to get first-hand acquaintance withAmerican industry and who are individually selected to fit the require-ments of the positions they fill. It is not surprising that they make goodtemporary additions to a company or laboratory staff.

Expansion of the program would seem desirable. The students benefit;the employer has a competent temporary addition to his staff; and thenation benefits from the better understanding of another country that theAmerican students bring back to the U.S. and the visitors take to theirhome countries.-DAEL WOLFLE