Name: ____________________________________________Date: ___________________

Final Review Biology Honors Fall 2012Please answer these questions on separate sheets of paper. Answer them fully for ones that require it. Use you notes, books, internet, etc. to find the answers. This is a sampling of types of questions that could be asked on your exam. Study all topics covered thus far. You could go over all old review sheets. Final covers Chapters 1, 2, and 7-12.

A list of safety rules and symbols that should be found in your class binder; Safety symbols are located on the front cover of your textbook.

1. Look at the information given in the table above. What safety precautions would you need to take when working with acetone? ___________________________________________________________

2. What is the role of science in exploring the natural world?3. A substance that dissolves in another substance is called a (n)____________________.4. When water enters the cell, it creates pressure. This pressure is called__________________.5. Exocytosis and sodium potassium pumps are two forms of ___________________.6. Active transport systems are a form of cell transport that requires energy from molecules of

_______________________________.7. Substances that are changed when they become involved in chemical reactions are called

____________________________, while the new substances that are formed are called_________________________.

8. Chemical reactions can be sped up by adding a substance called a (n) ____________________, which lowers the activation energy required t start the reaction.

9. The portion of an enzyme molecule into which a specific substrate can fit is called the ____________________________.

10. The bond between ________________ and ________________ of an ATP molecule releases the largest amount of energy when broken.

11. Avery’s prevention of transformation using DNA destroying enzymes provided evidence that ______________________ molecules function as the hereditary material.

12. The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is _____________________.

13. Due to the strict pairing of nitrogen base pairs in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be ____________________ to each other.

14. Enzymes called __________________ are responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary strands together.

15. Portions of genes that actually get translated into proteins are called __________________.16. List the 8 characteristics of living things.17. What are the levels of organization of a Multicellular organism from atom to organism?18. What are the levels of organization of protein structure?19. What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle and what happens in each?20. Mitosis is the division of ____. Cytokinesis is the division of _________.21. What are the 4 phases of mitosis and their characteristics?22. Mitosis produces _____(#) genetically ______________ cells that are (haploid/diploid).23. Meiosis produces _____(#) genetically ______________ cells that are (haploid/diploid).24. Mitosis helps a multicellular organism to __________ and ____________ injuriy. Mitosis helps unicellular

organisms to _____________________________________.25. Meiosis is only used to _____________________________________. The fancy word for this is

_____________________________________________________________.26. How can you tell a TEM from an SEM from an LM micrograph?27. As a characteristic of all living things, homeostasis relates most directly to which of the following

biological themes?

Potential Hazards of AcetoneMay cause eye, skin, nose, and throat irritation. Inhaling or swallowing vapors may be harmful or fatal. Known to cause birth defects. Vapor may ignite explosively.

a. Interacting systemsb. Stability

c. Evolutiond. Scale and structure

28. The smallest units that can carry on all the functions of life are called__________________.29. What is the function of cell membranes?30. Living things

a. Require energy to carry on life processesb. Have the ability to reproducec. Are composed of cellsd. All of the above

31. A protein that fits into the cell membrane a. Has two polar end sections that bond with waterb. Floats in the cell membranec. Has a nonpolar midsectiond. All of the above

32. The size to which a cell can grow is limited by its _______________ ratio.33. All matter in the universe is composed of ____________.34. Nonpolar molecules have

a. No negative or positive polesb. Both negative and positive polesc. Only a negative poled. Only a positive pole

35. Because carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, a. It can form bonds with carbon atoms onlyb. These atoms are naturally chemically stablec. It can react with up to four other atoms to form covalent bondsd. It cannot react with anything other than organic molecules

36. Water is important to life because it a. Surrounds all cellsb. Is found inside cellsc. Influences the shape of cell membranesd. All of the above

37. Which of the following is a carbohydrate?a. DNAb. Insulin

c. Waxd. Sucrose

38. Which organic molecule below is classified as a carbohydrate?a. Amino acidsb. CH2 chains

c. Nucleotidesd. Sugars

39. Animals store glucose-containing fragments in the form of _______________________.40. Which of the following is not an organic molecules

a. Carbohydrateb. Ice

c. Lipidd. Nucleic acid

41. Water is polar because it has _____________________________________.42. Lipids are soluble in

a. Waterb. Salt water

c. Oild. All of the above

43. Which organic molecule below is most closely related to lipids?a. Amino acidsb. CH2 chains

c. Nucleotidesd. Sugars

44. A molecule shaped like a spiral staircase (double helix) is typical of _____________________.45. _______________________ Level of structure of proteins includes α-helices and β-pleated sheets.

46. Which structure produces vesicles filled with proteins to be exported from the cell? (see diagram)47. Which structure produces ATP? (see diagram)48. The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the ___________________.49. Which of the following pairs contains unrelated items?

a. Eukaryotic-amoebab. Ribosomes- protein

c. Cell wall- animal celld. Mitochondria- energy

50. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled A is composed of a. Lipidb. Carbohydrate

c. Proteind. None of the above

51. Function of C: ______________________Function of D: ______________________Function of A: ______________________

52. A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic sodium chloride solution. Its cell membrane is impermeable to sodium and chlorine ions; thus, the blood cell will probably

a. shrink when water leaves the cell. b. burst when water enters the cell.c. remain unaffected by the solution.d. lose all of its hemoglobin molecules.

53. Which of the following can be described as one cell ingesting another?a. phagocytosis b. facilitated diffusionc. plasmolysisd. active transporte. osmosis

54. What role is played by cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals?a. It enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated

phospholipids.b. It makes the animal more susceptible to circulatory disorders.

c. It enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids.d. It makes the membrane less flexible, so it can sustain greater pressure from

within the cell.e. It enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature

drops.55. Which of the following does not affect the rate of diffusion of a substance?

a. Molecular diameter of the diffusing materialb. Presence of other substances in the solution c. Temperature of the solutiond. Electrical charge of the diffusing materiale. Concentration gradient

56. If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 3 to pH 6, it means that thea. concentration of OH− is 100 times greater than it was at pH 3.b. concentration of H+ is 3 times less than it was at pH 3.c. concentration of OH− is 3 times greater than it was at pH 3.d. concentration of H+ is 100 times less than it was at pH 3.e. concentration of OH− is 1000 times greater than it was at pH 3. f. concentration of H+ is 1000 times greater than it was at pH 3.

57. Which solution has the greatest concentration [H+] of hydrogen ions?a. tomato juice at pH 4b. stomach acid at pH 2 c. coke at pH 3d. urine at pH 6e. Round Rock water at pH 9

58. When a severely dehydrated patient is brought to the hospital, an IV of normal saline is started immediately. Distilled water is not used because

a. it would cause blood cells to swell and eventually burst. Correctb. normal saline is more economical.c. nutrients are provided by the saline.d. the distilled water might be contaminated by bacteria.e. it would cause water to leave the cells and the cells would collapse.

59. Phospholipids are molecules that a. Contain phosphorusb. Have long nonpolar “tails” and short polar “heads”c. Combine with water to form the lipid bilayer that makes up the framework of the cell membraned. All of the above

60. The shape of a protein is determined bya. The type and order of its amino

acidsb. Its size

c. Its cell locationd. None of the above

61. An example of a chemical substance that acts as a messenger is a a. Hormoneb. Protein

c. Receptord. Carrier

62. Proteins that act like selective passageways in the cell’s membrane are known as ______________ proteins.

63. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substancesa. Always remains greater inside a membraneb. Eventually becomes balanced on both sides of a membranec. Always remains greater on the outside of a membraned. Becomes imbalanced on both sides of a membrane

64. The process by which water passes into or out of a cell is called _______________________.

65. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown is calleda. Osmosisb. Facilitated diffusion

c. Active transportd. Diffusion

66. Diffusion takes placea. Only through a lipid bilayer membraneb. From an area of low concentration to an area of high concentrationc. Only in liquidsd. From an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

67. Sugar molecules can enter cells through the process of a. Exocytosisb. Facilitated diffusion

c. Osmosisd. Gated channels

68. Ridding the cell of material by discharging it from sacs at the cell surface is called ____________.69. Molecules that are too large to be moved through the membrane can be transported into the cell by

a. Osmosisb. Endocytosis

c. Lipid carriersd. Diffusion

70. Most of the energy used by the life on Earth comes from _______________________.71. The energy that is stored in food molecules and used by organisms

a. Resides in the nucleusb. Is equally distributed among all the atom’s electronsc. Is held primarily by electrons shared by carbon and hydrogen atomsd. Comes from protons orbiting the nucleus

72. Refer to the illustration above. Which graph illustrates what happens during an exergonic/exothermic reaction?

a. Graph “A”b. Graph “B”c. Both graphs; they each show a different stage of an exergonic reactiond. Neither graph shows an exergonic reaction.

73. All of the activities occurring within cellsa. Are driven by chemical reactionsb. Result from the random mixing of enzymes.

c. Cause the fluids in he cell to bubble and fizzd. Result in the production of enzymes

74. Refer to the illustration above. Reaction “1” in the grapha. Is an energy-storing reactionb. Requires a greater activation energy “2”c. May use the same initial reactant condition needed to form Product “B”d. All of the above

75. Refer to the illustration above. Reaction “3” in the grapha. Probably occurred in the presence of a catalystb. Requires a greater activation energy than Reaction “2”c. Is the same as Reaction “1”, but fasterd. Takes longer than Reaction “2”

76. The molecule on which an enzyme acts is called a(n) ___________________________.77. Enzymes may promote a chemical reaction by

a. Increasing the activation energy required for the reaction to take placeb. Putting a strain on a particular chemical bond in a moleculec. Holding two substrates near each otherd. Both B and C

78. Enzymesa. Are able to heat up molecules so that they can reactb. Provide CO2 for chemical reactionsc. Are biological catalystsd. Absorb excess heat so that reactions occur at low temperatures

79. A cell containsa. Thousands of different kinds of enzymes, each promoting a different chemical reactionb. One kind of enzyme that promotes thousands of different chemical reactionsc. Approximately 100 kinds of enzymes, each promoting a different chemical reactiond. One enzyme that promotes photosynthesis and one enzyme that promotes cellular respiration

80. Changing the course or pathway of a chemical reaction so that it requires less activation energya. Is a violation of the laws of natureb. Requires higher temperatures than those found within cellsc. Occurs only when reactants are quickly added to the reaction mixtured. Is accomplished by the action of catalysts on reactants

81. Cells use energy to a. Move aboutb. Change their shapec. Transport food and expel wastesd. All of the above

82. The three parts of ATP include ________, __________ and _______________83. When living cells break down molecules, energy is

a. Stored as ADP

b. Stored as ATPc. Released as heatd. Both b and c

84. When a phosphate is transferred from an ATP molecules to another molecule,a. A substantial amount of energy is transferred as wellb. An enzyme is formedc. The ATP molecule undergoes an endergonic changed. Activation energy is increased

85. Factors that allow a cell to control when an enzyme is active includea. Presence or absence if “signal” moleculesb. Concentrations of specific enzymesc. Occurrence of feedback inhibitiond. All of the above

86. Factors that may affect the ability of an enzyme to work efficiently include a. Temperatureb. pHc. concentration of substrated. all of the above

87. The English physician Ronald Ross wanted to try to find the cause of malaria. Based on his observation, Dr. Ross suggested that the Anopheles mosquito might spread malaria from person to person. This suggestion was a

a. Prediction b. hypothesis c. theory d. scientific “truth”88. Dr. Ross knew that the parasite Plasmodium was always found in the blood of malaria patients. He thought

that if the Anopheles mosquitoes were responsible for spreading malaria, then Plasmodium would be found in the mosquitoes. This idea was a

a. Prediction b. hypothesis c. theory d. scientific truth

89. The process whereby plants capture energy and make complex molecules is known as a. Homeostasis b. evolution c. photosynthesis d. development

90. While energy absorbed by one type of chlorophyll molecule is used to form molecules of ATP, electrons from a second kind of chlorophyll molecule are used

a. In forming molecules of NADPHb. To migrate to another proton pumpc. In the second kind of thylakoidd. As a fuel for forming another chlorophyll molecule

91. Suspended in the fluid stroma of chloroplasts are a. Organelles called eukaryotesb. Numerous mitochondrial membranesc. Small coins that provide energyd. Stacks of thylakoid membranes

92. When photons of light strike an object, the light may bea. Reflected b. absorbed c. transmitted d. all of the above

93. Refer to the illustration above. Taken together, these graphs demonstrate thata. Photosynthesis is independent of environmental influencesb. Increases in light intensity cause increases in temperaturec. As the rate of photosynthesis increases, the temperature of the plant eventually decreases.d. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by changes in the plant’s environment

94. When glycolysis occurs, a molecules of glucose splits into two molecules of _____________.95. The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of

oxygen is _________________________.96. Using radioactive tracers to determine the interactions of bacteriophages and their host bacteria, Hershey

and Chase demonstrated without question thata. Genes are composed of protein moleculesb. DNA and proteins are actually the same molecules located in different parts of the cellsc. Bacteria injected their DNA into the cytoplasm of bacteriophagesd. Genes are made up of DNA

97. Pigments are the color of light theya. Reflectb. Rejectc. Absorbd. Portray

98. 3 things produced by the light dependent reaction are: ________, __________, and ___________.99. 3 things produced by the Calvin cycle are: _______________, _____________, and _________.100.How are the reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?101.Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of __________________ (Monomers).102.A nucleotide consists of __________, a _____________ and a ___________________.103.Purines and pyrimidines are

a. Bases found in amino acidsb. Able to replace phosphate groups from defective DNAc. Names of specific types of DNA moleculesd. Bases found in nucleotides

104.The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA are a. Avery and Chargaffb. Hershey and Chasec. Mendel and Griffithd. Watson and Crick

105.X-ray diffraction photographs by Wilkins and Franklin suggested thata. DNA and RNA are the same moleculesb. DNA is composed of either purines or pyrimidines, but not bothc. DNA molecules are arranged as a tightly coiled double helixd. DNA and proteins are the same basic structure

106.Watson and Crick built models that demonstrated that a. DNA and RNA have the same basic structure

b. The DNA helix is held together by hydrogen bondsc. Guanine forms hydrogen bonds with adenined. Thymine forms hydrogen bonds with cytosine

107.The noncoding portions of DNA that are separated from the portions of DNA actually used during transcription are called

a. Mutons b. exons c. introns d. exposons108.A hypothesis is

a. A definite answer to a given problemb. A testable possible explanation of an observationc. A proven statementd. A concluding statement

109.Refer to the illustration above. Alfred Wegener’s original idea that continents drifted apart was a(n)a. Observationb. Hypothesisc. Theoryd. Completely true assertion

110.Refer to the illustration above. Fossils, the shape of continents, and rock evidencea. Are observations that support the idea that continental drift occurredb. Are hypotheses that support the idea of continental driftc. Come from control experiments on continental driftd. None of the above.

111.Scientists usually design experimentsa. With a good idea of the expected experimental resultsb. Based on wild guessesc. In order to develop new laboratory toolsd. All of the above

112.Biology is the study of _________________.113.Which of the following is NOT found in DNA?

a. Adenine b. cytosine c. uracil d. none of the above114.RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that its sugars have an additional oxygen atom, and the base

thymine is replace by a structurally similar base calleda. Uracil b. alanine c. cytosine d. codon

115.Each of the following is a type of RNA excepta. Carrier RNA b. messenger RNA c. ribosomal RNA d. transfer RNA

116.Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a a. Mutagen b. codon c. anticodon d. exon

117.During translation, the amino acid detaches from the transfer RNA molecule and attached to the end of a growing protein chain when

a. The ribosomal RNA anticodon binds to messenger RNA codonb. The transfer RNA anticodon binds to messenger RNA codonc. A “stop” codon is encounteredd. The protein chain sends a signal through the nerve cells to the brain

118.A substance that causes cancer is known as a a. Tumor b. carcinogen c. mutation d. metastasis

119.The passing of traits from parents to offspring is calleda. Genetics b heredity c. development d. mutation

120.The code contained in a particular gene results in the production of a. A variety of types of chemicalsb. A specific proteinsc. Certain types of DNA moleculesd. Particular carbohydrate molecules

121.Crossing overa. Is a mutationb. Occurs during Meiosis Ic. Created genetic diversityd. Both band ce. All of the above

122.The passing of traits from parents to offspring is calleda. genetics. b) heredity. c) development. d) maturation.

123.The difference between Mendel's experiments in the area of heredity and those done by earlier researchers was that

a. earlier researchers did not have microscopes.b. earlier researchers used detailed and numerical procedures.c. Mendel expressed the results of his experiments in terms of numbers.d. Mendel used pea plants with both purple and white flowers.

124.The scientific study of heredity is calleda. meiosis. b) crossing -over. c) genetics. d) pollination.

125.The phenotype of an organisma. represents its genetic composition.b. reflects all the traits that are actually expressed.c. occurs only in dominant pure organisms.d. cannot be seen.

126. Mendel's finding that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of another became known as the

a. law of dominance. C) law of separate convenience.b. law of universal inheritance. d) law of independent assortment.

127.An individual heterozygous for a trait and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait are crossed and produce many offspring that are

a. all the same genotype. c) of three different phenotypes.b. of two different phenotypes. d) all the same phenotype.

128.If cross pollinating a red snapdragon and white snapdragon produce all pink snapdragons, what is the percent chance a white flower will result from the self pollination of one of the pink offspring?What kind of inheritance is this?

The following question(s) refer(s) to the Punnett square shown below. In humans, having freckles (P) is dominant to not having freckles (p)

129. Refer to the illustration above. The child represented in box " 1 " in the Punnett square woulda) be homozygous for freckles. c) be heterozygous for freckles.b) have an extra freckles chromosome. d) not have freckles.

130. To describe how traits can disappear and reappear in a certain pattern from generation to generation, Mendel proposed

a) the law of independent assortment.b) the law of segregation.c) the law of genotypes.d) that the F2 generation will only produce purple flowers.

131. The difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross is thata) monohybrid crosses involve traits for which only one allele exists, while dihybrid traits involve two

alleles.b) monohybrid crosses involve self-pollination, while dihybrid crosses involve crosspollination.c) monohybrid crosses involve one gene; dihybrid crosses involve two genes.d) dihybrid crosses require two Punnett squares; monohybrid crosses need only

one.

The following question(s) refer(s) to the diagram showing the cross between two rabbits. In rabbits, black fur "B" is dominant to brown fur "b." Consider the following cross between two rabbits.

132. Refer to the illustration above. The device shown, which is used to determine the probable outcome of genetic crosses, is called a

a) Mendelian box. c) Genetic graph.b) Punnett square. d) Phenotypic paradox.

133. How many different phenotypes can be produced by a pair of codominant alleles?a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

134. A cross of two individuals for a single contrasting trait is calleda) monohybrid. b) dihybrid. c) dominant. d) codominant.

135. What fraction of the offspring resulting from a heterozygous dihybrid cross are homozygous recessive for both traits?

a) 9/16 b) 114 c) 3/16 d) 1/16Use the diagram to answer the question(s) that follow.

136. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented by the cell labeled "2" isa) RRYY. b) RrYY. c) RrYy. d) rrYy.

137. The parent cross in the above diagram wasa) RRrr x YYyy b) RrYy x RrYyc) RRYy x RRYy d) RRYy x rrYy

138.What is the phenotypic ratio for the above problem?

139.What is the genotypic ratio for the above problem?

140. What process do you use in order to determine the gametes in a punnett square?

141. A roan cow is crossed with a white cow. What are the genotype and phenotype RATIOS of the offspring?

True/False

142._____ Both the sodium-potassium pump and the proton pump require energy to move particles across the cell membrane.

143._____Exocytosis helps the cell rid itself of wastes.144._____During the process of exocytosis, the cell membrane extends to engulf substances that are too big to

pass through the cell membrane.145._____The cells of animals are prokaryotic.146._____Lysosomes carry on cellular respiration.147._____Microtubules and microfilaments form the cytoskeleton of cells.148._____Acid rain has a pH of above 8.5.149._____A scientist who performs an experiment has no idea what the outcome of the experiment is going to

be.

Left is a Paramecium Right is a bacterium,

150._____ Refer to the above illustration. Both species have DNA in their cells.151._____ Refer to the above illustration. Both species are multicellular.152._____ Refer to the above illustration. Both species are prokaryotic.153._____Scientific investigations always follow a series of rigidly defined steps.154._____ A theory is a hypothesis that has been proven true.155._____Photosynthesis is a process that takes place in autotrophs.156._____ The study of biology can help you better understand human reproduction.157._____It has been discovered that proteins are the genetic material, rather than DNA, because proteins are

more complex molecules.158._____The strands of a DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonding of adenine with guanine

molecules and cytosine with thymine molecules.159._____Before a DNA molecule can replicate itself; it must make itself more compact. This is accomplished

by the double-helix coiling up on itself.160._____Introns are useless segments of DNA.161._____Some chromosomes carry multiple copies of the same gene.162._____Energy moves through food chains from heterotrophs to producers to consumers.163._____Plant cells use light to make ATP and NADPH.164.Fermentation and oxidative respiration both take place in the absence of oxygen165._____Carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of light, will react to form sugars and oxygen gas.166._____In organisms, when electrons are transferred from one molecules to another, they are usually carried

by hydrogen atoms.167._____The products of an endergonic/endothermic reaction process more energy than the reactants from

which they are produced.168._____When an enzyme bonds with its substrate, the activation energy needed for the chemical reaction to

occur is raised.169._____ Without enzymes, chemical reaction necessary for life would not occur at a rate sufficient to sustain

life. 170._____If the body temperature of a human being reached 112 degrees F, many enzymes would be destroyed

and the individual would die.171._____ The term metabolism refers to the entire collection of exergonic and endergonic cellular reactions.172._____ ATP acts as a cell’s “battery”.173._____ The only difference between a plant cell and an animal cell is that plant cells have chloroplasts.174._____ When mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, it has a complete set of both introns and

exons.175._____Introns are deleted before being transcribed from DNA into mRNA.176._____ During transcription, the information on DNA molecule is rewritten into an mRNA molecule.177._____ Only ribosomal RNA plays a role in translation.178._____Plants release water into the atmosphere through transpiration.179._____A cell is the smallest using that can carry out all the processes of life.180._____Two different structures that all cells have are a cell membrane and a plasma membrane.181._____ Anton von Leeuwenhoek concluded that all plants are composed of cells.182._____ Organelles enable eukaryotic cells to specialize.183._____ Proteins that protrude from the cell membrane may serve as channels, receptors, or markers.184._____ A cell placed in a strong salt solution would probably burst because of an increase in osmotic

pressure.185._____The transport of specific particles through a membrane by channel proteins is known as facilitated

diffusion.186._____Facilitated diffusion moves molecules and ions in one direction only, while active transport moves

them in two directions.187. _____ The mRNA strand for the DNA strand of GCCATTA reads CGGTAAT.188._____ The anticodon on the tRNA molecules is complementary to the mRNA codon.189._____A law is truer than a theory.190._____Washing hands is the best way to prevent spread of common illness.191._____Human sex cells are diploid.192._____Metastasis is the term for cancer that is getting better.193._____There are moral and ethical issues surrounding the research using stem cells.

194._____Catalysts only exist in biological processes.195._____Levels of organization within an organism are as follows:

Celltissueorganismorganorgan systemorganism196._____ Punnett squares show actual results of genetic crosses.197._____Mitosis produces haploid gametes.198._____The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles must be separated during gametogenesis.199._____There are 46 different ways that human chromosomes can assort in gametes.200._____Science can prove everything man experiences.201._____Your physical characteristics are determined solely by your genes.