Bio Ch 9 Cellular Respiration

Notes

I. Introduction:

A. Metabolism is the

sum of all chemical

reactions in an

organism.

1. These chemical

reactions maintain

cells; build new

ones; and balances

internal conditions

(homeostasis).

2. These reactions are fueled by a constant input

of energy from the food we eat.

3. Energy is not recycled.

a. Thus, without a constant supply our

metabolism would stop and life could not

continue.

4. Where does the energy in food come from?

a. Ultimately all energy comes from the sun.

b. Plants store this radiant energy as chemical

energy in the bonds of organic molecules like

carbohydrates.

II. The Energy Currency of the Cell. (ATP)

A. Energy is distributed inside cells by energy

carrying molecules called adenosine

triphosphate or ATP

1. ATP = 7 kilocalories of energy.

2. ATP provides just the right amount of energy

for a typical chemical reaction in the cell

(3.5 to 7 kcal).

B. Energy transfer is not efficient, losing much

of the energy as heat.

1. 7 kcal in ATP minus 3.5 kcal for a reaction

leaves 3.5 kcal to be given off as heat.

C. The energy transferred by ATP is stored in

high-energy phosphate bonds.

1. ATP is made up of adenosine, ribose, and 3

phosphate groups. Adenine

2. When the bonds between the last two

phosphate groups break, energy is released.

(like using up a charged battery.)

ATP Pi + ADP + Energy

(ADP = Adenosine diphosphate = 2 phosphate groups)

(Pi = free inorganic phosphate group)

3. When the phosphate group is reattached,

energy is stored in that bond. (Recharging

the battery)

ADP + Energy + Pi ATP

4. Two phosphate groups can be lost to form

AMP (adenosine monophosphate), but this is

not typical.

5. Where does the energy come from to

“recharge” the phosphate bond to create

ATP?

a. The energy comes from the bonds in glucose.

Cellular respiration releases energy by

breaking down

A. food molecules.

B. ATP.

C. carbon dioxide.

D. water.

food m

olecu

les.

ATP.

carb

on dio

xide.

wate

r.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

III. Transferring Energy from Glucose to ATP.

A. Glucose is the main source of energy for

many organisms. (Glucose = 650

kilocalories of energy).

1. ATP is a more manageable form of energy

for the cell, thus the energy is glucose must

be transferred to ATP.

in

2. Breaking down glucose all at once would

burn up the cell; therefore glucose must be

broken down in steps:

B. Glycolysis: means

“sugar lysis =

breaking”

1. When glucose first

enters the cell,

enzymes process and

break glucose in half

forming two

molecules called

pyruvic acid.

The starting molecule for glycolysis is

A. ADP.

B. pyruvic acid.

C. citric acid.

D. glucose.

ADP.

pyruvic

acid.

citric

acid.

gluco

se.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

a. This occurs in the cytoplasm and does not

require oxygen.

Glucose + 2 ATP 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP

Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of

A. 2 ATP molecules.

B. 4 ATP molecules.

C. 18 ATP molecules.

D. 36 ATP molecules.

2 ATP m

olecu

les.

4 ATP m

olecu

les.

18 ATP m

olecu

les.

36 ATP m

olecu

les.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

i. 2 ATP provides the activation energy needed

for glycolysis to begin.

ii. At the end of glycolysis, 4 ATP molecules are

made.

iii. 2 of the 4 ATP will go back to start

glycolysis, which leaves a net of 2 ATP

available for the cell to use as energy.

2. To breakdown pyruvic acid fully and create

many more ATP, it will enter the

mitochondria where it undergoes cellular

respiration.

a. Cellular respiration occurs only if enough

oxygen (from breathing) is available.

Glycolysis requires

A. an energy input.

B. oxygen.

C. hours to produce many

ATP molecules.

D. NADP+.

an energ

y input.

oxyge

n.

hours to

pro

duce m

any ...

NADP+.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

3. If oxygen is not available pyruvic acid does

not enter the mitochondria.

a. Enzymes will transform the pyruvic acid

using fermentation.

b. Fermentation does not create anymore ATP.

Cellular respiration is called an aerobic

process because it requires

A. light.

B. exercise.

C. oxygen.

D. glucose.

light.

exerc

ise.

oxyge

n.

gluco

se.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

IV. Cellular Respiration (also called aerobic

respiration because it uses oxygen)

A. In cellular respiration, the energy in the

pyruvic acids is extracted and stored as ATP

using two processes in the mitochondria:

B.The Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport

Chain (ETC).

1. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

a. Using oxygen, enzymes in the Krebs cycle

break down pyruvic acid to form 3 carbon

dioxide molecules, 2 ATP, and high-energy

electron carriers called NADH and FADH2.

The starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is

A. glucose.

B. NADH.

C. pyruvic acid.

D. coenzyme A.

gluco

se.

NADH.

pyruvic

acid.

coenzy

me A

.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

The Krebs cycle produces

A. oxygen.

B. lactic acid.

C. electron carriers.

D. glucose.

E. carbon dioxide

oxyge

n.

lact

ic acid

.

elect

ron ca

rrie

rs.

gluco

se.

carb

on dio

xide

0% 0% 0%0%0%

25Answer Now

Multiple

Response

2. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

a. ETC = Enzymes embedded in inner

membranes of the mitochondria.

i. NADH and FADH2 carry pairs of high-energy

electrons from the Krebs cycle to the ETC.

ii. These carriers will pass their electrons down

the ETC.

In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the

A. mitochondria.

B. chloroplasts.

C. cell membrane.

D. cytoplasm.

mito

chondria

.

chlo

ropla

sts.

cell m

embra

ne.

cyto

plasm

.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

b. As electrons are passed from one electron

carrier to another, hydrogen ions are

transported into the intermembrane space at

three specific points in the chain.

Which of the following acts as an electron

carrier in cellular respiration?

A. NAD+

B. pyruvic acid

C. ADP

D. ATP

NAD+

pyruvic

acid ADPATP

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

c. The transportation of hydrogen ions creates a

greater concentration of hydrogen ions in

the intermembrane space than in the matrix

which can then be used to drive ATP

Synthase and produce ATP (a high energy

molecule).

i. 32 ATP total from one glucose

Cellular respiration uses one molecule of

glucose to produce

A. 2 ATP molecules.

B. 28 ATP molecules.

C. 36 ATP molecules.

D. 42 ATP molecules.

2 ATP m

olecu

les.

28 ATP m

olecu

les.

36 ATP m

olecu

les.

42 ATP m

olecu

les.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

d. The electrons, exhausted in the ETC, are

picked up by oxygen to form water.

(Oxygen is the best electron acceptor.)

Which of the following passes high-energy

electrons into the electron transport chain?

A. NADH and FADH2

B. ATP and ADP

C. citric acid

D. acetyl – CoA

NADH and FA

DH2

ATP and A

DP

citric

acid

acety

l – C

oA

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

The energy of the electrons passing along

the electron transport chain is used to make

A. lactic acid.

B. citric acid.

C. alcohol.

D. ATP.

lact

ic acid

.

citric

acid.

alcohol.

ATP.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

What are the reactants in the equation for

cellular respiration?

A. oxygen and lactic acid

B. carbon dioxide and water

C. glucose, oxygen, and water

D. water and glucose

oxyge

n and lact

ic acid

carb

on dio

xide and w

ater

gluco

se, o

xygen, a

nd wate

r

wate

r and glu

cose

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

Which of these is a product of cellular

respiration?

A. oxygen

B. water

C. glucose

D. all of the above

oxyge

n

wate

r

gluco

se

all of t

he above

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

3. Overall chemical reaction for the complete

breakdown of a glucose molecule using

cellular respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + 36 ATP + heat

See

next

slide

for H2O

input

estillwagon

Stamp

Which of these processes takes place in the

cytoplasm of a cell?

A. glycolysis

B. electron transport

C. Krebs cycle

D. all of the above

glycoly

sis

elect

ron tr

ansport

Krebs c

ycle

all of t

he above

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

Which of the following is NOT a product of

glycolysis?

A. NADH

B. pyruvic acid

C. ATP

D. glucose

NADH

pyruvic

acid ATP

gluco

se

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

a. Although cellular respiration is the most

efficient way of getting energy out of

glucose, it only recovers 40% of the energy.

b. The rest of the energy is lost as heat.

Which of the following is the correct

sequence of events in cellular respiration?

A. glycolysis fermentation

Krebs cycle

B. Krebs cycle electron transport

glycolysis

C. glycolysis Krebs cycle

electron transport

D. Krebs cycle glycolysis

electron transport

20Answer Now

The electron transport chain can be found in

A. prokaryotes.

B. animals.

C. plants.

D. all of the above

prokar

yotes.

animals.

plants

.

all of t

he above

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

A. 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O +

Energy

B. 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 12H2O + Energy 6CO2 +

6H2O

C. 6CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 12H2O +

Energy

D. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy 6O2 + C6H12O6 +

12H2O

30Answer Now

The Krebs cycle starts with

A. lactic acid and yields carbon

dioxide.

B. glucose and yields 32 ATPs.

C. pyruvic acid and yields lactic

acid or alcohol.

D. pyruvic acid and yields

carbon dioxide.

lact

ic acid

and yi

elds c

ar...

gluco

se and y

ield

s 32 A

TPs.

pyruvic

acid a

nd yield

s la.

..

pyruvic

acid a

nd yield

s c...

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

Which organism is NOT likely to carry out

cellular respiration?

A. tree

B. mushroom

C. anaerobic bacterium

D. tiger

tree

mush

room

anaerobic

bacteriu

mtig

er

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

V. Anaerobic Respiration occurs in the absence

of oxygen.

A. If oxygen were not available, then ATP

production using cellular respiration would

stop. (Life could stop.)

1. However the first process mentioned,

Glycolysis, could continue producing 2 ATP

because it does not require oxygen to work.

2. The only problem is that glycolysis needs

NAD+ molecules to pick up electrons that are

produced.

3. If you remember, NADH gets rid of the

electrons that it carries in the ETC of the

mitochondria.

4. The ETC cannot work without oxygen.

5. Without oxygen, NADH would build up in

the cell and there would be no more NAD+ to

continue the process of glycolysis.

Electron Transport Chain

NAD+ produced

B. Fermentation is a primitive process of

returning electrons (from NADH) back to

pyruvic acid, freeing NAD+ molecules to

continue glycolysis.

In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is

followed by

A. lactic acid fermentation.

B. alcoholic fermentation.

C. photosynthesis.

D. the Krebs cycle.

lact

ic acid

ferm

entatio

n.

alcoholic

ferm

entatio

n.

photosy

nthesis

.

the K

rebs c

ycle

.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

The two main types of fermentation are called

A. alcoholic and aerobic.

B. aerobic and anaerobic.

C. alcoholic and lactic acid.

D. lactic acid and

anaerobic.

alcoholic

and aero

bic.

aerobic

and anaero

bic.

alcoholic

and la

ctic

acid.

lact

ic acid

and a

naerobic.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

1. There are two types:

a. Lactic Acid Fermentation converts pyruvic

acid into lactic acid. (toxic waste) Lactate

i. It occurs in the cytoplasm of animal,

bacterial, and fungal cells.

During lactic acid fermentation,

A. NAD+ is regenerated,

allowing glycolysis to

continue.

B. glucose is split into three

pyruvic acid molecules.

C. oxygen is required.

D. 3 ATP molecules are

produced.NAD+ is

rege

nerate

d, all.

..

gluco

se is

split

into

thre

e...

oxyge

n is re

quired.

3 ATP m

olecu

les a

re p

ro...

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

The conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic

acid requires

A. NAD+.

B. oxygen.

C. ATP.

D. NADH.

NAD+.

oxyge

n.ATP.

NADH.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

ii. When lactic acid builds up in muscle cells it

causes burning and fatigue.

This is a myth that

has been rejected

Acidosis – Read Articles & Summarize findings

Energy source: glucose

Oxygen use: None

Products: 2 ATP per glucose, lactic acid

Duration of energy provision: 30-60 s

Lactate

Possibility

One cause of muscle soreness is

A. alcoholic fermentation.

B. glycolysis.

C. acidosis.

D. the Krebs cycle.

alcoholic

ferm

entatio

n.

glycoly

sis.

acidosis

.

the K

rebs c

ycle

.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

When the body needs to exercise for longer than

90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out

A. lactic acid fermentation.

B. alcoholic fermentation.

C. cellular respiration.

D. glycolysis.

lact

ic acid

ferm

entatio

n.

alcoholic

ferm

entatio

n.

cellu

lar r

espira

tion.

glycoly

sis.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

The energy needed to win a 2-minute

footrace is produced mostly by

A. lactic acid fermentation.

B. cellular respiration.

C. using up stores of ATP.

D. breaking down fats.

lact

ic acid

ferm

entatio

n.

cellu

lar r

espira

tion.

using u

p store

s of A

TP.

breakin

g dow

n fats

.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

Which statement mainly explains why even

well-conditioned athletes have to pace

themselves for athletic events that last several

hours?A. Lactic acid fermentation can cause

muscle soreness.

B. Heavy breathing is needed to get rid of

lactic acid.

C. Cellular respiration releases energy

more slowly than fermentation does.

D. all of the above

Lact

ic acid

ferm

entatio

n ...

Heavy bre

athin

g is n

eede...

Cellula

r resp

iratio

n rele

a...

all of t

he above

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

iii. This process in bacteria and fungi is used

for the production of yogurt and cheeses.

Milk is converted to yogurt under certain

conditions when the microorganisms in the milk

produce acid. Which of these processes would

you expect to be key in the production of

yogurt?

A. the Krebs cycle

B. photosynthesis

C. alcoholic fermentation

D. lactic acid fermentation

the Kr

ebs cy

cle

phot

osyn

thes

is

alco

holic

ferm

entation

lactic acid ferm

enta

tion

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

b. Alcoholic Fermentation converts pyruvic

acid into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

i. It occurs in the cytoplasm of yeast cells.

ii. This process is used in the production of

alcoholic beverages and rising breads

iii. Carbon dioxide bubbles make yeast breads

rise.

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in

A. bread dough.

B. any environment

containing oxygen.

C. bacteria cells.

D. mitochondria.

bread d

ough.

any enviro

nment c

ontai..

.

bacte

ria ce

lls.

mito

chondria

.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

The air bubbles and spongy texture of

bread are due to which process?

A. lactic acid fermentation

B. glycolysis

C. alcoholic fermentation

D. the Krebs cycle

lact

ic acid

ferm

entatio

n

glycoly

sis

alcoholic

ferm

entatio

n

the K

rebs c

ycle

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

Which of the following is NOT a stage of

cellular respiration?

A. fermentation

B. electron transport

C. glycolysis

D. Krebs cycle

ferm

entatio

n

elect

ron tr

ansport

glycoly

sis

Krebs c

ycle

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

The Krebs cycle does not occur if

A. oxygen is present.

B. fermentation occurs.

C. glycolysis occurs.

D. carbon dioxide is

present.

oxyge

n is p

rese

nt.

ferm

entatio

n occ

urs.

glycoly

sis o

ccurs

.

carb

on dio

xide is

pre

sent.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

All of the following are sources of energy

during exercise EXCEPT

A. stored ATP.

B. alcoholic fermentation.

C. lactic acid fermentation.

D. cellular respiration.

store

d ATP.

alcoholic

ferm

entatio

n.

lact

ic acid

ferm

entatio

n.

cellu

lar r

espira

tion.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

VI. Where does Glucose come from?

Photosynthesis

A. Photosynthesis is the process by which

producers store light energy in carbohydrates

and other molecules.

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

VII. Comparing Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis.

A. Food Supply

1. Autotrophs / producers such as plants,

protists and some bacteria make their own

food using photosynthesis to store energy in

carbohydrates.

2. Heterotrophs / consumers cannot make their

own food and must “consume”

carbohydrates to have a constant supply of

energy.

B. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are

interdependent on one another.

1. Photosynthesis creates glucose and oxygen

that is used in respiration.

2. Respiration releases carbon dioxide and

water that plants use in photosynthesis.

C. Glucose is a major energy storage molecule

for many organisms.

1. Both plants and animals use cellular

respiration to release the energy stored in

glucose.

Photosynthesis Respiration

Where?

When?

Input

Output

In chlorophyll-

bearing cells

(Chloroplasts)

In all cells

Mitochondria

In the presence of

light

All the time

Carbon dioxide,

water, and light

High energy

sugars, oxygen,

water

High energy

sugars, water, and

oxygen

Carbon dioxide

and water

Photosynthesis Respiration

Energy

Sources

Energy

Result

Chemical

Reaction

Energy

Carriers

LightChemical bonds in

Glucose

Energy stored Energy released

Reduction of

carbon

compounds

Oxidation of

carbon

compounds

NADP+ NAD+ and FAD+

Which process does NOT release energy

from glucose?

A. glycolysis

B. photosynthesis

C. fermentation

D. cellular respiration

glycoly

sis

photosy

nthesis

ferm

entatio

n

cellu

lar r

espira

tion

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

How are cellular respiration and

photosynthesis almost opposite processes?

A. Photosynthesis releases energy, and

cellular respiration stores energy.

B. Photosynthesis removes carbon

dioxide from the atmosphere, and

cellular respiration puts it back.

C. Photosynthesis removes oxygen from

the atmosphere, and cellular respiration

puts it back.

D. all of the abovePhoto

synth

esis re

lease

s ...

Photosy

nthesis

rem

oves ...

Photosy

nthesis

rem

oves...

all of t

he above

0% 0%0%0%

30Answer Now

Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration

occurs in

A. animal cells only.

B. plant cells only.

C. all but plant cells.

D. all eukaryotic cells.

animal c

ells o

nly.

plant c

ells o

nly.

all but p

lant c

ells.

all eukary

otic ce

lls.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

Plants cannot release energy from glucose

using

A. glycolysis.

B. photosynthesis.

C. the Krebs cycle.

D. cellular respiration.

glycoly

sis.

photosy

nthesis

.

the K

rebs c

ycle

.

cellu

lar r

espira

tion.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

The products of photosynthesis are the

A. products of cellular

respiration.

B. reactants of cellular

respiration.

C. products of glycolysis.

D. reactants of fermentation.

product

s of c

ellula

r resp

i...

react

ants o

f cellu

lar r

espi..

.

product

s of g

lyco

lysis.

react

ants o

f ferm

entatio

n.

0% 0%0%0%

20Answer Now

Crash Course ATP & Respiration:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGu

Q