1 the grand convergence of computing, telecommunications, and media: a technologist’s viewpoint 8...

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The Grand Convergence of Computing,

Telecommunications, and Media: A Technologist’s Viewpoint

8th INRIA-Industry Meeting:Computer Software for Telecommunications

and Multimedia

Prof. Randy H. KatzEECS Department

University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA [email protected]

http://www.cs.Berkeley.edu/~randy

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Presentation Outline

• Market Forces and Technology Trends• Comparison of Internet and Telephony• Third Generation Telecommunications

Architectures (and Beyond)• Internet-based Open Services Architecture• Summary and Conclusions

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Technology Trends & Predications

• Fastest growing segments of telecomms: (i) mobile telephony & (ii) Internet/www

• Enabling mobile access to information• Full digitization of the phone network, driven

by digital mobile networks, with a shift towards universal IP-based core network

• Voice over IP is happening rapidly• Data will be the network traffic majority,

voice (& video) the minority• Fastest growing applications will be web-

based transactions, not voice & not videoconferencing

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Mobile Telephone & Internet Users

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Source: Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.

Mobile TelephoneUsers

Internet Users

Millions

Year

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Cellular Phone Growth:An International Phenomenom

1990 1995 20000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1990 1995 2000

EuropeUnites StatesJapan

% of main linesthat are mobilephones

Source: Economist, 4 May 1996

By Year 2000:– One in three telephones will be mobile– Mobility becomes a lifestyle

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Hong Kong on the Move

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Fixed

Mobile

Millions ofTelephone Lines

Source: Pyramid Research in The Economist, 31 Oct 98

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Shift Toward Digital Mobile Access Network

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Millions ofSubscribers

Year

Digital

Analog

Source: Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.

Providesa ubiquitous

infrastructurefor wirelessdata as well

as voice

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Shift to Broadband Access

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Broadband

Narrowband

Source: Forrester Research in The Economist, 7 Nov 98

Forecast American Householdswith Internet Connections (millions)

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Shift Towards Data-Centered Core Network

• The dramatic rise of the Internet and the World Wide Web: >50% of telecomm traffic in Bay Area is already data

• Conventional circuit-switched PSTN infrastructure brought to its knees

• IP Dialtone– Single network for wireless access, Internet

access, and voice access– E.g., Sprint ION: Integrated On-Demand

Network, MCI/WorldCom’s On-Net, Qwest Communications, etc.

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Internet Technology

• Strengths– Intelligence at the end

points; No state in the network;

– Highly decentralized control– Enables operation over very

heterogeneous collection of access technologies; few assumptions about the network necessary

– Achieves robust communications through packet switching & store-and-forward routing

– Depends on cooperative forwarding of packets

• Weaknesses– No differentiated service– No control mechanisms for

managing bottleneck links– Store-and-forward routing

introduces variable delay in end-to-end performance

– Decentralized control makes introduction of new protocols/functions difficult since all end nodes must be upgraded

– Lack of truly trusted infrastructure leads to security problems

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PSTN Technology

• Strengths– Requires no end-point

intelligence; supports heterogeneous end devices

– Provides excellent performance for voice

– End-to-end performance guarantees achieved through well-defined signaling layer to switching function

– True utility functionality through sophisticated and hierarchically arranged switches controlled by service providers

• Weaknesses– Achieves performance by

overallocating resources– 3.4 KHz audio voice band

signal converted to 64 kbps digital representation

– Switching design determined by statistics of call traffic

– Difficult to add new services to the so-called “Intelligent Network” due to complex feature interaction

– Expensive approach to robustness

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ATM: The Grand Convergence?

• Strengths– Virtual circuits with call

set-up to manage scarce resources and achieve QoS guarantees

– Fixed/small size “cells” to enable fast switching

– Sophisticated statistical multiplexing mechanisms to make possible variety of traffic models

– Integrated services

• Weaknesses– Connection-orientation has

some problems with latency and robust operation; every cell must follow same path in order

– ATM unlikely to be a universal end-to-end technology, especially for data traffic in local area

– Quaranteed performance end-to-end in heterogeneous environments is lost

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Next Generation Internet

• Support for multipoint-to-multipoint multicast communications

• Support for mobility & mobile route optimization

• Reservation-based resource allocation– Performance promises– Nice scaling properties– Soft state in the network

allows robust recovery to failure; protocol works around link and switch failures

• Software-based codecs– 64 kbps/PCM coding vs. 36

kbps ADPCM, 17 kbps GSM, 9 kbps LPC

– Adequate video at 28.8 to 128 kbps

• Real Time Protocol (RTP)– Ends adapt audio/video

streaming rates to what the network can support

• Easy integration of new services like proxies

• Solve performance problems by adding more bandwidth

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Internet Telephony

Local Call Local CallInternetInternet

SF to Frankfurt via Internet Service: $0.28 per min via AT&T Long Distance: $1.25 per min

Analog Voice toPacket Data

Packet Data toAnalog Voice

Source: G-Cubed

Gateway Gateway

Why soCheap?

Less expensive infrastructureCircumvents government-backed monopoliesExisting long distance tariffs far exceed costsWTO worldwide deregulation

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Internet Telephony

• Quality Issues: High Latencies/Dropped Packets– Deployment of (virtual) private networks– Faster/scalable hardware reduces gateway latency– RSVP + H.323 + Reconstruction of lost packets +

Better voice coding at 8 kbps– VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol Forum

• Short term: circuit-switched local infrastructure plus packet-switched wide-area infrastructure– Wide-area b/w is a commodity, local access is not– Many leading telecomms already doing this

• Longer term: migration towards “always on” digital broadband data connections

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Third Generation Telecommunications

Architectures

• FPLMTS/UMTS/IMT-2000– “Universal multimedia information access with

mobility spanning residences, businesses, public-pedestrian, mobile/vehicular, national/global”

– Converged common air interface: wideband CDMA

• Beyond the Third Generation– Convergence on a common core network

» GSM/BISDN/SS7-based vs. IP-based– Action will be in architectures that support rapid

service deployment» Telecomm-based “Intelligent Network” (IN, TMN, TINA)

vs. Internet-based Client-Server (HTML, JAVA, mobile code)

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One View of the Future

UC Berkeley BARWAN Project: “Bay Area Research Wireless Access Network”– Diverse Air Interfaces with Seamless Mobility– Software Agents for Heterogeneity Management– Universal IP-based Core Network

High-tier

Low-tier

Satellite

High Mobility Low MobilityWide Area

Regional Area

Local Area

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Important Trends Re-Visited

• Multimedia/Voice over IP networks– Lower cost, more flexible packet-switching core network– Simultaneous delay sensitive and delay insensitive flows

(RSVP, Class-based Queuing, Link Scheduling)

• Intelligence shifts to the network edges– User-implemented functionality

• Programmable intelligence inside the network– Proxy servers intermixed with switching infrastructure– TACC model & Java code: “write once, run anywhere”– Rapid new service development– Speech-enabled services for mobile users

• Implications for (cellular) network infrastructure of the 21st century?– High BW data (384 Kb/s-2 Mb/s): Reliable Link Protocols

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Smart Appliances/Thin Clients

Qualcomm PDQ Phone

PDA

PCS

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• Top Gun MediaBoard– Participates as a reliable

multicast client via proxy in wireline network

• Top Gun Wingman– “Thin” presentation layer in

PDA with full rendering engine in wireline proxy

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The Future: Internet-basedOpen Services Architecture

“Today, the telecommunications sector is beginning to reshape itself, from a vertically to a horizontally structured industry. … [I]t used to be that new capabilities were driven primarily by the carriers. Now, they are beginning to be driven by the users. … There’s a universe of people out there who have a much better idea than we do of what key applications are, so why not give those folks the opportunity to realize them. … The smarts have to be buried in the ‘middleware’ of the network, but that is going to change as more-capable user equipment is distributed throughout the network. When it does, the economics of this industry may also change.”

George Heilmeier, Chairman Emeritus, Bellcore“From POTS to PANS: Telecommunications in Transition”

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The Network Infrastructure of the Future

• The Challenge– Developing service intensive, network-based, real-time applications – Securely embedding computational resources in the switching fabric– Providing an open, extensible network environment: heterogeneity

• Computing– Encapsulating legacy servers & partitioning “thin” client functionality– Scalability: 100,000s of simultaneous users in the SF Bay Area

• High BW IP backbones + diverse access networks– Different coverage, bandwidth, latency, and cost characteristics– Third generation cellular systems: UMTS/IMT2000– Next gen WLANs (Bluetooth) & broadband access nets (DSL/cable)

• Diverse appliances beyond the handset or PC– Communicator devices plus servers in the infrastructure

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Cellular “Core” Network

S. S. 7

ICEBERG: Internet-based core for

CEllular networks BEyond the thiRd

Generation

NINJA: A Service

Architecture for Internet-Scale

Systems

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Internet-Scale Systems

• Extremely large, complex, distributed, heterogeneous, with continuous and rapid introduction of new technologies

• Feasible architectures– Decentralized, scalable algorithms– Dynamically deployed agents where they are

needed;“Big infrastructure, small clients”

– Incremental processing/communications growth– Careful violation of traditional layering

• Implementation approach based on incremental prototyping, deployment, evaluation, experimentation

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NINJA Capabilities

• Plug and play wide-area software components

• Automatic discovery, composition, and use• Powerful operators

– Clusters, databases, and agents

• Viable component economics– Subscription, pay per use

• Supports diverse devices, sensors, actuators• Connects everything

– Ubiquitous support for access and mobility

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NINJA Active Infrastructure

Units: Client Devices Sensors & Actuators

Active Proxies: Active network routers Soft state Interchangeable

Bases: Scalable, available servers Persistent state Service discovery Public-key infrastructure Databases

Home Base User state E-mail User tracking

“Smart Spaces”

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NINJA Active Infrastructure

• Computing resources inside the routing topology, not just at the leaves

• Paths chosen for location of operators as much as for shortest # of hops

• Mobile code that specializes the services provided by servers

• Mobility, management of bottleneck links, “integration” services, service handoff

Server Client

Proxy

Router

ComputeNode

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ICEBERG Capabilities

• Cellular/IP Interworking– IP network provisioning for scalability– “Soft” QoS for delay-sensitive flows– Multinetwork mobility and security support

• Telephony Service Architecture on NINJA– Computing resources among switching

infrastructure– Computationally intensive services: e.g., voice-

to-text– Service and server discovery– Security, authentication, and billing

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Cellular/IP Interworking

• GSM BTS interfaced to IP core network– Mapping IP signaling to SS7 radio management– Call admission and handoff

• Mobility management interworking– Mobile IP home agent/foreign agent + GSM HLR/VLR– Handoff between Mobile IP and GSM networks– Scalability, security of Mobile IP

• Generalized redirection agents– User- or service-specified dynamic policy-based

redirection» 1-800 service, email to pagers, etc.

– Service mobility as a first class object

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Telephony Service Architecture

• Rapid service deployment– Packet voice for computer-telephony integration– Speech- and location-enabled applications– Complete interoperation of speech, text, fax/image– Mobility and generalized routing redirection

• New services for innovative apps– Encapsulating complex data transformation, e.g.,

speech-to-text, text-to-speech– Composition of services, e.g., Voice mail-to-email,

email-to-voice mail– Location-aware information services, e.g., traffic

reports– Multicast-enabled information services

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Policy-basedLocation-basedActivity-based

Speech-to-TextSpeech-to-Voice Attached-EmailCall-to-Pager/Email Notification

Email-to-SpeechAll compositions

of the above!

Universal In-box

Transparent Information Access

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NINJA Operator/Connector/Path Model

Operators:– transformation– aggregation– agents

Connectors:– abstract wires– ADUs– varying

semantics– uni/multicast

Interfaces:– strongly typed– language independent– set of AM handlers– Leverage all COM objects

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RoomEntity

Text toCommand

ICSISpeech

Recognizer

MicrophoneCell phone

A/V Devices

Response to Client

Path

Audio Text Cmd

Implementing Applications via Path Optimization

• Voice Control of A/V devices in a “Smart Room”– Multistage processing transformation– Strongly typed connectors– Automated path generation– Service discovery storage

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Experimental Testbed

NetworkInfrastructure

GSM BTS

Millennium Cluster

Millennium Cluster

WLAN Pager

IBMWorkPad

CF788

MC-16

MotorolaPagewriter 2000

TextSpeech

Image/OCR

306 Soda

326 Soda “Colab”

405 Soda

Ericsson

Smart SpacesPersonal Information Management

Fax

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Summary and Conclusions• Common network core: optimized for data,

based on IP, enabling packetized voice, supporting user/terminal/service mobility

• Major challenge: open, composable services architecture--the wide-area “operating system” of the 21st Century

• Beyond the desktop PC: information appliances supported by infrastructure services

• Our approach: NINJA Platform– Infrastructure: Units, Active Proxies, Bases– Services: Operators, Typed Connectors, Paths– IVR applications/speech recognition as a service– Next application: Universal In-Box

1 the grand convergence of computing, telecommunications, and media: a technologist’s viewpoint 8...

Documents

internet access

voice slide

videoconferencing slide

lifestyle slide

mobile telephony

voice access

internet connections

phone network