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ProtistaPart II

BIO 2215

Oklahoma City Community College

Dennis Anderson

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• Leishmania• Leishmaniasis• 12 million people

Phylum Euglenozoa

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Sand Fly

• Vector for leishmaniasis

• Genus Phlebotomus

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

• Parasites form skin ulcers.

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As many as 200 lesions may form causing disability and social stigma

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Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

• Central & South America

• Destroys mucous membranes of nose & mouth

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Visceral Leishmaniasis Kala Azar

• Primarily occurs in Africa and Asia.

• Characterized by irregular fever, weight loss, swelling of spleen & liver, & anemia.

• Fatality can be 90% if untreated.

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Phylum ApicomplexaClass Coccidea

• Apical complex– Helps in penetrating

host’s cells

• Endoparasites• Movement

– Male gamete• Male gametocyte

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Plasmodium

• Malaria• Most important parasitic

disease of humans today• WHO estimates that 270

million new cases occur annually with 2 million annual deaths

• Transmitted by bite of infected mosquitoes of genus Anopheles

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Mosquito feeds on blood of infected host & ingests

gametocytes

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Gametes unite in mosquito stomach to form oocysts in wall

of stomach

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Oocysts

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Sporozoites produced in oocysts by sporogony move to salivary glands of mosquito &

are injected into next host

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Sporozoites invade liver cells and undergo schizogony to

produce merozoites

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Merozoites invade circulating RBCs

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Each merozoite produces as many as 36 new merozoites through schizogony in RBCs

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Merozoites rupture RBCs to invade other RBCs

Simultaneous lysing of RBCs causes the sudden chills & fever typical of malaria

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Gametocytes are produced in blood & ingested by mosquito to

complete the cycle

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Sporozoites from mosquito bite

Schizogony to make merozoites

Ingest gametocytes

Sporozoites to liver

Merozoites enter RBCs

Schizogony to make merozoites

Fertilization in stomach

Oocyst forms

Sporozoites by sporogony

Sporozoites invade salivary gland

Man Mosquito

Merozoites become gametocytesMerozoites become gametocytes Bites man

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Toxoplasma• Toxoplasmosis• Parasite

– Cats, man, other mammals & birds

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• Fetus– Birth defects– Mental retardation

• Aids Patients– Fatal infection

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Toxomplasma

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Eimeria

• Coccidiosis– Birds and mammals

• Bloody diarrhea

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Coccidiosis

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Coccidiosis

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Phylum Cilophora

• Cilia for movement

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Trichocysts

• Released as a defense

• Long threadlike• Release triggered by

mechanical or chemical stimulation

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Phylum Cilophora

• Paramecium• Movie

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Phylum CilophoraVorticella

• Spiral stock attaches to substrate– Contract and extend

• Cilia used to sweep food into mouth (see arrow)

• Movie

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Phylum CilophoraStentor

• Solitary• Use cilia to sweep

food into mouth• Movie

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Phylum Cilophora Didinium

• Bands of cilia• Eats Paramecium

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Phylum Cilophora Spirostoman

• Up to 3 mm long

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Phylum Dinoflagellata

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Phylum Dinoflagellata

• Two flagella– Transverse– Longitudinal

• Some photosynthetic• Some heterotrophic• Some have cell wall

made of plates• Red tide

– neurotoxin

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Zooxanthellae

• Photosynthetic dinoflagellates (brown)

• Live in corals• Provide nutrients for

coral by photosynthesis

• Mutualism

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Amebas

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Amoeba proteus

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Entomoeba histolytica

• Amoebic dysentery• Transmitted by food &

water contaminated with cysts

• Bloody diarrhea

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Difflugia

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Variations in Pseudopodia

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Radiolarians

• Abundant in the ocean– Ocean floors covered– Forms sedimentary

rock

• Siliceous test (shell)– Skeleton made of

silica– Numerous geometric

designs

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Radiolarian Tests

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Foraminifera

• Secrete a test (shell) of calcium carbonate

• Grow new chambers as organism increases in size– Foramen (opening)

between chambers

• Shells constitute vast deposits on ocean floors

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Foraminifera Tests

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White Cliffs of Dover, England

• Foramifera deposits uplifted from ocean floor

• Chalk

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Pyramids of Egypt

• Made of limestone from foraminera

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Plankton

• Small organisms that drift in the ocean and freshwater

• Pastures of the seas

• Many different protozoans

• Zooplankton

• Phytoplankton

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Which Animal Has A Higher Surface Area to Volume Ratio?

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Which Organism Has A Higher Surface Area to Volume Ratio?

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Smaller Organisms Have A Higher Surface Area To Volume Ratio

• Advantage of more surface area/volume– Easier to get food – Easier to get oxygen

• Disadvantage of more surface area/volume– Loose heat faster– Warm blooded animals

have to consume more calories

– Hummingbird eats 2/3 body weight each day

• Need transport systems for food and oxygen

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Symbosis

• Living together• Parasitism• Commensalism• Mutualism

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Parasitism

• Parasite benefits• Host harmed

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Mutualism

• Both organisms benefit from living together

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Commensalism

• Bird nest and tree• Bird benefits • Tree not affected

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The End