1 migration and development: challenges for policymaking louka t. katseli, robert e.b. lucas and t....
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Migration and Development:Migration and Development:Challenges for PolicymakingChallenges for Policymaking
Louka T. Katseli, Robert E.B. Lucas and T. Xenogiani
Gaining from MigrationSecond Experts’ Workshop
Paris
11 July 2006
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OutlineOutline
1. Migration and development: policy coherence needed for more effective management
2. Migration patterns, sending countries and policy regimes
3. Smart visa policies for legal migration and development
4. Mobilising and channelling remittances for development
5. Integrating international migration into development strategies
6. Policy coherence for migration and development: what role for OECD policies?
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Migration and developmentMigration and developmentinterlinkagesinterlinkages
Migration patternsCapacity of sending
Developmentcountries to adjust
require greater policy coherence between admission policies and development cooperation
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Policy coherence for migration and Policy coherence for migration and development: a definitiondevelopment: a definition
The pursuit of win-win opportunities for both host and sending countries through the systematic promotion of mutually-reinforcing policy actions.
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Policy coherence for migration and Policy coherence for migration and development: what is needed?development: what is needed?
Better understanding of migration patterns and their links to conditions in countries of origin.
Careful consideration of the interlinkages of migration and development processes.
Improved coordination of migration, trade and development cooperation policies.
Incorporation of migration into PRSPs.
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Patterns of EU migrationPatterns of EU migration
Europe lags behind North America in attracting highly-skilled migrants.
Heterogeneity across EU countries:– Northern Europe: large share of migrants from
other OECD or EU15 countries.– Southern Europe: more than 50% from
neighbouring countries, transition and developing countries.
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Three migration models coexist within the EU 15 driven by:– Historical and language ties
France, Benelux, Morocco, Algeria,Spain, UK, India, Pakistan,Portugal, Ireland Turkey
– Geographic proximity:Italy, Greece, Albania, Turkey,Germany, Austria Serb-Mont, Morocco
– Humanitarian considerations:Denmark, Finland, Iraq, Serb-Mont, B-
H, Sweden Iran
Patterns of EU migration:Patterns of EU migration:
Geography, history and politics matter
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For an effective management of For an effective management of migrationmigration
Need to build anIntegrated European
migration monitoring system
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Future trends?Future trends?
In absence of migration, EU15 population is expected to drop by 10 million during the next two decades (esp. Italy, Greece, Germany and Austria).
New EU members (incl. Rom. and Bulg.) are likely to experience overall population drop.
Continuous need for low-skilled migrants in agriculture, tourism, construction and household services.
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Migration pressures are likely to Migration pressures are likely to continuecontinue
Maghreb countries are becoming migration transit countries.
Increased international migration from low income SSA.
Continued flows of refugees and asylum seekers from the Middle East and other regions.
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Low-skill migration: an important driver Low-skill migration: an important driver for developmentfor development
Low-skill migration has greater impact on poverty reduction than migration of professionals.
Only 17% of low-skilled migrants in the EU15 come from low income countries.
Dominant destination of low-skilled migrants is other developing countries.
Temporary migration likely to be chosen over permanent settlement if costs are not too high.
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Smart visa policies for legal migration Smart visa policies for legal migration and developmentand development
Proliferation of temporary employment schemes: joint management in 57 out of 92 countries.
Limitations of specific duration guest worker programmes
Multiple entry visas: device to ease return and circularity.
Continuous and active monitoring of contracting arrangements.
Pre-departure training and linguistic courses.
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High-skill migration: an important High-skill migration: an important driver for growth and innovationdriver for growth and innovation
Emigration of highly-skilled persons can be beneficial for sending countries.
Compensation schemes and recruiting restraints hard to administer and usually ineffective.
Potential for general guidelines of recruitment and partnership arrangements.
Multiple entry visas, temporary work schemes and subsidisation of replenishment activities.
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Remittances : who benefits?Remittances : who benefits?
The poor if:Poorer families migratePoor overseas migrants remit
Potential gains depend on admission criteria, duration of absence , family separation, intention to return.
Migration of highly skilled who settle permanently abroad with their families bring little by way of remittances to the home country.
Non-receiving households benefit through multiplier and market integration effects.
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Remittances: how to expand benefits?Remittances: how to expand benefits?
Remittances not a substitute to development assistance.
Lowering the cost of transfers: a priority for EU member-states.
European development banks, financial institutions and development agencies can take the lead in providing improved access and innovative financial instruments.
Codéveloppement: migrants and migrant associations need to be involved.
Development assistance: a catalyst for diffusion of benefits.
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Migration needs to be integrated into Migration needs to be integrated into PRSPsPRSPs
Macroeconomic managementChanges in tax revenueChanges in expendituresTransfer systems vs remittances
Human resource managementIncentives for temporary stay abroad (e.g. advanced
seniority in public sector post)Deployment of skills
Replenishment Education policies
Financing higher education (loans vs grants)Adapting curricula to local needs Accreditation of private colleges and training facilities
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Labour-market integration:Improved infrastructureRemove barriers to internal migrationRegional agreements (e.g. regional passports)Remove barriers to labour-market entry of
returning workersODA can be used as a catalyst to diffuse
benefits of migration and facilitate adjustment through:
Promotion of infrastructureImprovements of education and health systems Capacity buildingCo-development projectsFellowships and training arrangements
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Policy coherence for migration and Policy coherence for migration and development: what role for ODA?development: what role for ODA?
ODA cannot really slow migration…but it can serve as a catalyst to:– diffuse the benefits of migration– facilitate adjustment
ODA channelled to investments in infrastructure can facilitate domestic labour market integration.
ODA channelled to capacity building can
mitigate the negative impact of the brain drain.
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Policy coherence for migration and Policy coherence for migration and development: what role for trade development: what role for trade
policies?policies? EU and OECD trade policies have a significant impact on
living standards and income in low income countries and hence affect migration patterns.
The joint impact of migration and trade on development should be incorporated into migration policymaking.
More coherence is needed between EU and OECD trade and migration policies.
The international community needs to consider the scope of GATS Mode 4 to encompass low-skilled workers.
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Policy coherence for migration and Policy coherence for migration and development: what role for security development: what role for security
policies?policies?
The interlinkages between development, migration and security should be jointly considered: a human security agenda?
Strategies for risk prevention, risk mitigation and risk coping should be incorporated into migration policies.
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EU institutional set up for greater EU institutional set up for greater policy coherencepolicy coherence
Rethinking of existing institutional set ups and segmentation of policy competencies across ministries, directorates and organisations.
Strengthening systematic consultations across EC relevant directorates.
Creation of a permanent inter-directorate liaison network as a powerful instrument for information exchange and policy consultation.
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THANK YOUwww.oecd.org/dev