1. ma research methods 1 - updated 2014

8/10/2019 1. MA Research Methods 1 - Updated 2014

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Defining and Classifying

Research: IntroductionDr. Mohamed El-Okda


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Task 1: Beliefs about research

Do you agree/ disagree to each of the followingstatements?

1. Research is something that is practiced only bypeople working in research centers anduniversities.

2. The chief characteristic of research inlinguistics is its focus on linguistic data.

3. Research in linguistics has nothing to do withlanguage teaching and learning.

4. The chief characteristic of research in appliedlinguistics is its focus on teacher and learnerdata in various contexts.


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4. Practitioners and decision makers directlyapply findings of research to practical

problems.5. All research aims at achieving progress in

linguistic and/or pedagogical theory.

6. Research reviews and research synthesesmake findings of research accessible todecision makers in solving practicalproblems

7. All research problems need to be practicalproblems encountered in a particular society


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8. Your MA project/ thesis has to focus on aproblem that has never been dealt with by anyother researcher.

9. Teachers need not be engaged in research.10. The only type of research in Applied

Linguistics I like to do, is the survey based ona questionnaire.

11. Research that does not involve the use ofstatistical analysis is not of good quality.

12.A review of related literature involves no morethan summing up other peoples ideas.

13. The primary sources of knowledge related to aresearch topic are published in books.


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14. Review of related literature involves copyingother peoples exact words without mentioningtheir names and date of publication.

15.Writing a thesis is no more than writing a longessay about any topic.

16. There is no harm in replicating a study that was

conducted two or three decades ago.17.All resources available on the Internet can be

used in research.

18. Imam university central library is very poor in

resources that can be used in linguistics andapplied linguistics research.


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Misconceptions about research

There are different types of misconceptionsabout research. These might be related to:

1. People who conduct research

2. Choice of research topic

3. Purposes of conducting research

4. Writing research reports

5. Availability of research resources

6. Awareness of different types of research7. Awareness of research design

8. Use of research findings


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Task 2: Defining research

How is anything defined? Mention two ways inwhich water can be defined?

In small groups try to define research in applied

linguistics.


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Defining Research

In a TESOL survey, participants definitions

can be classified into four categories:definitions in terms of:

1. types of research

2. topics of research

3. Purpose of research

4. steps in the process of research


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Commonly accepted definition

Any systematic and principled inquiry inlinguistics or applied linguistics systematic because research must not

only be principled, but also :

orderly, methodical, precise, and

well organized How is research defined here: in terms of

its components or features?


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Task 3: Types of research

What are the different types of research?

In small groups try to draw a diagram thatshows the different types of research?


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Two

Types

Secondary

LiteratureReview

Primary

Data-Based


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The

Quan-QualContrast

Primary

Quantitative

Mixed

Qualitative


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Research Types

Secondary Primary

Literature Review

Quasi-experimental

Surveys

QuantitativeQualitative

Descriptive

Mixed


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Task 4

In small groups try to compare quantitative andqualitative research?


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Quantitative Qualitative

1. Categorizing theworld

predetermined numericalcategory system

2. Perceiving individualdiversity

using large samples toiron out any individualidiosyncrasies

3. Analyzing data relying on the-formalized

system of statistics

emergent; flexible verbalcoding

focusing on the uniquemeaning carried byindividual organisms.

relying on theresearcher's individualsensitivity


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More on the Quan-Qual Contrast

1. Objective

2. Product-oriented

3. Removed from thedata (the outsidersperspective

4. Generalizablefindings: manycases

1. Subjective

2. Process-oriented

3. Close to data (theinsidersperspective)

4. Ungenralizablefindings single/ fewcases


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Three positions regarding the quan-qual difference

The purist position view the two paradigms aremutually exclusive

Situationalist positionviews them as twopossible alternatives each will be moreappropriate for answering different types of

questions. The prgmatist position views them as twoapproaches that can be integrated into whatmight be called mixed methods of research.


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Task 4

What are the problems involved in thisdichotomy?


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Problems involved in this dichotomy

Dichotomizing qualitative versus quantitative

research leaves out altogether secondary researchtypes like literature reviews. It treats as monolithic many distinct qualitative

research techniques (case study research;introspection research; discourse analysis research;interactional analysis research; classroomobservation research; and interviews).

It represents as monolithic many qualitativeresearch traditions that come from a variety of other

fields like anthropology and theology Therefore, they should be viewed as a matter of

degrees, a continuum, rather than a clear-cutdichotomy.


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It presents as monolithic many differentquantitative research techniques (interviews;questionnaires; descriptive; exploratory;quasiexperimental; and experimental).

It ignores the way survey research, including

interviews and questionnaires, can be bothqualitative and quantitative

It ignores the ways researchers often combinequalitative and quantitative research techniques

It confuses research methods and researchtechniques


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Task 5: Main course book

Drnyei, Z. (2007).Research methods inapplied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitativeand mixed methodologies. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press

Answer the following questions in pairs: What is the main course book? Is this course a single course book based one?

Why/ Why not? What other sources have you

received? Where have we got them from? Who is the author? When was it published? What is its title?


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Where was it published?

What is the name of the publisher?

How are these bits of information organized inciting the book according to the APA style V. 6?What is the first bit of informational in citation?

What comes next? What are the different punctuation marks that

separate the different bits of information? Whatabout the use of capitalization? Which items are

wholly or partially capitalized? Which items areitalicized?

Where can you have access to books free ofcharge?


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Task 6: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics Journals

In pairs, go through the list of journals

mentioned on the coming slides and answer thefollowing questions:

1. Where can we have access to them?

2. Do you know the name of the database where thehighlighted journals can be found?

3. Are all journals included in the first list opensources?

4. What is the main characteristic of open sources?5. If a journal is not an open source, how can you get

access to it? Do you have to have a user name anda password for the Saudi Digital Library?


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Write (Linguistics and Applied LinguisticsJournals) in Google Search Engine and you will

get a comprehensive list of journals in bothlinguistics and applied linguistics (InternationalLinguistics Community Online)

These include:

1. The Linguistics Journal,2. Applied Linguistics

3. TESOL Quarterly

4. System5. Language Teaching


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6. Language Teaching Research

7. ELT Journal

8. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics9. International Journal of Linguistics

10.Annual review of Cognitive Linguistics

11. Annual Review of Language Acquisition

12.Applied Linguistics Review13.Arab World English Journal

14.Assessing Writing

15.Australian Journal of Linguistics16.Australian Review of Applied Linguistics

17. CALICO Journal


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18. Computer Assisted Language Journal19. Language Learning and Technology

20.Modern Language Journal21. Canadian Modern Language Journal22.Chinese journal of Applied Linguistics23.Chinese Language and Discourse

24.Cognitive Linguistics25.Corpora26.Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory27.Current Issues in Language Planning

28.Discourse Processes29.Language Learning30.English for Specific Purposes


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31.Foreign Language Annals

32.Intercultural Pragmatics

33.International Journal of Corpus Linguistics34.International Journal of Research in ELT

35.International Journal of Translation

36.International Review of Pragmatics37.International Journal of Applied Linguistics

38.JALT CALL Journal

39.Journal of English for Academic Purposes


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40.Journal of Language and Literature

41. Journal of Linguistics

42.Journal of Literary Theory43.Journal of Phonetics

44.Journal of Pragmatics

45.Journal of Research in Reading46.Reading in a Foreign Language

47.Reading Matrix

48.TESL-EJ

49.Journal of Second Language Writing

50.Journal of Sociolinguistics


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Online Journals

The www hosts a good collection of online journalsthat can be accessed free of charge. These include:

TESL-EJ http://www.zait.uni-bremen.de/wwwgast/tesl_ej/

The Internet TESL Journal http://iteslj.org/

English TeachingForum http://americanenglish.state.gov/http://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/eal-foru.htm

Hawaii Linguistics WorkingPapers http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/electronic-volumes

CALL ej http://callej.org/
http://www.zait.uni-bremen.de/wwwgast/tesl_ej/http://www.zait.uni-bremen.de/wwwgast/tesl_ej/http://iteslj.org/http://americanenglish.state.gov/http://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/eal-foru.htmhttp://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/eal-foru.htmhttp://www.ling.hawaii.edu/electronic-volumeshttp://www.ling.hawaii.edu/electronic-volumeshttp://callej.org/http://callej.org/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/electronic-volumeshttp://www.ling.hawaii.edu/electronic-volumeshttp://www.ling.hawaii.edu/electronic-volumeshttp://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/eal-foru.htmhttp://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/eal-foru.htmhttp://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/eal-foru.htmhttp://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/eal-foru.htmhttp://americanenglish.state.gov/http://iteslj.org/http://www.zait.uni-bremen.de/wwwgast/tesl_ej/http://www.zait.uni-bremen.de/wwwgast/tesl_ej/http://www.zait.uni-bremen.de/wwwgast/tesl_ej/


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Hawaii TESOL working papershttp://www.hpu.edu/CHSS/LangLing/TESOL/ProfessionalDevelopment/TESOL_WPS/

Foreign Language TeachingForum http://web.cortland.edu/flteach/

Language Learning andTechnology http://www.eltnews.com/features/thinktank/006_mh.shtml

Reading in a ForeignLanguage http://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/ English Language Teacher Education and

Development http://www.cels.bham.ac.uk/ELTED/index.htm

Action Research Journalshttps://sites.google.com/site/aeraarsig/publishers-action-research

The Reading Matrix: An International Online Journal http://www.readingmatrix.com/journal.html
http://www.hpu.edu/CHSS/LangLing/TESOL/ProfessionalDevelopment/TESOL_WPS/http://www.hpu.edu/CHSS/LangLing/TESOL/ProfessionalDevelopment/TESOL_WPS/http://web.cortland.edu/flteach/http://www.eltnews.com/features/thinktank/006_mh.shtmlhttp://www.eltnews.com/features/thinktank/006_mh.shtmlhttp://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/http://www.cels.bham.ac.uk/ELTED/index.htmhttp://www.cels.bham.ac.uk/ELTED/index.htmhttps://sites.google.com/site/aeraarsig/publishers-action-researchhttps://sites.google.com/site/aeraarsig/publishers-action-researchhttp://www.readingmatrix.com/journal.htmlhttp://www.readingmatrix.com/journal.htmlhttps://sites.google.com/site/aeraarsig/publishers-action-researchhttps://sites.google.com/site/aeraarsig/publishers-action-researchhttps://sites.google.com/site/aeraarsig/publishers-action-researchhttps://sites.google.com/site/aeraarsig/publishers-action-researchhttps://sites.google.com/site/aeraarsig/publishers-action-researchhttp://www.cels.bham.ac.uk/ELTED/index.htmhttp://www.cels.bham.ac.uk/ELTED/index.htmhttp://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/http://www.eltnews.com/features/thinktank/006_mh.shtmlhttp://www.eltnews.com/features/thinktank/006_mh.shtmlhttp://web.cortland.edu/flteach/http://www.hpu.edu/CHSS/LangLing/TESOL/ProfessionalDevelopment/TESOL_WPS/http://www.hpu.edu/CHSS/LangLing/TESOL/ProfessionalDevelopment/TESOL_WPS/


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The Teacher Trainerhttp://www.tttjournal.co.uk/frs_library.htm

Asian-EFL-Journal http://www.asian-efl-

journal.com/june2003.home.htm Educational Action

Research http://www.triangl.co.uk/ear/index.htm

Humanizing LanguageTeaching http://www.hltmag.co.uk/

ICT4lT http://www.ict4lt.org/en/ Journal

CALL4allhttp://www.call4all.us/home/index2.php
http://www.tttjournal.co.uk/frs_library.htmhttp://www.asian-efl-journal.com/june2003.home.htmhttp://www.asian-efl-journal.com/june2003.home.htmhttp://www.triangl.co.uk/ear/index.htmhttp://www.triangl.co.uk/ear/index.htmhttp://www.hltmag.co.uk/http://www.ict4lt.org/en/http://www.call4all.us/home/index2.phphttp://www.call4all.us/home/index2.phphttp://www.ict4lt.org/en/http://www.hltmag.co.uk/http://www.triangl.co.uk/ear/index.htmhttp://www.triangl.co.uk/ear/index.htmhttp://www.asian-efl-journal.com/june2003.home.htmhttp://www.asian-efl-journal.com/june2003.home.htmhttp://www.asian-efl-journal.com/june2003.home.htmhttp://www.asian-efl-journal.com/june2003.home.htmhttp://www.asian-efl-journal.com/june2003.home.htmhttp://www.tttjournal.co.uk/frs_library.htm


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JALT CALL Journal http://journal.jaltcall.org/

JALT Journal http://jalt-publications.org/jj/issues/2014-05_36.

Professional online CALL Journalshttp://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/Links/professional_online_call_journal.

htm Asian EFL Journal http://asian-efl-journal.com/

Arab World English Journalhttp://www.awej.org/

Journal of advances in English Language Teachinghttp://european-science.com/jaelt/issue/archive
http://journal.jaltcall.org/http://jalt-publications.org/jj/issues/2014-05_36http://jalt-publications.org/jj/issues/2014-05_36http://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/Links/professional_online_call_journal.htmhttp://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/Links/professional_online_call_journal.htmhttp://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/Links/professional_online_call_journal.htmhttp://asian-efl-journal.com/http://www.awej.org/http://european-science.com/jaelt/issue/archivehttp://european-science.com/jaelt/issue/archivehttp://european-science.com/jaelt/issue/archivehttp://european-science.com/jaelt/issue/archivehttp://www.awej.org/http://asian-efl-journal.com/http://asian-efl-journal.com/http://asian-efl-journal.com/http://asian-efl-journal.com/http://asian-efl-journal.com/http://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/Links/professional_online_call_journal.htmhttp://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/Links/professional_online_call_journal.htmhttp://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/Links/professional_online_call_journal.htmhttp://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/Links/professional_online_call_journal.htmhttp://jalt-publications.org/jj/issues/2014-05_36http://jalt-publications.org/jj/issues/2014-05_36http://jalt-publications.org/jj/issues/2014-05_36http://jalt-publications.org/jj/issues/2014-05_36http://jalt-publications.org/jj/issues/2014-05_36http://journal.jaltcall.org/


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Task 7: Analysis of examples of citation

Although different journals publish documentsabout their referencing styles, they all adopt theAPA style with very slight modifications

Asian EFL Journal published a document about

its referencing style that has examples ofdifferent resources

In pairs discuss how each type of document iscited.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Referencing%20Style%20for%20the%20Asian%20EFL%20Journal.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Referencing%20Style%20for%20the%20Asian%20EFL%20Journal.pdf


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1. ma research methods 1 - updated 2014

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