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1 LECTURE 2 DEMOCRACY

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2 3.1 A democratic world: for the first time in history, most people now live in democracies (p. 43). 3.2 Direct democracy as the denial of any separation between state and society. Ancient Athens (Greek) as the prime example (pp. 43-6).

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U.S. President Barack Obama delivers a speech on healthcare reform before a joint session of Congress as Vice President Joseph Biden (L) and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) applaud on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday night, September 9, 2009 (Thursday morning Cambodia, 10 September 2009). Vice President Joe Biden US House Speaker Peloci

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There are about 530 Congressmen in the US Congress

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UTAH FLORIDA MASSACHUSETTS CALIFORNIA NEW YORK City -Two Senators for each State Number of Congressmen depends on the number of congressional districts- number of constituents

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9 View of the Acropolis and Parthenon from the southwest. Photo taken in 1998.

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11 Arch of Hadrian. 2nd century A.D. Probably built a little before 131/132 A.D. when Hadrian visited Athens.

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12 The Library of Hadrian, built by the Roman emperor Hadrian, c. 131/132 A.D. The archaeological site is still under excavation and is being restored, so that it is not yet open to the general public.

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13 The Library of Hadrian. Detail of the eastern end of the of the "tetraconch" building. In the background, to the right of center, is part of the original back wall of the Library of Hadrian. When the Library was constructed, the limestone blocks of this wall were covered by slabs of marble veneer. View from the southeast.

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14 The Roman Agora (Market of Caesar and Augustus). View of the colonnade on the eastern side of the Agora. At right (east) is a series of shops behind the colonnade. In the middle of the shops was gateway (or propylon) leading out of the Roman Agora up to the Tower of the Winds and the so-called Agoranomion. In the distance on the left side of the photo you can see the Fethiye Camii (Victory Mosque) built in 1457 A.D. View from the south.

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15 1896 Athens - Olympic Stadium Panathinaiko Panathenaic Stadium

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16 The Facility Date Built ca 566 BC Date Renovated 329 BC 1895-1896 2000-2004 Ownership (Management) Greek Government (Greek Government) Surface Grass Cost of Construction Unknown Olympic Capacity 80,000 Luxury Suites None Club Seats None

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17 The ruins of ancient Olympia were excavated by the German archaeologist Ernst Curtius from 1875-1881.

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18 The Facility: Date Built 0070-0080 Ownership (Management) Italian Government; Surface Dirt/Wood Cost of Construction Slave Labor Stadium Architect Emperor Vespasian, Emperor Titus Capacity 55,000 to 70,000 Standing; Luxury Suites 1 Suite Senator Seats Unknown Roman Colosseum: the Flavian Amphitheatre

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19 But let the figures speak for themselves: the major axis of its elliptical plan is 188 m (616.80 feet) long, the minor axis attains 156 m (511.81 feet), and the walls in the outer ring rise to almost 50 m (164.04 feet) above the ground; more than 100,000 cubic metres (130,795.06 cubic yards) of travertine were used to build it and even the metal cramps that held the blocks together must have weighed more than 300 tons.

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20 During shows the arena would be surrounded by a metal mesh attached to poles and spiked with elephant tusks; the top of the mesh was furbished with ivory rollers, so that the animals could not get a foothold there and escape from the arena. Just in case, the niches in the podium of the bottom tier of gradins were always full of archers, ever ready to intervene. Pollice Verso, 1872 Artist: Jean-Leon Gerome

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21 This image is a screenshot from the 2000 film Gladiator.

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22 City of Rome, ITALY, today. Roman Colosseum

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23 TODAY Roman Colosseum

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Cambodian police officers keep garment factory workers from the main road as they march at May Day rally in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Saturday, May 1, 2010. Hundreds of Cambodian garment factory workers took part in the May Day celebrations, demanding the government to enhance the minimum wage and their working condition. (AP Photo/Heng Sinith) Liberal Democracy? Thousands of Asians rally for jobs, pay on May Day Heng Sinith. The Argus Press, posted: Saturday, May 1, 2010 6:40 am http://www.argus-press.com/news/national/image_cf6f28fb-8740-5df9-9b18-f777d0591852.html Political system/culture

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26 CouncilAssembly Selection by lot for one-year period Selection by lot for a specific case- from a panel of volunteers ADULT MALE CITIZENS Women, Slaves, non-residents and children The Direct Democracy of Ancient Athens Note: Citizenship was a birthright which could not normally be acquired by other means People Court

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Mr. Aritotle is a Greek political scientist, philosopher and Political Science Founder

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28 3.3 Deliberative democracy: open debate to encourage public reason and the weighing of judgements rather than the counting of votes. Leibs proposal for a popular chamber to be added to Americas government (pp. 46-8). (Read: Asian Democracy, pp. 48) 3.4 Modern representative democracy: indirect rather than direct democracy. Compatibility with large states and market economies. Schumpeters view of representative democracy as party competition (pp. 48-9).

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29 3.5 Liberal democracy. Features include constitutional limits on government, entrenched (well-established; unshakable) rights of individual citizens and a role for expertise. Reasons for its emergence (appearance) (pp. 49-52).

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COUNTRY STRUCTURE OF USA

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31 3.6 Illiberal (narrow-minded; mean,stingy) democracy: few constraints on the president, once elected. The presidents use of his privileged position to secure reelection. The focus on a strong but often effective leader, rather than institutions. Harrying of potential opponents. Manipulation of the media but little if any ballot-stuffing (pp. 49-52).

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32 3.7 The three waves of democratization: the first wave (1828-1926, e.g. UK, USA), the second wave (1943-62, e.g. India, Japan), the third wave (1974-91, e.g. Spain, Portugal). The USA as an example of liberal democracy; Britain as an example of representative democracy (pp. 52-8; Read Box 3.3: Huntingtons three waves, pp. 40).

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Vote For Someone who goes above and beyond Good Governance and Democracy

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AUTHORITARIAN RULE

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4.1 Ten of the 45 largest states by population still ruled by authoritarian means, including China, Pakistan, Vietnam, Egypt and Iran. Control of oil (pp. 61-5).

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( KPL) The Secretary General of the Communist Party of Vietnam Nong Duc Manh arrived here yesterday morning on an official visit to Laos on April 13- 15 at the invitation of Lao Party Secretary General and State President Choummaly Sayasone. An official welcome ceremony for Comrade Nong Duc Manh with his delegation took place at the Presidential Palace Hor Kham by Mr. Choummaly Sayasone, Secretary General of the Lao Peoples Revolutionary Party. (From laovoice.com, 14 April 2010)

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Authoritarian Government of Burma (Myanmar) POWER FROM THE PEOPLE?

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Government of Iran: Hardliner Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on Wednesday (5 August 2009) sworn in for a second term as Iranian president in a ceremony likely to be snubbed by opposition leaders who claim he was fraudulently re-elected. (AFP/Behrouz Mehri) T530PM-TH630PM IRAN: Islamic Government Religiously Extreme POWER FROM THE PEOPLE?

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WHO EVER THOUGHT SADDAM HUSSEIN AND HIS CRONIES WERE EVER PUT IN A TRIAL IN FRONT OF THE WORLD/IRAQI CITIZENS: TYRANNY GUILT POWER FROM THE PEOPLE?

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Zimbabwe election has been rigged (fixed/falsified) by intimidation, fear and violence by President Mugabe (International Herald Tribune, 4 July 2008) POWER FROM THE PEOPLE?

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ROBERT MUGABE, President of Zimbabwe POWER FROM THE PEOPLE?

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43 Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe strongman (From bccnews.com) He has, however, always been regarded as something of a political enigma (mystery,puzzle). Local journalists who have tried to investigate these and other allegations against Mr Mugabe and his family say they have been intimidated and in some cases tortured. Until recently, Mr Mugabe had always been able to stifle political opposition. His Zanu-PF party still dominates what is virtually a one party state occupying 147 out of the country's 150 parliamentary seats. He controls the military, police, national committee of elction he has jailed Opposition party member and tortured, etc.

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4.2 The concept of a totalitarian regime (mainly communist and fascist): theoretically transformative and mobilizing. Totalitarian regime here treated as a form of authoritarian - that is, non- democratic - rule (pp. 61-5).

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4.3 Characteristics of authoritarian rule : limited institutionalization, political vulnerability, economic stagnation. Reliance on the military, patronage and the media to maintain the ruling elite (pp. 61-5).

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4.4 Communist states as party-led regimes with unequalled penetration of society. Governed about one in three of the worlds population at their peak in the 1970s and 1980s. The contrast between Marxs ideals and the authoritarian reality. Lenins notion of the vanguard party. Economic planning as a dead-end once industrialization achieved. Continued economic growth sustains China and Vietnam as purely nominal communist states, fuelled in part by corruption (pp. 65- 9).

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4.5 Fascist states as leader-dominated regimes which sought to rebuild traditional national glories through an all-embracing modern order. Mussolinis Italy as an example. Again, a contrast between fascist theory and poorly-administered regimes. The end of the fascist challenge in 1945 (pp. 72-3).

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4.6 Personal despotisms: a single individual rules though fear and rewards, relying on a personal security force to maintain power. Examples: Dominican Republic ( Trujillo), Haiti (Franois Duvalier) (pp. 73-4).

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4.7 Military government as a common form of rule in developing countries 1960s-1980s. Superpower support as a factor encouraging coups. The limited impact of many such governments. The retreat of the generals in the 1980s and 1990s but the difficult legacy of many post- military regimes (pp. 74-8).

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4.8 Other types of authoritarian rule: party regimes (non-totalitarian), ruling royal families (Middle East), theocracy ( Iran), ruling president ( Uzbekistan) (pp. 76-81).

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