CHAPTER 13CHAPTER 13Making Democracies WorkMaking Democracies Work

CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 14 Promoting Democracy EffectivelyPromoting Democracy Effectively

Can countries that just went through democratization Can countries that just went through democratization remain democracies and up to a level that their people remain democracies and up to a level that their people

think as worth having?think as worth having?

Reasons for poor democratic Reasons for poor democratic performance: performance:

- Poor governancePoor governance- Predatory statePredatory state- Lack of civic cultureLack of civic culture

Overcoming a predatory stateOvercoming a predatory state

1)1) Horizontal relations of trust and cooperationHorizontal relations of trust and cooperation

- civil society- civil society

2) Effective institutions2) Effective institutions- Rule of lawRule of law- Freedom of informationFreedom of information- Anti-corruption bodiesAnti-corruption bodies- Ombudsman’s officeOmbudsman’s office- Public auditsPublic audits- Parliament oversight committeesParliament oversight committees- Independent judicial system Independent judicial system - Economic regulatory institutionsEconomic regulatory institutions- Electoral commissionElectoral commission

3) Institutions linking people to the political 3) Institutions linking people to the political processprocess

4) Economic reforms4) Economic reforms

Promoting Democracy Promoting Democracy EffectivelyEffectively

International effortsInternational efforts NEDsNEDs counterpart organizationscounterpart organizations

For democracy efforts to workFor democracy efforts to work

- local ownership- local ownership

- aid to institutions promoting democracy- aid to institutions promoting democracy

- realistic expectations- realistic expectations

- scale - scale

Conditioning development assistance Conditioning development assistance USAID’s report in 2002, “Foreign aid in USAID’s report in 2002, “Foreign aid in

the National Interest”the National Interest”

Liberation technologyLiberation technology

- internet, social media- internet, social media

- overcome censorship- overcome censorship

- mobilize and civic actions - mobilize and civic actions

CH15 Physician, Heal CH15 Physician, Heal ThyselfThyself

Meng-Hsin ChenMeng-Hsin Chen

INTL 190INTL 190

How Americans think of politics in How Americans think of politics in America?America?

Low levels of confidence in the leaders of Low levels of confidence in the leaders of both partiesboth parties

Anger at the disproportionate powerAnger at the disproportionate power Impatience with the polarization of political Impatience with the polarization of political

lifelife Powerless to change thingsPowerless to change things Citizen has no voice and is unpresentedCitizen has no voice and is unpresented

ProblemsProblems

Political corruptionPolitical corruption Influence peddlingInfluence peddling Abuse of libertiesAbuse of liberties Decline of constitutionalismDecline of constitutionalism Polarization of partisan politicsPolarization of partisan politics

CorruptionsCorruptions

Public corruption crimesPublic corruption crimes

““The fact is that the struggle against The fact is that the struggle against corruption is global, and no country or corruption is global, and no country or culture has a special purchase on morality” culture has a special purchase on morality” – page.350– page.350

EarmarkEarmark

Also called “pork-barrel” – funds that use to Also called “pork-barrel” – funds that use to spend for particular projectsspend for particular projects

Between 1998 and 2005, spending on Between 1998 and 2005, spending on federal lobbying increased by 60%, $2.28 federal lobbying increased by 60%, $2.28 billionbillion

Reduce the purchase influenceReduce the purchase influence

Greater transparencyGreater transparency GrassrootsGrassroots StealthStealth

Watchdog groupWatchdog group

Enhancing participationEnhancing participation

Voter turnout rate is significantly lowVoter turnout rate is significantly low

the idea of mandatory voting the idea of mandatory voting

Interest in politicsInterest in politics

Bridging the Partisan DivideBridging the Partisan Divide

Declining incidence of “bipartisan”Declining incidence of “bipartisan”

““vanishing marginals”vanishing marginals”

Partisan polarizationPartisan polarization Move from “closed” to “partially open”Move from “closed” to “partially open”

Changing the systemChanging the system

Proportional representation (PR)Proportional representation (PR)

Alternative vote (AV)Alternative vote (AV) Also know as the “instant run-off”Also know as the “instant run-off”

Size of the House of Size of the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

““the size of the lower house of Congress the size of the lower house of Congress has been fixed at 435 members, but the has been fixed at 435 members, but the population of the United State has more population of the United State has more than tripled.”than tripled.”

““this may be one reason – underappreciated this may be one reason – underappreciated in most commentaries – why people more in most commentaries – why people more and more feel disconnected from and more feel disconnected from government.”government.”

Towards a better democracyTowards a better democracy

Education and mobilization of the citizens Education and mobilization of the citizens themselvesthemselves

““ask not what your country can do for you – ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country”ask what you can do for your country”

Chapter 2: Transitions Chapter 2: Transitions and Continuitiesand Continuities

Rosalina SaenzRosalina Saenz

Transitions in Latin AmericaTransitions in Latin America

Transitions- In the 1980s and 1990sTransitions- In the 1980s and 1990s Establishment and consolidation of Establishment and consolidation of

democratic Regimesdemocratic Regimes Outcome of transitionsOutcome of transitions

Types of Authoritarian RegimeTypes of Authoritarian Regime

Personalist dictatorshipsPersonalist dictatorships Tend to be more conflict prone, leaders are usually from Tend to be more conflict prone, leaders are usually from

military ranksmilitary ranks SultanismSultanism Institutional authoritarian regimeInstitutional authoritarian regime

Power belonging to committees, bureaucracies or Power belonging to committees, bureaucracies or institutionsinstitutions

Military JuntaMilitary Junta Bureaucratic authoritarian regimeBureaucratic authoritarian regime

Are development and democracy Are development and democracy linked?linked?

Does democracy require socio-economic development?Does democracy require socio-economic development? Modernization TheoryModernization Theory HypothesisHypothesis

Socioeconomic development is a necessary precondition for Socioeconomic development is a necessary precondition for democracydemocracy

Development is necessary for the consolidation of democracyDevelopment is necessary for the consolidation of democracy ““Over time, the association between economic development and Over time, the association between economic development and

political democracy lost its empirical force”political democracy lost its empirical force”

The impact of social classesThe impact of social classes

Political transitions result from pressures of societal demandsPolitical transitions result from pressures of societal demands Cycle- 1900-1930 Cycle- 1900-1930

Democratization after independence was controlled by the eliteDemocratization after independence was controlled by the elite Ex. ArgentinaEx. Argentina

Cycle- 1940-1977Cycle- 1940-1977 Largely affected by the middle classLargely affected by the middle class Countries reached democracy during this time periodCountries reached democracy during this time period Authoritarian regimes seized power once moreAuthoritarian regimes seized power once more Mexico an exceptionMexico an exception

The impact of social classesThe impact of social classes

Cycle- 1978-2000Cycle- 1978-2000 Working class more involved Working class more involved

Protests, strikesProtests, strikes Middle class felt excluded from the decision process=electoral Middle class felt excluded from the decision process=electoral

reformreform Challenging authoritarian regime Challenging authoritarian regime

Transition via rupturaTransition via ruptura Transition via reformaTransition via reforma Strategies of liberalization by authoritarian regimeStrategies of liberalization by authoritarian regime ““bargaining games”bargaining games”

ConclusionsConclusions

Outcomes of transitionsOutcomes of transitions All transitions do not lead to democracyAll transitions do not lead to democracy

Chapter 3Chapter 3

The MilitaryThe Military

Heading for the Exits?Heading for the Exits?

Forging FatherlandsForging Fatherlands•“According to military folklore in Latin America, the armed forces are not merely apart of the nation—they created the nation” -pg. 74

•Militaries provided: resistance to intermittent European intrusions, fought wars against other Latin American countries and combated in civil wars that broke out.

•European influence separated the military further from civil society•Ex: Chile invited Germany and Peru and Brazil invited France for military missions

•“All these developments combined to strengthen belief in an unwavering commitment to defense of the fatherland—La Partia—as the grand historical mission of the Latin American militaries” –pg. 75

•Questions: •Was this Ideology a convenient justification for their actions?•What drives the military into politics? (Box 3.1)

Patterns of ParticipationPatterns of Participation•Analyzes the militaries central roles in Latin American politics by presenting data on golpes de estado and successful coups from 1900-2000 (Fig. 3.1) .

•Three Key Periods:1. Crisis of Oligarchy (1910-19) 2. The era of the Great Depression (golpes) 3. The 1960s and 1970s (coups)

•Military regimes vs. Dictatorships – Four critical variables (Smith):1.Whether the power structure within the regime is personalistic or collegial2.Whether the military as and institution takes part in governmental decision making3.Whether the regime has a distinct ideological orientation, and if so, what it is4.The societal base of civilian support for military rule.

Patterns of ParticipationPatterns of Participation•During the 1960s & 1970s, institutional regimes came into the forefront, which had long-term commitments to ideological programs.

Reformist/Inclusionary regimes: Create a popular base of support for military rule by mobilizing new sets of political actors around reformist programs (targeted: lower middle class and lower urban and rural class)

Reactionary/Exclusionary regimes: Central goal is the demobilization. Popular groups become opposition to military rule rather than support. (targeted: middle and upper class support)

•“In all cases the ideological commitment embraced a series of tenets—anticommunism, economic liberalism, insistence on morality, devotion to la patria, and belief in the inherent virtues of law and order.” –pg.83

•“A common feature of all military regimes is their declaration that at some future point, elections will take place and democracy will take root” –pg. 84

Wars Against SubversionWars Against Subversion•The Cold War’s affects on Latin America came as a pressing matter after Cuba’s successful revolution in 1959 due to its proximity to the region.

•Castro made serious efforts to destabilize Venezuala The 1960s had an explosion of over 30 guerilla movements throughout Latin America.

•“Military authorities throughout the region concurred that this would be a long-term struggle. If and when they seized power, they would establish military regimes for sufficient periods of time to cleanse society, purge politics and economic development” –pg. 86

The Democrats’ Dilemma: The Democrats’ Dilemma: To Amnesty or not?To Amnesty or not?

• A critical challenge for the new democracies of the 1980s and 1990s has been establishing authority over the military.

Stephan Alfred argued, the struggles of this challenge take place in two dimensions:

1. Concerns of “contestation” over military-related policy, such as the definition of the military mission and the size of the military

budget.2. Concerns of military “prerogatives” internal to the military,

such as promotions, doctrines, deployments, and strategies.

Bargaining between civilian and military leaders can result in significant tradeoffs – e.g. Argentina and Chile

Modes Of Interaction: Modes Of Interaction: The Armed Forces and Democracy The Armed Forces and Democracy Question: Whether the most recent cycle of democratization in Latin America has assured civilian control over the armed forces?

• Does not meet criteria for democracy of full civilian control over the military and their subordination to civil institutions.

• Military does not hold the power they once did of plausible coups, due to the end of the Cold War and the end to the war on subversion.

• Continued to have influence, seeking to keep prerogatives and in some cases through contestation.

Civil-military relations of this kind lead to four different patterns in the 1980s and 1990s (Smith):

1. Military Control2. Military Tutelage3. Conditional military subordination4. Civilian Control

Has the Military Left?Has the Military Left?Questions:

1. Are armed forces really retreating from the political arena?2. Are they likely to return?3. Why have they tolerated the rise of civilian authority?

Factors to consider (Smith):• Relative absence of major threats to national security• End of plausible threat of subversion (end of Cold War)• La Patria is safe• Economic elites, closely allied to armed forces in the Southern Cone,

face little immediate danger• From a military standpoint, armed forces have accomplished their

mission. (Done its job well) • Military not exile, but honing their capabilities and enhancing their

readinessConclusion (Smith): “No doubt about the survival of armed forces in Latin America” –pg. 106

Chapter 4: Global Chapter 4: Global Contexts, International Contexts, International

ForcesForces

Vishal NatarajanVishal Natarajan

Main ThemesMain Themes

The Role of the US in promoting democracy The Role of the US in promoting democracy in Latin America. What are US motives?in Latin America. What are US motives?

The impact of multilateral organizations on The impact of multilateral organizations on democratization.democratization.

Democracy promotion vs. doctrine of Democracy promotion vs. doctrine of national sovereignity.national sovereignity.

Imperialism and DemocracyImperialism and Democracy

The Legacy of ImperialismThe Legacy of Imperialism ““We are friends of constitutional government We are friends of constitutional government

in America….I am going to teach the South in America….I am going to teach the South American Republics to elect good men!” - American Republics to elect good men!” - Woodrow Wilson (pg. 110)Woodrow Wilson (pg. 110)

US Military Interventions: in the name of US Military Interventions: in the name of democracy? Or self-interest?democracy? Or self-interest?

1932: FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy”1932: FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy”

Cold WarCold War

Truman, 1947: “It must be a policy of the United Truman, 1947: “It must be a policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting States to support free peoples who are resisting the attempted subjugation by armed minorities or the attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”by outside pressures.”

Inter-American Military CollaborationInter-American Military Collaboration Containment PolicyContainment Policy ““It is better to have a strong regime in power than It is better to have a strong regime in power than

a liberal one if it is indulgent and relaxed and a liberal one if it is indulgent and relaxed and penetrated by Communists.” - George Kennanpenetrated by Communists.” - George Kennan

Cold War ContinuedCold War Continued

Stemming Tides of the RevolutionStemming Tides of the Revolution Displacing Inconvenient DemocraciesDisplacing Inconvenient Democracies Economic CrisisEconomic Crisis Overall Impact of Cold War on Democracy Overall Impact of Cold War on Democracy

in Latin Americain Latin America

Post-Cold War DevelopmentsPost-Cold War Developments

The Globalization Era: The importance of The Globalization Era: The importance of economic spheres of influence/decline of economic spheres of influence/decline of overt military interventions.overt military interventions.

The Impact of Multilateral OrganizationsThe Impact of Multilateral Organizations New, post-9/11 context? (less supportive of New, post-9/11 context? (less supportive of

democracy?)democracy?)

Questions RaisedQuestions Raised

Have U.S. policies had an overall positive Have U.S. policies had an overall positive impact on democratization? OR does the impact on democratization? OR does the U.S. invoke the name of democracy to U.S. invoke the name of democracy to justify intervention while really pursuing justify intervention while really pursuing short-term, ulterior poli/econ/social motives?short-term, ulterior poli/econ/social motives?

Does relatively recent success of Does relatively recent success of multilateral organizations prove Diamond multilateral organizations prove Diamond right?right?

Exploring Institutional Exploring Institutional AlternativesAlternativesJordan M. Marquez Jordan M. Marquez

The Terms of Debate The Terms of Debate

Denouncing Armed Forces Denouncing Armed Forces Condemning the United States Condemning the United States Internal Social Conflicts Internal Social Conflicts Latin American Democracy itselfLatin American Democracy itself From Leadership to System From Leadership to System Institutional Design*Institutional Design*

Envisioning Alternatives Envisioning Alternatives

Presidential vs. Parliamentary GovernmentsPresidential vs. Parliamentary Governments Separation vs. Fusion ParadoxSeparation vs. Fusion Paradox

Pro-Parliamentary ArgumentsPro-Parliamentary Arguments

Presidentialism tends to have:Presidentialism tends to have: Temporal Rigidity Temporal Rigidity Winner-Take-All Winner-Take-All Dual Democratic Legitimacy Dual Democratic Legitimacy

Counter-ArgumentsCounter-Arguments

Virtues of Executive Stability Virtues of Executive Stability Separation of Executive and Legislative Separation of Executive and Legislative

PowersPowers Popular Election is more democraticPopular Election is more democratic Other factors at fault Other factors at fault Societal Conditions Societal Conditions

Semi-Presidentialism/Semi-Presidentialism/ParliamentarismParliamentarism

““A president elected by direct vote of the A president elected by direct vote of the citizenry, and a prime minister (and cabinet) citizenry, and a prime minister (and cabinet) selected by and beholden to the legislature. selected by and beholden to the legislature. In principle, this would combine the In principle, this would combine the advantages of direct democratic election advantages of direct democratic election and stable tenure (for the president) with the and stable tenure (for the president) with the flexibility of a parliamentary cabinet and flexibility of a parliamentary cabinet and prime minister.”prime minister.”

Attempts At Reform Attempts At Reform

Brazil: Voice of the Voters Brazil: Voice of the Voters Argentina: Calculating Political Odds Argentina: Calculating Political Odds Chile: A Pact for Presidentialism Chile: A Pact for Presidentialism

Why Not? Why Not?

Right to directly vote could not be easily Right to directly vote could not be easily replaced. replaced.

Public opinion polling Public opinion polling Low faith in Congress and political partiesLow faith in Congress and political parties Politics of Nostalgia Politics of Nostalgia

Varieties of Varieties of Presidentialism Presidentialism

Jordan M. Marquez Jordan M. Marquez

Executive Power Executive Power

Epicenter of Latin America Politics Epicenter of Latin America Politics Personalismo Personalismo Rotation of chief executives Rotation of chief executives

Means of Election Means of Election

Plurality Plurality Majority Runoff (MRO) Majority Runoff (MRO)

To Reelect or Not? To Reelect or Not?

More impediment than safeguard?More impediment than safeguard? Transition to “semidemocratic” Transition to “semidemocratic” Punctuated Reelection Punctuated Reelection

Sources of PowerSources of Power

Constitutional and Partisan Constitutional and Partisan Proactive or Reactive Proactive or Reactive Authority to issue decrees Authority to issue decrees

The Legislative Branch The Legislative Branch

Historically Weak Historically Weak Offered Legitimation Offered Legitimation Training Grounds Training Grounds Third Cycle of Political Change Third Cycle of Political Change

Electoral Systems and Rules of Electoral Systems and Rules of Representation Representation

Single Member Districts (SMD) Single Member Districts (SMD) • US HOR and British Parliament US HOR and British Parliament Duverger’s Law Duverger’s Law M=1 leads to 2 party systems M=1 leads to 2 party systems Proportional Representation (PR)Proportional Representation (PR) Multi-Party System Multi-Party System Mixed Systems Mixed Systems Closed List vs. Open List Closed List vs. Open List

Electoral Cycles Electoral Cycles

Concurrent Elections Concurrent Elections Asynchronous Asynchronous

Reelection and Term Limits Reelection and Term Limits

Time for Legislation to Develop Time for Legislation to Develop ““If legislatures are weak, members will be If legislatures are weak, members will be

inclined to move on to more important inclined to move on to more important positions instead of seeking reelection; if positions instead of seeking reelection; if reelection rates are very low, legislatures reelection rates are very low, legislatures will remain weak” will remain weak”

Voting and Voting Records Voting and Voting Records

Accountability Accountability Protection of legislative autonomy Protection of legislative autonomy No outside pressures No outside pressures

Institutional Performance Institutional Performance

Reactive rather than proactive Reactive rather than proactive Presence of Opposition Presence of Opposition ““Workable” and “Recalcitrant” Workable” and “Recalcitrant”

Toppling Presidents Toppling Presidents

Impeachment or Quasi-Impeachment Impeachment or Quasi-Impeachment Resurgence of checks and Balances? Resurgence of checks and Balances? Divided Governments Divided Governments Accusations of corruption Accusations of corruption Economic Policy Economic Policy

Parties and Party Systems Parties and Party Systems

Effective Number of PartiesEffective Number of Parties High Levels of Institutionalization?High Levels of Institutionalization? Quality of Democracy Quality of Democracy

THE ENDTHE END