1 knowledge management and project management dr. silke schoenert university of koblenz-landau,...
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Knowledge Managementand
Project Management
Dr. Silke SchoenertUniversity of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
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Where we are?
Project management
Hardware
Software Systems &
Client-Server
Tele-communications& Data Network
Databases &Datawarehouse
Emerging Technologies
Internet, Intranets, Extranets, VPNs
e-commerceKnowledge-management ERP, SCM,CRM Web Services
App
licat
ions
Infr
astr
uctu
re
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Outline
What is knowledge?
Why Knowledge management?
How to manage knowledge?
Knowledge Management in Projects
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Data-Information-Knowledge
Knowledge
Data Information
semantic pragmatic
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Data - Information - Knowledge
Data
Information
Knowledge
Collect
Structure
Aggregation
Analysis
Synthesis
Decision
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Knowledge a Key Sucess Factor
Product lifecycle becomes shorter (need for innovative products)
Knowledge is nescessary for decisions on all corporate levels
Globalization of CompaniesConcurrent Engineering (more
divisions cooperate)
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... but
Knowledge management is highly political, „Knowledge is Power“
Loss of knowledge in case of fluctuation
Hiding failures, Repeating failures Decision making with incomplete
knowledgeKnowledge Management is expensive
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Sources of Knowledge
2.862.68
2.412.36
2.302.16
1.942.07
1.751.68
Professional EducationCooperation with customer
Research in journalsAnalysis of competitors
Cooperation with SupplierConferences
Market ResearchComparative Analysis
Recruitment of ExpertsCooperation with Universities
Scale from 0:never to 4: very often
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Types of Knowledge
Explicit
You can communicate
Easy to formalizeSavable on
different mediadisembodied
Tacit
hard to communicate
Hard to formalizeSaved in brain
embodied
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Combination
Structuring concepts by applying categories, by sorting, combining concepts, exchange of explicit knowledge (documents), communication
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Internalization
Generation of implicit knowledge through “learning by doing”, new mental models
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Socialization
Transfer of implicit knowledge from person to person by observation, imitation, practical experience, generation of one’s own mental model
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Externalization
Articulation of implicit knowledge by using explicit concepts
Usage of metaphorsUsage of analogiesUsage of models
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Spiral of KnowledgeEpistemologicaldimension
Explicitknowledge
Tacitknowledge
Individual Group Organization Inter-organization
Knowledge level
Ontological
dimension
Internalization
Socialization
Combination
Externalization
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Why Knowledge Management?
Corporate Processes need more knowledge-> Increasing cost finding knowledge/experts-> choice of relevant knowledge
Knowledge becomes a product (Information Brokering)
Corporate Knowledge increases Company value (intangible good)
knowledge of employees is the most valuable asset
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What is Knowledge Management
…‘the acquisition, sharing and use of knowledge within organizations, including learning processes and management information systems’
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Knowledge Management and Technology
Know-ledge
Socialization
externalization
knowledge
Organizational memory
communication knowledge
internalization
learning
Information-technology
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Information Managementvs
Knowledge Management
IMOffers explicit
knowledge“Connecting data”
KMConverting of
implicit knowledge into explicit
“connecting people”
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Functions of KM
Goals of Knowledge
Distri-bution
Evaluation
Usage
Storage
Generation
Identi-fication
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Components
Human ComputerInteraction
Knowledge Portal
Application
Data and Information
Collaborative/Community Technologies
Business IntelligenceData Analysis
Integration of information sourcesMeta Repository
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Classification
Database ManagementData WarehouseData Mining
Information RetrievalKnowledge RetrievalText Mining
Document ManagementWorkflow ManagementGroupware
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IS Support of Knowledge Management
Generation Identification Distribution Usage Integration
CommunityTools
SimulationModeling
Categorization
ExpertRepresentation
CollaborativeFiltering
Video/AudioStreaming
Video/AudioConferencing
DataConferencing
PushTechnologies
SummarizationTools
VisualizationTools
Data Warehousing
[Raimann/Back 2000]
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How to motivate employees
Integration of knowledge workers into requirement engineering processes
Incentives“Management as Paragon”Flat hierarchiesStepwise Introduction of Knowledge
Management
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Knowledge Ontologies
„People can‘t share knowledge if they don‘t speak a common language“
[Davenport 1998]
„An ontology is an explicit specification of a shared conceptualization“
[Gruber 1993]• Formal, based on mathematics
Davenport, T., Prusak, L. 1998: Working Knowledge: how organizations manage what they know. Harvard Business School Press T. R. Gruber. A translation approach to portable ontologies. Knowledge Acquisition, 5(2):199-220, 1993
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Knowledge Maps
In its simplest form, a knowledge map is a straightforward directory, pointing people who need access to knowledge to places where it can be found.
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Example
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Knowledge Communities
Example: The Babble System
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Knowledge Management in the Public Sector
Citizens’ and businesses’ oriented service delivery including one-stop service provision,
Inter-organisational co-operation between governmental agencies and
Cross-border support for complex administrative decision making
Milner: Managing Information and Knowledge in the Public Sector,2000
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Why Knowledge Management in projects
Increasing „Management by Project“Time restrictions of projects make the
reuse of knowledge nescessaryInterdiciplinary workHigh fluctuation of expertsProjects are unique but many processes
are similarCommunication through electronic media
(esp. In virtual projects)
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Knowledge in Projects
Project team members Relationship between them formal/informal Communication structure Formal/Informal Roles Tasks Schedules Costs Communication processes Corporate processes ….
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Communication in projects
Team A Team CTeam B
formelle Kommunikationsbeziehung
informelle Kommunikationsbeziehung
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PROVITweb based project support in virtual organizations
Administration Task Information
Team member information
Information objects
Task information
Project structure Project schedule Responsibilities
Information Request individualized standardized
Information Offer
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Communicationprocess
Communicationstructure
Visualisation of team members and their relationships
Graph theoretical analysis
Petri-net based visualisation Petri-net based analysis To automate routine
communication processes