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2O5 .1 94C0 ~a~—~a÷~

rt~ if liBRARY1 *JTERNATIONAU ~FFERENCE CW411!~

FOR cOMMUNITY WATER oUFPLY AN*5ANITATIGN (IRC’J

:1.111 mu n ity-basedtA~~WQkrSupply and

nitation Projects

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~Bagn1t~Kisumu

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Cornrnunity-basedWater Supply

and Sanitation ProjectsBaringo and KisumuDistricts,Kenya

L~B~ARY,IN rEr~A1!~’TiIc~.- rrTE~cECF~ Fc[~.~ ~ / WAI s~~r~yoUnited NatiQns ~hi1drenS 1~uid

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Extractsform this booklet may be freely i epioducedprovided dueacknowledgementis made.

November1994

Publishedby the UNICEFKenyaCountryOfficeP 0 Box 44145,Nai,obL Kenya

Photocredits MaggieMurry.LeeRebeccaKatumbaUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme(UNEP)PastoralistIntegratedPmojects,Kenya

Compiled& Edited. RebeccaKatumba

DesignandLayout: Joe Githinji

Printedby: RegalPressKenyaLimited

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--Preface

Universalaccessto saledrinking waterand adequateenvironmentalsanitationarethe maingoalsfor theWater andSanitation(WATSAN) sector. Thesegoalsarewell articulatedin theNationalProgrammeofAction (NPA) for children in the 1990s. - -In thisregard,theGovernmentofKenya(GOK) aridUNICEF areaddressingoneaspectofthe‘silent emergency’- childrendying becausetheir communitieslackaccessto safewaterandsanitation;becausetheirparentsarenot awareof oral rehydratiofftherapy(ORT).

However,the expei~encesof theInternationalDrinking WaterSupply andSanitationDecade(IDWSSD) indicate that the Govenimentalonecannot provide accessto safewater to allcitizens.TheGovernmenthasrealisedthatsuchobjectivescanonlybeachievedthroughactiveinvolvementofthecommunitiesconcerned.

Similarly, theWATSAN sectorhasshiftedemphasisfrom mereprovision of technicalinputsto the empowernieritand motivation of communitiesto use, manageand own water andsanitationsystems.Allianceshavealsobeenforgedwith agenciesoperatingatgrassrootslevelsto complementtheseefforts.

Water and sanitationcommitteeshavebeenformed; and the conceptof local managementinvolving womenin theoperationandmaintenanceofthesystemshasbeenadopted.Thereis

overwiielming senseof ownershipwhich enhancessustainability.

Furthermore,thereareeffortsto expandlinkagesbetweenwatersupply, sanitationandhealthto includenutrition and education.This integrationis broadeningthe scopeof the BamakoInitiative from its healthfocusto include community-managedwaterand sanitationsystems.

As a resultofauniquepartnershipof thecornmunity/GOK/Non-GovernmentalOrganisations(NGOs),includingchurchorganisations/otherexternaldonoragencies/UNICEFnetworking

_____ in BaringoandKisumururaldistricts,manyreplicablecommunity-basedwaterandsanitationprojectsarenow beingimplemented.

As highlightedin this booklet,a significantmomentumhasbeencreatedandthedemandforservicesis increasingrapidly in theseareas. -

This is a big challenge.The funding level doesnot satisfy the demand.For this reason,theimpactofUNICEF supportto theGovernmentobjectives/strategiesto replicatethesystemsin

otherneedyareaswill dependa greatdealon the fundingsituation.

But all hopeis not lost. The externalsupportagenciescanmitigale the ‘silent emergency’throughrenewedcommitmentto the WATSAN sector.

-.

3

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Lukidi Keripongois a ten-year-oldherdsboy.Helivesin avillage aboutfive kilometresawayfromLorukTradingCentrein BaringoDistrict.Every morning,he brings milk for salein thecentreandwhenhefancies,he passesthroughLoruk PrimarySchool to play with his age-matesduringbreaktirne.“SometimesI gothereto listento whattheteacheris telling thepupils,I do it from the windowasI don’t havemuchtime to waste.”

Keripongo’s people attach unique value toeducation;familiessendchildrentoschoolasapunishmentfor failure to look after livestockproperly!Thefeweducatedpersonsareregardedasa loss to the community.

However, last year, when Keripongo passedthroughtheschoolduringbreaktirne~hisfriendswerelistening to the PublicHealthTechnician(PHT) from Loruk Dispensary,knownin thecommunityas‘dakiiari’. He know~him wellbecauseon severaloccasions,his motherhadtakenhim to thedispensaryandhe wasgivensomemedicinewhich stoppeddiarrhoea.

Keripongosatthroughthetalk andkeenlyobservedthedemonstrations.Butwhatwas imprintedon his mmd was thePET’s wamingon the dangersofdrinkingwaterfrom thenearbyLakeBaringo. - -

Sincethen,whenKeripongobringsthemilk in themorning,hewaitsuntil thewatersalebeginssothathecanfill his containerswithdrinkingwater.“I don’tpay for the waterbut I havemoneyin case.. I havetold my motherwhat‘dakitari’ saidandshegivesmy brothersandsistersthesamewaterto drink,thesedayssherarelytakesmeor othersto seehim,” Keripongopointsoutproudly,fmgeringhis containers:.. - - -

- .- n— -- - — -~-—

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________________________ - - A

LflYia~F~ • sa -

“Every child has the right to clean drinking-water, taking into ~ -~: ~

considerationthedangersandrisksofenvironmentalpol/ution;hygiene -

andenvironmentalsanitation” LH&~~fl~tW~J!I~~iW~

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— Conventionon the Rightsof theChild

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Contents

— f- - -~ -: 11 :-1~~i~~

- Overview 1

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ConceptandMethodology 5

CommunityLeadershipTraining 9

CommunityParticipâfionandSocial~Mobi1is~ti6n11

~ ~ ~ :

• WomenInvolvement -. - 17~ —- . - .~ -; - .—- - • ~- ~

OperationandMaintenanceTraining 19

Perspectivesfor theFuture 21• - —•-~- — - -. - ~

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- -~- -

Overview- . -~ -

- _.t- --4 -

- —The Problem• - • — - - — - r :~-~—

By theendof1990,only 42percentofKenya’srural populationofabout18 million,accessto safedrinl4ngwater. Today,about14 percentof ruralconimumties

-~ ~a1kbe1w~en2 aiid 8km to a drir~king~wa~tersourceduringthewet season;in thedryseasonthenumberaffectedrisesto27percent.

This putsconsiderablestrainon womenandtheirchildren,who like elsewherein Africa spendlonghourscollectingwater.

However,the Governmenthasmadeconsiderableprogressin thepi-ovisiorinfsafewatersuppliesandsanitation. But, progresshasbeenovershadowedby rapidpopulationgrowthandrestrainedby adverseeconomiccircumstances.

Despite these factors, there are goals set andprogrammesbeing undertakento improveaccessibilityto safedrinking waterandsanitation.The Conventionon the Rights of the Child andNational Programmeof Action (NPA) goals forwater and sanitationby the year 2000 are theguidingprinciples.

Objectives and StrategiesThe WaterandSanilationSector’sobjectivesareto:

- ~- .-- .-~‘ -- ‘-“-fl- - -;‘~ ‘,w

• Increase access to safe drinking water and adequatemeans of waste (including excreta) disposal

- - • Reduce the prevalence of water-borne diseases such asdiarrhoea

• Reduce the drudgery of fetching water in rural areas

In ordertoachievetheobjectives,replicablewatersupplyandsanitationsystemsare• givenpilority. Suslalnableinterventionsarepreferred- systemswhichareeasytornstall, easyto operate,easyto repairandmaintain,andwhoseIrecurrentcostsare

allordabjeby thebeneficiarycommunity. -

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Priority is givento gravity waterdelivery systemsandthe protectionof springs,where feasible. Rain water harvestingis encouraged. Water and sanitationactivitiesarelinkedwith PrimaryHealthCare(PHC)IBamakoInitiative* projects.CothmUnit~participationis emphasisedasa strategythat involvesthepeoplekabottom-upapproachto district development.

Theprojects’designstronglyemphasisesthe conceptofcommunityparticipationand socialmobilisationto influencesocialchange.Community involvement inidentifying, planning, consiruction,operation,managementand maintenancerepresentthekey to thefunctioning of the facilities and contributeimmenselytotheft utilisation. They also inculcatein communitiesa senseofownership,thusenhancingsustainability.

NetworkingThe Government/Non-GovernmentalOrganisations(NGOs), including churchorgantsations/otherexternaldonoragencies/UNICEFarecollaboratingto provide

- about300,000peoplewith adequatesafedrinkingwaterandenhancewastedisposalmcluding, humanexcreta, for about 200,000 peo~iie,in Baringo and KisumilDistricts.

UNICEF has forged- allianceswith groups operatingat grassrootslevels,complementingtheirefforts ratherthanstartingentirelynew projects. A uniquepartnershipknown asthe District WaterDevelopmentCommittee(DWDC) hasemergedcomprisingofGovernmentMinistriesandDepartments,NGOsandotheragencies-who haveimplementingcapacityonwaterand/orsanitation.

LinkagesImplementationof suchprojectsis possiblebecauseemphasishaschangedfrom‘servicedeliverytohigh impactprogrammes.’TheWaterandSanitationSectorisnowpromoting‘linkages’ofwaterandsanitationtohealthandhealth-relatedissuesandactively involving womenin developmentprogrammes.

* Afncan MinigersofHealthmetin a~ako,Mali (i987) anddevisedasystenunwhichconimuniiiHiwoutdmanage,settandreplenishdrugsfor seit-reliance.Hence,aamakoInitiative

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A combination of the above togetherwith patience,creativeapproachesandcommitted individuals at every leveL havemadesomeimpactin thetwo districts.

This booklet higjjlights some of the elementsof community-basedwater and

4~&anitationsystemsinselectedcommunitiesin the two districts. - -

The linkages to health have contributed lo the preventiveaspects of diarrhoeal diseases and to the nutritional elementspertaining to time/energysavings ofwomen and their childrendue to accessible water supplies.

Linkages to education through hygiene education at schooland provision of facilities at these institutions have been foundto be effective means of reaching children in their formativeyears.

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Equally important is capacity building in the community asframing on the job to construct any form of latrine or install awater pump, has produced many ‘fundis’ (skilled artisans) whoare now earning income as private contractors.

Women have been recognised as highly important teammembers in water supply and sanitation projects and theyhave been rightly given a seatat thecenfre stage of development.

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KENYA

BARINGO

•Barwesa

•Barpello

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•Loruk

Lake Baringo

•Kabarnet

Lake BogorIá~

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• ~~ater Supply and~SanitationProlects

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C6nceptcihd MethodologyBarin~oDistrict liesin thecentreoftheGreatRift Valley.It hasroughlytwo distinct

- ~feas- The mediumrainfall westandcentralandthe semi-andorandeast,rocky,steepterrain in somepartswith scantyvegetation.

Therearetwo lakes,BaringoandBogoria,thelatterwith brackishwater. The main permanentriver,Kerio, bordersthedistrict to the west. Otherwisemany rivers which cnss-crossthe district areseasonal,springsare few particularly in the east,andtendto disappearunderground.

The climate is hot anddry with frequentspellsofdrought, the recentone being the 1992 droughtwhichaffectedEasternandSouthernAfrica. Somecommunitieshave lived in isolation until quiterecently. Pastoralistslive in theeastandthenorth,and peasantfarmers inhabit the westand centralhilly areas.

Kisumu District is in LakeVictoria basin,Africa’slargestfresh water lake. There are- two rivers - -

NyandoandAwachwhichcauseperennialfloodingduring the ramy seasonor when the waters ofNyandoarereleasedto irrigatericepaddies.

Themajority of thepeopleobtaintheirwaterfrom, pollutedponds,riversandLakeVictoria. Industrial

wastereleasedinto upstreamNyandoandthe~ghwatertable in somepartsalsooccasionallyincreasescontaminationthroughpit

latrine overflows. -

Thepeoplearefarmers,growingmainly cottonandsugar-canesandtheyalsokeepcnttle; fishingis-a big industry. - - -

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A moth~rw~hS’~• - alternathev~jo~rçe,

- but thuushazardqu~.pond.

Any development prolect undertaken in these districts is~!-i~i~ affected by factors which are geographical, others economicor socio-cultural; these factors in one way or another reinforce

- - - each other.—a—---- ~..

- -J ~.2 r - __________________________________________________________________________________________

For example,in Baringo,pastoralistspreferto live in scatteredhomesteadswhi~chr~trains~is~cfcornmun~lfacilities; men and boys go away from their homes

5

3ty~based ~- - -

- ~and

sometimesfor longperiods.As aresult,permanenthousesarerarelyconstructedandfacilities like latrinesare not thoughtof, even today. Livestockare kept forprestigeratherthantheireconomicvalue.

InKisumu,duringthedry season,ahigh percentageof thepopulationhasaccesstopit latrines,butmanyof theseunfortunatelycollapseduring therainyseasonwhenflooding occurs,thus groundwatercontaminationby humanexcreta.

High Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)Inbothdistricts,diseaseslikemalaria,dianhoeaincludingcholera,intestinalwormsandscabiesareendemic. IMR is very high and sois morbidity amongthe adultpopulation. Like in Baringo, the main causeof thesewoesin Kisumu, is lackofpotablewaterandpropersanitarydisposalofhumanexcreta.

Duetohighinfantmortalityandmorbidity UNICEFhasfocusedresoirrcesto thesedistricts througha participatoryprocessofdevelopment.

A 1987/88surveyin BaringoDistrict revealedsomehigh IMR areas(over171 per1000live births). A programmewasthereforelaunchedtopiomoteChildSurvivaland Development(CSD) in 18 sub-locationswhere the IMR washlghest~TheDistrict DevelopmentOfficer (DDO) organisedmeetingswithin eachfocussub-location.

Throughdiscussions,individualcommunitiesprioritisedtheirdevelopmentplans.Nevertheless,thecommunitieshadnotunderstoodfully theirrolein thedevelopmentprocess. -

TrainingSince early in the programmein 1990, training courseshavebeenorganisedtomotivatethedifferentcategoriesofthecommunitiesto organiseandtakeresponsibilityfor theirdevelopmentproject~.

The four-phased Community Leadership Training (CLT),especially leadership training, guides community leaders inparticipatory approach to development.

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Membersof various developmentcommitteesin thecommunitiesare trainedinadministrativeand operational proceduresto improve system management.Communitymembersare alsoexposedtootherareasof knowledge.Forexample, _________ - •

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Thecommunity working~onqfoo~to~e site- kenesia~Kisumu District.

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£Qoinluniiy-based~i-Water Supply andf-Sanitation Prolects

electedor volunteersare trainedin a two-monthphasedcommunityhealthcoursewhich includesbasic information on watersupplies, sanitation,healthandhygiene.

Thecourse-contentalsocoverssomegeneralhealthinterventionslike oral rehydration therapy,

recognisingof commondiseasesin thesocietyand theirremedies,operatingandsustainingacommunitypharmacyandchild immumsation.A majorimpactof thiscoursecarriedoutby theMinistry ofHealthis thateachcommunitynowhaseitherCommunityand/orVillage HealthWorkers(C/VHW).

• -~- - -- •~

Community Participation - •

Commffnityparticipationandinvolvementarecrucial to thesuccess~oftheprojects.Armed with the newly acquiredknowledge,communityleadersstart to organisetJieir conir~unitiesbeforeany;rojectis started. — - -

The processstarts with communitydiscussions,decisionmaking and planning- whichfrad t~the forma~onof de~ieIopmentcommitt~es,electing officials and

m~gisteringwith il~ieSoci~mIServicesDeparime~i.~Withaceiiii’icate, the committee~ opens a bank account for the money contributedtowards the construction!

- manag~n~ntof thesystem.- - - -

Beforework starts,thecommitteeis informedof theroles ofthe communityand~exi3éctations.In mostcasesIJNTCEF or partneragenciesunderwritethecost ofconstructioneq[npment and supplieswhile the Governmentprovides technical

The communitys~ppliesm~ipower,local building materialslike sandand gravelandis responsiblefor themanagement,operationandmaintenanceof the

systemonceit is completed.-— -~- -- - - ~ ~ r-~-~~ ~

This contribution from the commumtyto the project heightensawarenessand• ,jnculcatesa senseofown~rsliip,necessaryfor sustainahility.

- - Water

-f;- -~

Discussions with sub-location Child Survival Committees madeit clear that closer access to clean water was a top priority tomany. Water is therefore a significantentry pointto integrateddevelopment approach.

The District Water DevelopmentCommitteecarrieiout feasibility studies-ontechnologicaloptionswith costings. Duringthetime a studyis doneto determinewhichsystemis besttoservethearea,thecommunityis expectedtobein theprocessoulorganisingitself.

The watercommitteeorganisesthecommunityto maketheircontributiohsandisresponsiblefor themanagement,operationaiid maintenanceof the water supplysystemonceit is completed.

SanitationWhereasin many areasof operationwater is the leadentry, in Barwessasub-location,BaringoDistrict, samtarydisposalofhumancxcretaintervention,takesthelead.

Communitiesareorganisedthroughsanitationcommitteesto constructlatrinesatinstitutions with partnerorganisationsincluding UNICEF providing buikhngmaterialslike cement,ventpipesandwiremesh.Thecommunitiesaresupposedtoreplicatelatrinesat homesteadlevel.

Villagers orgamseRevolving Fundsbasedon the existing traditional self-helpgroupstohelpmembersmeetlatrineconstructioncosts.

ImpactAlready, therearewaterdevelopmentprojects;and, healtheducationis havingitsimpactonpeoplewhoarenowconstructinglatrinesin theirhomesteads.Cothmunitiesaretakmgcareof theirhealthproblemsthroughBamakoInitiative andwomenareengagingin income-generatingactivities with the resultantimprovementof theirfamiliesandcommunitiesasa whole.

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CommunilyLeadershiplrciining

Thetrainingprogranim~broughttogethers~iTxpeoplefromeachof thefocusareasin alocally developedfour-phasetrainingprogrammecoveringleadershipstyle, planning,organisationandmanagement.Ateamled by Governmentpersonnelandfacilitatorsfrom World Vision and KipsaramanCatholicMissionusedparticipatorytrainingmethods.

CLIcoursecontent:

PhaseOne: Leadership Style

• TypesofLeadership

• Effectivecommunication

• Basicstepsofplanning

Cultural beliefsandnorms/behavioursthat will bring aboutdevelopment

PhaseTwo: Group Organisation

Grouporgañisarion:

- how aregroupsformed

-hatis thegoal/purposeof fonninggroups

- cnmpositionofgroups

- constraintsin groupformation

~ssignments- how to improve on a group already organisedfor betterperformance

- - - - ___I~-~-~-•,----~-i

‘S

Joseph Kiptima had hardly warmed his seat as the newBarwessa sub-location assistant chief when a letter came fromthe District headquarters, Kabarnet, instructing him to chair thelocal CSD committee. “The whole thing did not make anysense to me,” he confesses, adding, “fortunately, another letterfollowed soon inviting me and five other people for CommunityLeadership Training (CLT).”

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PhaseThree: Improving DomesticIncome

• Runningofsmallscalebusinesses

• Proceduresandregulationsm establishingsmall scalebusinesses

PhaseFour: Planning and Management

• Projectplanning

• Projectimplementation

• Projectmanagement -~ - — - - - -

Trainingevolvedasaprocessnfproblem-solvingandan exchaflgebetweentrainersand trainees;was basedupon everydayexperiencesand taskswhich the traineeswereexpectedto carry out.

After everyfive-dayphase,theparticipantswho includedwomen,hadtogo backto theirrespectivecommunitiesandputintopracticetheirnewlyacquiredknowledgefor atleastonemonthbeforeembarkingonthenextphase.Thispracticehadagreatsignificanceon theparticipants.

Training Transforms Community Leader

Kiptima was greatly transformed after the course he affendedin 1992. His community now see him as a model leader.Kiptima knows the process of project development frominitiation to implementation stages and he is clear on the roleof development committees. He has a major inclination onhome environment improvement.

He is instrumental to strong linkages developed beiween thecommunity and external support agencies including theGovernment.

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Community Participation-and Social Moblisation

In 1974,therewas widespreadoutbreakof cholerain Kochogo/Kakola,KisumuDistric~andtheGovernmenton its own developedand equippedmany shallow

we1hw~thhandpumps,referredto as‘Government’or~cholera’wells. Thecommunitiesmadelittle ornoefforttoprotectormaintainthewaterpoints,andeventuallythewaterbecameunsafefordrinking.

In 1988,aparticularlynastycholeraepisodekilledmanychildrenin thecommunity. High deathratesmotivatedthe women to take action Women’sgroupsapproachedKenya Water for HealthOrganisation(KWAHO), a local NGOworking inthe neighbourhoodfor assistance.

Water AID (a British NGO) and uNICEF aresupportingKWAHO andcommunitiesto develop

- 170 wells titted with AfriDev handpumpstoserveabout35,000people. Upwardsof 90 wells arealreadyin place.

Participatory approachBefore constructinga well, the communityhasto demonstratea certainlevel ofinterest and motivation. A village water committeemainly electedfrom thewomen’sgroupwith menco-optedhasto bein place,registeredwith SocialAffairs

- Departmentasaself-helpsociety,andacertificateasa proof.

Water?orHealthAssistants(WAHAs) of KWAHO mobilize thecommunitiesto --

provide local materialslike sandand gravel and labourduring the construction- process. Aftei completion,the committeeissupposedto manage,operateand

maintainthewaterpoint which includelimiting hoursofusage,sellmgwaterat anafrordableprice,openinga bankaccount,recordskeeping,buysparepartsanddailyc1eariiii~of the waterpoint. Somecommitteeshavefencedwaterpointsto keep

?nirnal$ awaywhileoiherslock it atparticulartimes. - - - - -

--

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~Qw~juiJi1y-based•Water Supply andSanitation Prolects

: KochogolKakola

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Community pays for lack of participationLorukcommunity,BaringoDistrict, hadlittle knowledgeaboutdiarrhoealdiseasesuntil theirwaterpumpbroke downfor six months.Duringthi& peiiod, the communitywas forced torevertto theunsafewaterofLakeBaringoandothertraditionalsourceswhich led tosevereinfectionofwater-relateddiseases.

As a result of diarrhoea,health educationwasintensifiedand the Community Health Workers(CHWs)dweltat lengthonoralrehydrationtherapyasthefirst defenceagainstdiarrhoea.Salesof oralrehydrationsalt packetsat the village pharmacysoaredwhile in somehomesteads,motherslearnttomakea homebrew. -Eventheintensifiedhealthcampaigndidnot bringaboutcommunityparticipationto expectedlevel. This mayexplainwhyit tookthecommunitymuchlongerto raisefundstomeettherepaircostsof thepumpuntil achild waskilled by acrocodilewhile drawingwaterfrom Lake Baringo.

Within daysafterthetragedy,thecommunityimmediatelyraisedKsh.15,000(appr.US$250)tobuysparepartsandrepairedthepump.Thecommunityhashireda fulltime pumpoperatorafterrealisingtheneedforcontinuedoperation.

Barwessa

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For the last two consecutive Thursdays, Rosaline Cheptoo, 49,widow and mother of four, has been providing lunch tomembers of sanitation committee and those of the VillageRevolving Fund in her Kamugoye native village, Barwessa,Baringo District.

There is an air of satisfaction as she goes about her compoundfor very soon, perhaps around mid-day, members will arriveto finish digging the pit of her latrine and startwork on the slab.Ithasbeen hardworkbecausetheareaisrocky. Sheisnumber1 6 in line since latrine construction was introduced in the 54-homestead village in 1992.

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~ConimUni&-based•Water Supply andSanitation Projects

.~ How did this happen?Afterrepeated‘barazas’(masstheetings)by themotivatedcommunityleadersand

the Public Health Tecimician(PHT), thembersbf d villagesanitationcommitteeincludingwomen wereelected.ThePHTintensified healtheducationandthe community eventuallyappreciated the value ofconstructinganduseof latnnes.

Thecommunitywasmobilisedtobuild latrines at institutions.UNICEF provided cement,ventpipesandwiremesh.At thesametime theywerebeingtaughthow- lo éonstructthe latrines for

- - replicationin thefthomesteadsby the P1-fl’ andthe ‘fundi’. Thecommunity,apart‘frbm designatingTuesdayasa communalwork day, require eachhouseholdta—contributesandandgravelaswell asdig the pit.

Ii was madeclear from the beginning that eachhousehold had to bear allconstructioncosts. In order to meet the costs,thevillage turnedto the existing

:~traditiona1informal self-helpgroupswhich assistmembersin caseofproblemsor‘if thereis communalwork.

It is in puch groupsthat Revolving Fundsystemsaresetup to makeloans for the

purchaseof materialsfor latrines. Theloansareto be repaidand‘revolved’ to thenextfamily which wantstobuild a latrine. Memberscontributemo~eyorevepanitemforsale,monthly,andthereis mutualtrust.

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In neighbouringKipkuluny wherelatrineconstructionstartedin 1991,a suh’eydf~93 homesteadsindicatedthat therewere 75 dish drying racks,44 latrinesand99

compostpits. Almostall wallsin thehomesteadshavebeenplasteredwith amixture:tofsandandcow dung tosealcracksin thewalls,a main hideoutfor mosquitoes.

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Health educationTheseare the spin-offof the initial latrineprojectwith its high componentofhealtheducation.Theprojecthashelpedthecommunitytounderstandthedangersofimproperhumanwastedisposalandtheynow link it to variousdiseases. --

The villagers are undertakingother developmentactivities hke houseimprovement,treeplanting,preventive measureslike child immunisation,drainingstagnantwaterandusingimpregnatedbednetsin caseofmalaria,andsafekeepingof waterathomein orderto avoidcontamination. -

Healtheducation,thedriving forcebehindall thissuccess,has made the villagers understandtheimportanceof accessto potablewater. The PHTplays an importantrole in the awarenessprocess.With thehelpofSalawaCatholicMission,apartneragency,watercommitteesareconstructinglanksfor roofcatchmentsystems.

Changing habits takes time...

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In Kochogo/Kakola, before the construction of the system, thecommunitycould already link potable water supplyto improvedhealth. But in many communities this is not the case.

Even after constructing a water point, there is no guaranteethat it will be used effectively. Actually teaching the people toeffectively use potable water well is sometimes the mostdifficult component in improving the sanitary practices of thecommunity.

People change their attitudes and perceptions slowly. Theymust be convinced that some of their beliefs and their customscontribute to the prevalence of diseases which lead to deathbefore such beliefs and customs are abandoned entirely.

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FlexibilityFor an externalagency,making initial contactwith local mhabitantstakestime.Evenaftergainingtheconfidenceof the community,therearentherproblems. Inmanyareas,moreoftenthannot, during therainy season,roadsareimpassableasmainarteriesarecut by swollenrivers for daysat time. Extensionwork comesto

~halton weeklymar’keidays,orduringseasonala~tivitiessuchasha~iests,circumcisionor calamitieslike cattlerustling. Developmentprocessmustthereforetake intoaccountsomeorall of thesevariables. - -

The process of community participation is the painstakingdevelopment of community and individual involvement, it hasits own momentum. Any external agency has to be flexibleenough in order to fully motivate the people, an imperative forsustainabilily. Tight and rigid deadlines have often resulted inproject failures.

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Women Involvement

Determination Motivates Women...

Siniilar determinationhasmotivated thousandsof women in both BaringoandKisumu Districts to request for assistaiicefrom externalagenciesto provideaccessiblepotablewatersupplyin theircommunities.Evenin somecaseswheretheideahas comefrom outside,women asdrawersof water haveenthusiasticalfyembracedit. -

Womenrarely miss ‘barazas’in which developmentactivitiesarediscussed.Atconstructionsites,womencanbe seendiggingtrenches,deliveringsandandgravel.Theyalsopreparefoodfor thepeopleworking to maximiseoutputon adesignatedcommunalworkday.

In Munda’s village, for example,only young men were trained as ‘fundis’ tomaintainandrepairpumpsandto constructlatrines.After gainingexperience,mostleft theircommunitiesto look forbetterremunerationin towns,adverselyaffectingpumprepairs.

Women Pump ‘fundis’ -

Thealternativewasto trainwomeniispump‘fundis’, andMundawasin the first lot.Traineeswereselectedfrom married womensettledin the community. Today,waterpumpsarerarelydownfor longunlessit is amajorbreakdownrequiringspareparts from outsidethe community.

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In her 1 5 years of marriage, Rehel Munda has never aspiredto chair a water committee in her village, let alone being awater pump ‘fundi’. But all along, her secret prayer has beenaccessible potable water supply. Until recently, her watersource was the polluted River Nyando, about four kilometresaway.

Discussing problems of water supply in Kochogo/Kakola,Munda eases her dress off her shoulders to show dark marksetched on her body by ropes used to suspend a 20-litrecontainer which until recently, she used to carry at least twicedaily. Then she turns to her arms and legs, where there arescars of a skin disease she believes was caused by ‘the badwater.’ “I never wanted my children to go through this,” shedeclares.

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Womenarenow in chargeof selling waterat pre-determinedrates,keeprecordsandbankthemoney.For theless fortunatemembersof the communitycredit facilities are arranged.

ResponsibilitiesCommitteesenforcetherulesconcerningwateruseandareresponsiblefor careof thewatersource,itssurroundingsandrepairs. SomecDmmitteeshavedevisedwaysof lockingthepumpssothattheyarenot used24 hoursin orderto reducethewearand

tear.Committeesshouldfencethewaterpointsothatanimalsarenotwateredatthewatersource.

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10 thewomen,theprovisionol watermtheirimdstis notanendmitself. It is rathera proce~of developmentwhich freesthem from thedaily drudgeryof fetchingunsafewaterwith theresultantwater-bornediseases.Theirpotential toengageinactivities which improve the well-being of their families and commumtiesasa

- ~‘holeis greatlyenhanced.

‘Hoteli’.4

Jennifer Lomonyongole used to chair the committee preparingfood for thecommunity during the installation of a village handpump and the construction of the cattle trough, in Barpello,Baringo District.

At the completion of the works, everybody left, butLomonyongole, a single parent, decided to stay on. To dowhat she knows best. Today, she is a proud owner of what sherefers to as a ‘hoteli’. She provides tea and ‘githeri’(a mixtureof beans and maize) to people who come for water orherdsmen who cometo watertheir animals in the cattle trough.It is also a community meeting place.

“I get enough money to buy medicine from the villagepharmacy for my children and to clothe them,” she says andlooking happy and smart.

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Diversification of activitiesAs womenofBarpellohavemoretime on theirhands,they havediversifiedtheiractivities. Somehavelearnttoba.kebreadforsale.Thispro~ectreducedtheimpactof starvationduring the 1992greatfamine.

In this area,peoplearepastoralists. But with waternow available,a canal wasconstructedfrom the cattletrough to irrigate two hectares.The womenwithoutpreviousknowledgearetaught gardening.The food is to improvethenuintionalstatusof thecommunity.

A self-helpsocietywith women in themajority hasputup a multi-purposebuilding which is usedasanurseryschool in the morning and adult literacyclassesin the afternoon. —

Twice a week, the Barpello Catholic Mission -organisessewingclassesin the building, targetingyoungwomen, where themajority are still clad inammalskins.

At thesametime, weeklyhomesciencelessonsareconductedby theCHW, with young womenasthetarget. Guidedby the CT-lW, womendiscussthemerits ofuseof latrines,oral rehydrationtherapyandhow to makeit at homeandimprovednutritional foods.

Thediversificationofwomen’sactivities in Barpellois typical ofwhathappensinmanyareasofoperation.InLoruk, forexample.thecommunityis in theprocessofinstallingadrip irrigatingsystemfor womengroupstostartcommercialfarmingonaplot allocatedby theGovernment. - - —- - - —_

Women groups are using water supply and/or sanitation asan entry point to build their communities’ organisationalcapacity, technical competence and self-confidence.

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Empowering communities -~

Operation and Management (O&M) Training is the last stagein empowering communities to find solutions to problems,enhance sustainabilily of the particular water supply system inthe community. A three-phase locally developed trainingpackage to involve practically all members of the communityat one stage or another, has been initiated.

The course covers management awareness,operations and maintenance(technical)In BaringdDistrict “is c5nductedby personnelfromWorldVision andCommubityMiinagementaiidTrainingServi~es,aKenyanprivatetrainingconsultantfirm, aswell asDistrict GovernmentOfficersco:optedinto theprogramm~..—

Nine communitiesin BaringoDistrict havebeenidentifiedfor training. Sevenofthç communitieshave had watersupply systems for over one year and have

- registeredthemselvesassocieties.Furthertraining will enablethemto managethesystemssmoothly.Theothertwo communitieshavebeenselectedmorerecentlyastheirwatersupplysystemsarejust underconstruction. -

All training is carried out at the community level. ICourse content

PhaseOne: Managementawareness

It basicallysetsthestageforcontinuityonthe concepts andimportanceofproject-= management.It givesaquickrundownofall theCLT issuesso thatthecommunity

appreciatesits role in therunningofthewatersupplysystem.During the two-daydiscussionatacentral venuewithin thecommunity andwith asmanymembersof the cQmmunity as possible,emphasis is on financial managementof the

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PhaseTwo: Operations

Theparticipants,selectedfrom thewatercommitteeorthecommunityatlarge,aretaughthow toorganisewaterselling sessions,bankingthemoneyandoperatinga

~- — - bankaccount.This is afive-dayphasefor a small groupof threeto five people.

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The participantsdiscussrevenuecollection, basicrecordand book keepingandexpenditure.Theparticipantshaveto identify thepeopletobe in chargeofsellingwaterandbankingthemoney.

The traineesare madeto realisethe moneycollectedfrom water salesshould bespenton buying spareparts,undertakingimprovementon the supply systemandcompensatingthe ‘fundi’ rather than turning to externaldonorsto solve everyfinancialproblemas it is currently thecase.

PhaseThree: Maintenance(technical)

Maintaining a watersystemneedstechnicalinput from a ‘fundi’. This five-dayphaseis forseveralordinarymembersof thecommunityor‘fund is’ identifiedby thewatercommitteetobe trainedonhowtokeepthesystemin goodworkingcondition.Thosetrainedareencouragedto continue to live in or closeto the communityornearby.

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I~mmunity-based:~—Water Supply and

-5anitation Pro1ects--a-- -

Perspectivesfor the Future

- Health education to target women andchildren~Fortheprojectsto makean impacton thecommunities,PublicHealthTechnicians,Wi~terfo~HealthAssistants,Conimunity HealthWorkers and Village Health

Workersneedto intensifyhealtheducationtargetingchildrenand women.

Childrenarevulnerable.Theyarethemostaffectedwhendiseasesstrike.Moreover,theyarein theirformative years and receptive to healtheducation.

The fact that on average the Kenyan womancarryinga20litre containerofwaterexpendsabout200 calories per hour, which has seriousimplicationson herhealth,is further justificationfor increasingaccessand reducingthe worUoa~ion womenandchildren,whoconstituteover70percentof thepopulation.

Women are front-line health workers, theirtraditionalwisdomhasto bereinforcedwithmodern

methods.Womenare agentsofchangeandcan influencepolicy decisions.

They contribute labour, provide resourcesand disseminateand implementinnovations.Theircloseparticipationin waterandsanitationprojectscouldmoreeffectively achievetheultimate goalsofmoreand saferwater, resultingin betterhealth. -

ResoUrce requirement-Theresourcerequirementis soenormousthat onlycollectiveefforts andsmall-scalefeasibleand ‘doable’ projectswill createan opportunity for greaterimpact. Theincreasingpopulationpressureandtheeconomicinstability in manycommunitiesnecessitatetimely andeffectivelow-costcommunity-basedinterventions.

Sustainabilityis crucial in all theseprojects.Partneragenciesneedtojoin handstocreategreaterimpact using the existing capacityand opportunityalreadycreatedamongthe communities.Replicableprojectswould acceleratethe developmenttempo.

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