1. introduction and history ppt

©M J Larkin Biological Sciences. The Queen’s University of Belfast.

Level 1Microorganisms

MCB1006Coordinator : M J Larkin

co-coordinator : L A Kulakov

Level 1Microorganisms

MCB1006Coordinator : M J Larkin

co-coordinator : L A Kulakov


Professor Mike Larkin - Communications

• Room 108 MBC• xt 2288 (Belfast 90972288 )

• Email [email protected]• Pigeon hole in Biological Sciences Office• ALWAYS LEAVE MESSAGE and HOW TO

CONTACT YOU!• WWW pages

– http://www.qub.ac.uk//mlpage/page1/index.html– http://www.qub.ac.uk//mlpage/courses/level1/page.html

• Room 108 MBC• xt 2288 (Belfast 90972288 )

• Email [email protected]• Pigeon hole in Biological Sciences Office• ALWAYS LEAVE MESSAGE and HOW TO

CONTACT YOU!• WWW pages

– http://www.qub.ac.uk//mlpage/page1/index.html– http://www.qub.ac.uk//mlpage/courses/level1/page.html


Course Theme.Course Theme.

“to provide a thorough grounding in the range of diversity of microorganisms, their structure, nutrition, growth, physiology and genetics. Also to provide 'hands-on' practical experience in the isolation and cultivation of microorganisms”.

“to provide a thorough grounding in the range of diversity of microorganisms, their structure, nutrition, growth, physiology and genetics. Also to provide 'hands-on' practical experience in the isolation and cultivation of microorganisms”.

Working as individuals in practical work and skillsFrom group assignment work you will gain experience in working with a group, independent research and literature report writing.

Working as individuals in practical work and skillsFrom group assignment work you will gain experience in working with a group, independent research and literature report writing.


10m


5m


CONTENTCONTENT

A practical and theoretical introduction to the biology of bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Microbial cell morphology; structure and function of cell components. growth, reproduction and enumeration of microorganisms. Aspects of microbial genetics. The effects of physical and chemical environments on microbial growth. The diversity of microorganisms and aspects of their pathogenicity in plants and animals. The role of microorganisms in the environment, their uses and aspects of microbial biotechnology.

A practical and theoretical introduction to the biology of bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Microbial cell morphology; structure and function of cell components. growth, reproduction and enumeration of microorganisms. Aspects of microbial genetics. The effects of physical and chemical environments on microbial growth. The diversity of microorganisms and aspects of their pathogenicity in plants and animals. The role of microorganisms in the environment, their uses and aspects of microbial biotechnology.


STAFF STAFF

• Prof Mike Larkin (Module Co-ordinator) - Rm 108, MBC

• Dr Leonid Kulakov (co-coordinator) – Rm OG413B, MBC

• Dr John McGrath – Rm LG84 MBC; Prof Sheila Patrick – Microbiology, RVH; Dr Alistair McCracken – Applied Plant Science, Newforge Lane Tel: 90 255244; Dr Elizabeth Hoey - Rm 186/182, MBC; Dr John Hallsworth - Rm LG86 MBC xt 2314

• There is a web site for the course with some support material and useful links at the following address: http://www.qub.ac.uk/mlpage/courses/level1/page.html

• Prof Mike Larkin (Module Co-ordinator) - Rm 108, MBC

• Dr Leonid Kulakov (co-coordinator) – Rm OG413B, MBC

• Dr John McGrath – Rm LG84 MBC; Prof Sheila Patrick – Microbiology, RVH; Dr Alistair McCracken – Applied Plant Science, Newforge Lane Tel: 90 255244; Dr Elizabeth Hoey - Rm 186/182, MBC; Dr John Hallsworth - Rm LG86 MBC xt 2314

• There is a web site for the course with some support material and useful links at the following address: http://www.qub.ac.uk/mlpage/courses/level1/page.html


TextsTexts• Prescott L M et al. Microbiology 7/e (McGraw-Hill

Higher Education) £45.59 ISBN: 0071267271• Online learning at

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072320419/ freely available

• There are others listed equally as good. Brock T D & Madigan M T. Biology of Microorganisms 12th Edition £39.98 (Pearson Education) ISBN: 0321536150

• Animated tutorials (10th Edition) at: http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_madigan_brockbio_10/5/1459/373652.cw/index.html

• Pages and Chapters will be noted for some DIRECTED READING.

• Prescott L M et al. Microbiology 7/e (McGraw-Hill Higher Education) £45.59 ISBN: 0071267271

• Online learning at http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072320419/ freely available

• There are others listed equally as good. Brock T D & Madigan M T. Biology of Microorganisms 12th Edition £39.98 (Pearson Education) ISBN: 0321536150

• Animated tutorials (10th Edition) at: http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_madigan_brockbio_10/5/1459/373652.cw/index.html

• Pages and Chapters will be noted for some DIRECTED READING.


ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

• Written exam - 70% . Different format this year MCQs will also be used

• Practical exercises - 10% .• Practical test - 5% 5 elements to the test and

students must be satisfactory in ALL 5 elements.

• Mid-semester class-test - 5% MCQs in Week 5

• Group assignment work - 10% .

• Written exam - 70% . Different format this year MCQs will also be used

• Practical exercises - 10% .• Practical test - 5% 5 elements to the test and

students must be satisfactory in ALL 5 elements.

• Mid-semester class-test - 5% MCQs in Week 5

• Group assignment work - 10% .


Practical and Assignment arrangements

Practical and Assignment arrangements

• Session A: Those on Biological Science, Biochemistry, Environmental Biology, Microbiology, Genetics, Marine Biology, Molecular Biology and Zoology degree pathways

• Session B: Those on Biomedical Sciences, Food Quality, Safety and Nutrition, Physiology and Anatomy degree pathways

• Session A: Those on Biological Science, Biochemistry, Environmental Biology, Microbiology, Genetics, Marine Biology, Molecular Biology and Zoology degree pathways

• Session B: Those on Biomedical Sciences, Food Quality, Safety and Nutrition, Physiology and Anatomy degree pathways

Assignment Scheduled

Practical Classes Study Project

Session A Weeks 1,3,5,8,10 Weeks 1,3,5,9,11

Session B Weeks 2,4,7*,9,11 Weeks 2,4,7,8,11

*For some students the practical will have to be scheduled be in week 6*For some students the practical will have to be scheduled be in week 6


Group AssignmentGroup Assignment

• Work in groups of 4 – same as the practical sessions• The topic must relate to: “A significant advance in

Microbiology that relates to your degree pathway subject”.

• We offer advice on this in the tutorials and it is an open learning exercise that relies on your initiative.

• Assessment will be on a short and simple report that:

• Assessed in practical in weeks 10 and 11.

• Work in groups of 4 – same as the practical sessions• The topic must relate to: “A significant advance in

Microbiology that relates to your degree pathway subject”.

• We offer advice on this in the tutorials and it is an open learning exercise that relies on your initiative.

• Assessment will be on a short and simple report that:

• Assessed in practical in weeks 10 and 11.


COMPULSORY ELEMENTSCOMPULSORY ELEMENTS

• Practical and tutorial attendance 80%; (with valid excuse for non attendance needed) Continuous assessment mark (practicals, tests and project) 35%; Written exam 35%. These represent the minimum requirements for modular credit.

• PRACTICAL SESSIONS: The class will be divided into two groups to be taught on EITHER Tuesdays OR Thursdays 3-6 pm in Lab. 117, 1st floor MBC. A list is be posted outside the Laboratory

• A clean white laboratory coat and a permanent, waterproof fine marker-pen will be required for ALL practical sessions.

• Practical manuals are available from The School Office

• Practical and tutorial attendance 80%; (with valid excuse for non attendance needed) Continuous assessment mark (practicals, tests and project) 35%; Written exam 35%. These represent the minimum requirements for modular credit.

• PRACTICAL SESSIONS: The class will be divided into two groups to be taught on EITHER Tuesdays OR Thursdays 3-6 pm in Lab. 117, 1st floor MBC. A list is be posted outside the Laboratory

• A clean white laboratory coat and a permanent, waterproof fine marker-pen will be required for ALL practical sessions.

• Practical manuals are available from The School Office


Lecture outlineLecture outline

• History/Introduction• Microbiological Techniques/ Diversity• Diversity/ Structure and function• Prokaryotic structure and function

– Nuclear structure, cell walls etc….

• Prokaryotic structure and function• Prokaryotic structure and function• Bacterial growth.• Bacterial Genetic systems (LK)

• History/Introduction• Microbiological Techniques/ Diversity• Diversity/ Structure and function• Prokaryotic structure and function

– Nuclear structure, cell walls etc….

• Prokaryotic structure and function• Prokaryotic structure and function• Bacterial growth.• Bacterial Genetic systems (LK)


Microbiology HistoryMicrobiology History

A. Definition: “Microbiology is the study of organisms too

small to be seen with the unaided human eye”.

Diameter less than 0.1mm Some Metazoa, Protozoa and Algae. Usually Fungi, Bacteria (Archaebacteria and

Eubacteria) and Viruses.

A. Definition: “Microbiology is the study of organisms too

small to be seen with the unaided human eye”.

Diameter less than 0.1mm Some Metazoa, Protozoa and Algae. Usually Fungi, Bacteria (Archaebacteria and

Eubacteria) and Viruses.


1m


Microbiology History cont……..Microbiology History cont……..

B. Discovery of Microorganisms (?)Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Royal Soc London

Fellow 1680-1723. Simple Microscope.1767 Linneaus - SIX species in class “Chaos”

1838 600 TYPES known

B. Discovery of Microorganisms (?)Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Royal Soc London

Fellow 1680-1723. Simple Microscope.1767 Linneaus - SIX species in class “Chaos”

1838 600 TYPES known



C. Spontaneous generation. ABIOGENESIS.1665 Redi. Flies from meat.1729 Spallazani. Boiled meat infusionsLate 1700’s Oxygen needed for life1822-1895 Pasteur1837 Schwann. Cell theory.1877 Tyndall. Spores survive boiling.

C. Spontaneous generation. ABIOGENESIS.1665 Redi. Flies from meat.1729 Spallazani. Boiled meat infusionsLate 1700’s Oxygen needed for life1822-1895 Pasteur1837 Schwann. Cell theory.1877 Tyndall. Spores survive boiling.



D. Microbial transformations of matter1837 Yeast-Sugar-Alcohol1839 Leibig and Wohler1857 Pasteur. Anaerobiosis “life without air”

D. Microbial transformations of matter1837 Yeast-Sugar-Alcohol1839 Leibig and Wohler1857 Pasteur. Anaerobiosis “life without air”



E. Microorganisms in disease1813 Fungi and wheat.1845 Fungi. Potato blight.1840 Fungi. Skin diseases.1864 Lister and surgical asepsis (1847 Semmelweis

childbed fever and asepsis!)1876 Koch. Anthrax “Kochs Postulates” MICROBIOLOGY HAS ARRIVED. Koch. German School.

Pasteur. French School. Vaccines.

E. Microorganisms in disease1813 Fungi and wheat.1845 Fungi. Potato blight.1840 Fungi. Skin diseases.1864 Lister and surgical asepsis (1847 Semmelweis

childbed fever and asepsis!)1876 Koch. Anthrax “Kochs Postulates” MICROBIOLOGY HAS ARRIVED. Koch. German School.

Pasteur. French School. Vaccines.



F. The 20th century.1900 yellow fever transmitted1903 Antibodies1910 First chemical antibiotics (Erlich)1915 bacterial viruses discovered.1928 Genetic transformation. 1929 Penicillin discovered1941 Fungal genetics. Gene theory.1943 Bacterial genetics.1944 Streptomycin discovered.1944 DNA holds the genetic code.1953 Structure of DNA

F. The 20th century.1900 yellow fever transmitted1903 Antibodies1910 First chemical antibiotics (Erlich)1915 bacterial viruses discovered.1928 Genetic transformation. 1929 Penicillin discovered1941 Fungal genetics. Gene theory.1943 Bacterial genetics.1944 Streptomycin discovered.1944 DNA holds the genetic code.1953 Structure of DNA



G. Molecular Biology.1961 Operon Model. E. coli.1960’s Bacteriophage development as a molecular

model. Lambda phage central to these studies

1968 Insertion sequences / transposable DNA. 1970 restriction endonucleases. Arber and Smith. 1974 onwards. Gene cloning and genetic engineering 1980’s rapid DNA sequencing and gene construction 1990’s BIOTECHNOLOGY HAS ARRIVED.

G. Molecular Biology.1961 Operon Model. E. coli.1960’s Bacteriophage development as a molecular

model. Lambda phage central to these studies

1968 Insertion sequences / transposable DNA. 1970 restriction endonucleases. Arber and Smith. 1974 onwards. Gene cloning and genetic engineering 1980’s rapid DNA sequencing and gene construction 1990’s BIOTECHNOLOGY HAS ARRIVED.

DIRECTED READING: Prescott. Chapter 1.



G. The genome era - crowded with discoveries. 1970’s early sequencing efforts – Sanger et al 1972 First gene sequenced Walter Frier - Ghent: bacteriophage MS2 1975-1977 Extended sequencing : Maxam Gilbert and Sanger

methodologies : http://www.sanger.ac.uk/ 1975 The first complete DNA genome: bacteriophage φX174 1983 Mullis PCR with Tag polymerase (based on method of Kleppe 1971) 1986-1987 Automated sequencers 1995 Fluorescent dye base sequencing 1995 Sequence of smallest bacterium, Mycoplasma genitalium 1996 Archaea and yeast sequences 1997 E. coli K12 sequence – major landmark – Blattner vs Kohara race 2006 Final Human genome sequence completed 2006 High throughput pyrosequencing Metagenomics arrives!

G. The genome era - crowded with discoveries. 1970’s early sequencing efforts – Sanger et al 1972 First gene sequenced Walter Frier - Ghent: bacteriophage MS2 1975-1977 Extended sequencing : Maxam Gilbert and Sanger

methodologies : http://www.sanger.ac.uk/ 1975 The first complete DNA genome: bacteriophage φX174 1983 Mullis PCR with Tag polymerase (based on method of Kleppe 1971) 1986-1987 Automated sequencers 1995 Fluorescent dye base sequencing 1995 Sequence of smallest bacterium, Mycoplasma genitalium 1996 Archaea and yeast sequences 1997 E. coli K12 sequence – major landmark – Blattner vs Kohara race 2006 Final Human genome sequence completed 2006 High throughput pyrosequencing Metagenomics arrives!



Microbial genome sequencing links

Sanger Institute UK http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/ Lists bacterial pathogens sequenced and ongoing

Joint Genome Institute USA http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ Many environmental microorganisms and metagenomic projects

Microbial genome sequencing links

Sanger Institute UK http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/ Lists bacterial pathogens sequenced and ongoing

Joint Genome Institute USA http://www.jgi.doe.gov/ Many environmental microorganisms and metagenomic projects

1. introduction and history ppt

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