Chapter 2Chapter 2The Rise of Civilization:The Rise of Civilization:

The Art of the Ancient Near The Art of the Ancient Near EastEast

3500 BCE – 636 CE3500 BCE – 636 CE

The Ancient Near East/Neolithic Revolution - Mesopotamia

What’s Happening:•Neolithic Revolution- Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent- change in human society: learned how to use the wheel, plow, control floods, construct irrigation canals, etc.

•Region gave birth to 3 of world’s modern faiths: Judaism, Christianity and Islam

•Invention of Writing: oldest written documents are from Mesopotamia (administrative acts and commercial transactions).

3400-3200 BCE: Sumerians and Elamites used pictographs (pictures stand for words)

3000-2900 BCE: Sumerians developed cuneiform (complex grammatical constructions/ The Epic of Gilgamesh)

•19th century excavations: Leonard Woolley discovered in 1920’s Royal Cemetery at Ur- made public aware of Mesopotamian art

Sumerian CultureSumerian Culture Independent City-StatesIndependent City-States – – under protection of under protection of

different deities/ Sumerian rulers were the god’s different deities/ Sumerian rulers were the god’s representatives on earth/ created specialized labor representatives on earth/ created specialized labor forces/ community assumed functions of defense against forces/ community assumed functions of defense against enemies and nature, not individual familiesenemies and nature, not individual families

Pictographs/Cuneiform – Pictographs/Cuneiform – Epic of GilgameshEpic of Gilgamesh Uruk’s White Temple/Ziggurat – Uruk’s White Temple/Ziggurat – god’s god’s

temple formed the city’s monumental nucleus/ center of temple formed the city’s monumental nucleus/ center of religious practices and also administrative and religious practices and also administrative and economic centereconomic center

Gods of Mesopotamia – Gods of Mesopotamia – mostly nature gods/ mostly nature gods/ Anu (chief deity/sky), Enlil (winds and earth), Anu (chief deity/sky), Enlil (winds and earth), Inanna/Ishtar (love and war), Nanna/Sin (moon), Inanna/Ishtar (love and war), Nanna/Sin (moon), Uta/Shamash (sun) . . . .Uta/Shamash (sun) . . . .

Mesopotamian Seals – Mesopotamian Seals – stamp and cylinder stamp and cylinder forms/ used to identify their documents and protect forms/ used to identify their documents and protect storage jars and doors against unauthorized opening/ storage jars and doors against unauthorized opening/ wearing one signified high positions in society/ buried wearing one signified high positions in society/ buried with dead/ provided priceless information about with dead/ provided priceless information about Mesopotamian religion and societyMesopotamian religion and society

Bottom Right: Warka Vase/ Narrative Art-Relief Sculpture – used pictures to tell stories (religious festival) /Composition arranged in Registers or Friezes/Composite View of figures (combo of frontal and profile views)/No overlapping/ Rendered Conceptual Approach/Hierarchy of Scale

Female head (Inanna?), from Uruk, Iraq, ca. 3200-3000 BCE, marble, 8” high

•Flat back, drilled holes for attachment to wooden head and body, once had colored shells or stones in eyebrow and eye area, wig of gold leaf, etc.

SUMERIAN ART

White Temple and ziggurat, Uruk (Modern Warka), Iraq, ca. 3200-3000 BCE

Home of Gilgamesh

Reconstruction DrawingReconstruction Drawing

Constructed of mud brick (no access to stone quarries)/white-washed walls/ temple stands on top of ziggurat (40 ft. above street level in center of city)/ bent-axis approach to entrance of temple, not linear entry like the Egyptians/oriented to cardinal points of the compass/ dedicated to Anu (god of sky, 61X16 ft.)/ Cella (central hall)- for divinity and stepped altar , referred to as “waiting rooms” where deities would descend & appear before the priests

SUMERIANS believed gods reside above the world of humans= elevated structures toward sky

Sumerian Art: Statues of Worshippers from Tell AsmarSumerian Art: Statues of Worshippers from Tell AsmarCache of sculptures found buried beneath temple floor/range in size from under a foot Cache of sculptures found buried beneath temple floor/range in size from under a foot to 30” tall/represent mortals rather than deities/votive figures/hands folded as in prayer, to 30” tall/represent mortals rather than deities/votive figures/hands folded as in prayer, some hold beakers used in religious rites/ simple forms (cones and cylinders)/ oversized some hold beakers used in religious rites/ simple forms (cones and cylinders)/ oversized eyes and tiny hands are disproportionate/open-eyed stare symbolizes the eternal eyes and tiny hands are disproportionate/open-eyed stare symbolizes the eternal wakefulness necessary to fulfill their dutywakefulness necessary to fulfill their duty

Statuettes of two worshippers, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), Iraq, ca. 2700 BCE, Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone, male figure 2’6” high

Historical narrative/ below shows two sides (war and peace)/ registers/ composite view of figures= frontal eye and body with profile head and feet/ hierarchy of scale/ uncertain of purpose

Right: Actual 3-D shape of Standard of Ur, from Royal Cemetery at Ur, Iraq

Below: Detail from peace side of the Standard of Ur

The excavator, Leonard Woolley, thought it was originally mounted on a pole like a military standard. Art historians are uncertain of its purpose.

Akkadian, Neo-Sumerian, Akkadian, Neo-Sumerian, Babylonian & Hittite ArtBabylonian & Hittite Art

Rulers: Sargon of Akkad (2334 BCE) and Naram-Sin Rulers: Sargon of Akkad (2334 BCE) and Naram-Sin

(2254-18 BCE)(2254-18 BCE) - - Akkadians= Near Eastern people who spoke language related to Hebrew and Arabic/used Sumerian’scuneiform/Sargon introduced concept of absolute monarchy (loyalty to king rather than city-state)/ruler of the earth, akin to a god

Victory Stele of Naram-Sin/King appears as a Victory Stele of Naram-Sin/King appears as a god/Landscapegod/Landscape

Neo-Sumerian/3Neo-Sumerian/3rdrd Dynasty of Ur – Dynasty of Ur – 2150 BCE Gutians 2150 BCE Gutians ended Akkadian power, cities of Sumer united and drove Gutians ended Akkadian power, cities of Sumer united and drove Gutians out, established Neo-Sumerian state ruled by the kings of Ur/ out, established Neo-Sumerian state ruled by the kings of Ur/ Ziggurat builtZiggurat built

Babylon/King Hammurabi/Law Code – Babylon/King Hammurabi/Law Code – Cities of Sumer Cities of Sumer and kings of 3and kings of 3rdrd Dynasty of Ur fell to Elamites/Babylon’s most Dynasty of Ur fell to Elamites/Babylon’s most powerful king, Hammurabi (r. 1792-50 BCE), took control and powerful king, Hammurabi (r. 1792-50 BCE), took control and reestablished centralized government that ruled southern reestablished centralized government that ruled southern Mesopotamia- he was famous for his conquests and law codeMesopotamia- he was famous for his conquests and law code

Hittites/Lion Gate/Heavy Stone – Hittites/Lion Gate/Heavy Stone – Babylon is conquered Babylon is conquered and sacked by the Hittites around 1595 BCE/Hittites built with and sacked by the Hittites around 1595 BCE/Hittites built with large blocks of heavy stone instead of brick (for large blocks of heavy stone instead of brick (for protection)/Guardian beasts in gateway will be seen in other protection)/Guardian beasts in gateway will be seen in other cultures (like Assyria)cultures (like Assyria)

Life size, hollow-cast metal sculpture/deliberately mutilated to make political statement/masterful balance of naturalism with abstract patterning/ careful observation of man’s features/earliest know great monumental work of hollow-cast sculpture

Akkadian Art

Victory Stele of Naram-Sin(2254-2218 BCE)/commemorates Naram-Sin’s defeat of Lullubi people/king stands alone, hierarchy of scale, he is scaling the ladder to the heavens/horned helmet symbolizes divinity- first time king appears as a god in Mesopotamian art/composite view of figures/no registers/first landscape since Catal Hoyuk

Detail of Victory stele of Naram-Sin

Stele: A carved stone slab used to mark graves or to commemorate historical events.

Neo-Sumerian- state ruled by kings of Ur/ this age is called the Third Dynasty of Ur/ Ziggurat at Ur- 2100 BCE- one of the largest in Mesopotamia/solid mud brick base, 50 ft. high/facing of building is baked bricks laid in bitumen (asphalt-like substance) / temple did not survive

Neo-Sumerian Architecture

Lion Gate, Boghazkoy, Turkey, ca. 1400 BCE. Limestone, lions approx. 7’ high

Hittite Art – built walls and towers around citadel for protection out of heavy stone/lions are guardian beasts located at the gateway to citadel/protection from evil

Stele-Law Code of Hammurabi(1780 BCE)/Black-Basalt/Prescribed penalties for everything/Written in Akkadian- 3,500 lines of cuneiform characters

Top of Relief Subject: Hammurabi in presence of flame-shouldered sun god, Shamash/ king raises his hand in respect/ god bestows on Hammurabi the authority to rule and to enforce the laws

Artistic Depiction: Shamash is shown in combo front and side views/ his headdress is in true profile/ foreshortening shown with feet of god= angle suggesting depth/ god’s beard= series of diagonals (not horizontals) suggesting recession from the picture plane

Babylonian Art

Reconstruction drawing of the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin, Iraq, ca. 720-05 BCE/ citadel was unfinished

Assyrian Art/Architecture – Assyrians took name from the city Assur (named for god Ashur)/ display of Assyrian power/ strong defensive walls/city measures square mile in area/palace elevated 50 ft., covered 25 acres, had more than 200 courtyards and rooms/had great ziggurat (7 stories)- Sumerian bent-axis approach

Assyrian Art/Lamassu- ca. 720-705 BCE/Citadel of Sargon II/High Relief- Limestone/Winged, human-headed bull to guard gate- ward off king’s enemies/Conceptual Approach (show all important parts)/Composite View (front and side view in motion – has 5 legs)

Assyrian archers pursuing enemies, relief from the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II, Kalhu, Iraq, ca. 875-60 BCE. Painted Gypsum relief, 2’ 10” high

Assyrian historical narrative reliefs commissioned for palace walls to show royal power and piety/episode from 878 BCE- Ashurnasirpal drove his enemy’s forces into the Euphrates River/artist told story clearly and economically= distances compressed, human actors large so stand out/different view points in same frame/ composite view of figures/ archers bowstrings in front of bodies but behind heads= didn’t want to hide their faces

Neo-Babylonian Art- King Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 604-562 BCE)/Ishtar Gate, restored (575 BCE)/Blue- Glazed Bricks which were molded and glazed separately/ profile figures of dragons and bulls alternate

Neo-Babylonian kings held sway over the former Assyrian Empire until the Persian conquest.

Babylon: city’s famous hanging gardens were counted among Seven Wonders of ancient world/ enormous ziggurat= Tower of Babel/ mud-brick city

Persepolis (royal audience hall in background), Iran, ca. 521-465 BCE

Processional frieze (detail) on terrace of royal audience hall, Persepolis, Iran, ca. 521-465 BCE, Painted reliefs (project higher than Assyrian reliefs which are low)

Subject: Persian nobles and dignitaries represent 23 subject nations bringing the king tribute (in national costume with regional gifts)

Rounded forms/treatment of drapery folds= Greek influence

Persian Art/Architecture – Persepolis citadel built by Darius I and Xerxes between 521-465 BCE/ stands on high plateau/ Alexander the Great sacked the site/royal audience hall (apadana) 60 ft. high and 217 ft. square, contained 36 colossal columns= thousands could stand in hall/ reliefs decorated walls of terrace and staircases

Palace of Shapur I, Iraq, ca. 250 BCE – Central Feature: monumental iwan (brick audience hall covered by a barrel vault (point is 900 ft. above ground)/ façade shows horizontal bands with blind arcades as wall decoration

Triumph of Shapur I over Valerian (a Roman Emperor), rock-cut relief, Iran, ca. 260 BCE

Shapur is larger than life wearing crown/ Roman soldiers lies beneath legs of horse (time-honored motif= personifies entire Roman army)/Valerian led in, kneels and begs for mercy/ cherub-like figure hovers, brings victory garland= like Roman art (ironic political message)

Detail of rock-cut relief below

Sasanian Art – Sasanians challenged the Romans and tried to force them out of Asia/ founded New Persian Empire 224 CE – endured for more than 400 years/ Arabs drove them out of Mesopotamia in 636/ son and successor of Artaxerxes (first Sasanian king) was Shapur I

Sasanian Art- Head of Sasanian King (Shapur II?) ca. 350 CE/Silver with Mercury Gilding/Repousse= hammered shape from single sheet of metal and pushed features out from behind/engraved details/mercury gilding adds to rich look and gives color/done by skilled court artist