THE HUMAN

ORGANISM

Mariejim Diane O. Payot, RMT, MSMT

Faculty of Pharmacy

University of Santo Tomas

ANATOMY &

PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy - study of the structure of body parts & their relationships to one another

o Gross or macroscopic

o Microscopic

o Developmental

Physiology – study of the function or processes of living things

GROSS ANATOMY

Regional – all structures in one part of the body or area

Systemic – gross anatomy of the body by system

Surface – external features

MICROSCOPIC

ANATOMY

Cytology or Cellular – cell

Histology – tissues

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANATOMY

Traces structural changes

throughout life

Embryology –

developmental changes of

the body before birth

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules

2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells

3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules

2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells

3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules

2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells

3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder

5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system

6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder

5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system

6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder

5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system

6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism

THE ORGAN

SYSTEMS

CHARACTERISTICS OF

LIFE

Organization

Metabolism

Responsiveness

Growth

Development

Reproduction

HOMEOSTASIS

“ability to maintain a relatively stable internal

environment in an ever-changing outside

world”

Communication – essential to maintain

homeostasis

HOMEOSTATIC

CONTROL Stimulus – produces a change to a variable (the factor being

regulated) Receptor – detects the change; monitors the environment and

responds to change (stimuli)

Input – information travels along the afferent pathway to the control center (determines the appropriate response & course of action)

Output – information sent from the control center travels down the efferent pathway to the effector

Response – from the effector; balances out the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis

HOMEOSTATIC

CONTROL

Afferent pathways o Carry nerve impulses into the CNS

Efferent pathways o Carry nerve impulses away from the CNS to effectors

(muscles, glands)

HOMEOSTATIC

CONTROL

Negative Feedback o Turns off the original stimulus

Positive Feedback o Enhances and up-regulates the initial stimulus

o Usually harmful to the body

ANATOMICAL

TERMS AND

BODY PLANE

BODY POSITIONS

Anatomical Position – human

standing erect with the face

directed forward, the arms hanging

on the sides, and the palms facing

forward, the thumbs point away

from the body, the feet slightly

apart with the toes pointing

forward.

BODY POSITIONS

Supine Position – person

lying face upward

Prone Position – person

lying face downward

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Right/Left

Cephalic/Caudal

Superior/Inferior

Anterior/Posterior

Ventral/Dorsal

Proximal/Distal

Lateral/Medial

Superficial/Deep

Contralateral/Ipsilateral

Intermediate

BODY PARTS AND

REGIONS

BODY PARTS AND REGIONS Abdomen Regions Organs

Right Hypochondrium Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney, Small Intestine

Left Hypochondrium Spleen, Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas

Epigastrium Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum, Spleen,

Adrenal Glands

Right Lumber Region Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon

Left Lumber Region Descending Colon, Left Kidney

Umbilical Region Umbilicus, Jejunum, Ileum, Duodenum

Right Iliac Fossa Appendix, Cecum

Left Iliac Fossa Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon

Hypogastrium Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon, Female

Reproductive Organs

BODY PLANES

ORGAN PLANES

BODY CAVITIES

Dorsal Cavity o Protects the nervous system

o Cranial cavity – within the

skull and encases the brain

o Vertebral cavity – runs

within the vertebral column

and encases the spinal cord

BODY CAVITIES

Ventral Cavity o Houses the internal organs

(viscera)

o Thoracic cavity

o Abdominopelvic cavity

BODY CAVITIES

Thoracic Cavity o Pleural cavity – each

houses a lung

o Mediastinum – contains

the pericardial cavity;

surrounds the remaining

thoracic organs

o Pericardial cavity –

encloses the heart

BODY CAVITIES

Abdominopelvic Cavity o Separated from the

superior thoracic cavity by

the dome-shaped

diaphragm

o Abdominal cavity –

stomach, intestines, spleen,

liver & other organs

o Pelvic cavity – bladder,

reproductive organs and

rectum

SEROUS MEMBRANES Parietal membrane – lines the wall of cavity

Visceral membrane – in contact with the

internal organs

Serous fluid – secreted by serous membrane;

protects the organs against friction

SEROUS MEMBRANES

Pericardial Cavity o Surrounds the heart

Pleural Cavities o Surround the lungs

SEROUS MEMBRANES

Peritoneal Cavity o Surrounds certain

abdominal and pelvic organs

o Mesenteries – hold the abdominal organs in place; passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs

o Retroperitoneal organs – located “behind” the parietal peritoneum

ORGANS OF THE

ABDOMINOPELVIC

REGIONS

OTHER BODY

CAVITIES • Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the

digestive organs

• Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose

• Orbital – house the eyes

• Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations

• Synovial – joint cavities

Prepare for a long

quiz next

meeting!