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From logic to hardware

Ellen SpertusMCS 111

November 25, 2003

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Solderless breadboard

http://www.robotroom.com/Infrared555.html

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Wire wrap

http://philip.greenspun.com/humor/eecs-difference-explained

http://www.okindustries.com/products/4.1.1.10.htm

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Point-to-point solder board

http://happybob.com/marc/diy.htm

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Printed circuit boards

• More robust than other techniques– Less subject to jostling– Able to handle higher frequency signals

• Easier to mass produce– Setup cost: create initial artwork– Marginal cost: print board, solder in chips

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Steps

• Choose technology

• Create schematic diagram

• Create artwork

• Transfer artwork to board

• Drill and solder

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Chip packaging

Surface mount technology (SMT)

Dual inline package (DIP)

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Artwork

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Silkscreen and top mask

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Silkscreen and bottom mask

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Notes

• Blue silkscreen layer is just for decoration

• Red lines represent top traces

• Green lines represent bottom traces

• Lines don’t intersect

• Circles represent– holes– vias (to carry signal from top to bottom)

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Etching artwork onto board

• Subtractive processes– Begin with copper board– Mask where you want traces– Remove the exposed copper– Wash off mask

• Additive processes– Begin with nonconductive board– Add conductive traces

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Transferring artwork to board

• Press-on or rub-on traces

• Special markers

• Iron-on transfers

• Photographic transfers

• Direct plotting onto board

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Silkscreen and mask

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Mask

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Remainder of lecture

• From switches to gates

• Implementing switches

• Transistors

• Building gates from transistors

• Integrated circuits

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From switches to gates

• Innovators– Konrad Zuse (Germany, 1935) – Claude Shannon (United States, 1940)

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Computer hardware

• Mechanical relays– Z1 (1938)

• Electromagnetic relays– Z3 (1938-1941)– Mark 1 (1944)

• Vacuum tubes– Colossus (1943)– ENIAC (1946)

• Transistors (1947)

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Conductors and insulators

• Conductors– Copper– Water

• ____________– Silicon– Germanium

• Insulators– Rubber

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Faucet analogy

Pictures copyright © 1995 by Azer Bestavros

GateGate

Source Source

Sink Sink

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Two types of transistors

Current flows when gate high Current flows when gate low

Pictures copyright © 1995 by Azer Bestavros

23Pictures copyright (c) 1995 by Azer Bestavros

24Pictures copyright (c) 1995 by Azer Bestavros

25Pictures copyright (c) 1995 by Azer Bestavros

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What other gates can we build?

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Integrated circuits

• Integrating multiple components (resistors, transistors, and capacitors) onto a single semiconductor chip

• Inventors 1958-1959– Jack Kilby, TI– Robert Noyce

• Fairchild Semiconductor• Intel

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Microprocessors

• Intel 4004 (1971)– 2300 transistors– 4-bit processor– 108 KHz

• Intel Pentium 4 EE (2003)– 169 million transistors– 32-bit processor– 3.2 GHz– Cache (L1: 8 KB, L2: 512 KB, L3: 2 MB)

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Creating silicon wafers

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Opto-lithography and die separation

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Packaging

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Moore’s Law• The number of transistors that can be placed on the

same area of a microprocessor doubles every 1-2 years – Gordon Moore, 1965/1973

• Has held true ever since 1965!• In 2003, Intel predicted a billion transistors in 2007!

http://www.physics.udel.edu/wwwusers/watson/scen103/intel-new.gif