1 "energy efficiency and new technology challenges" krešimir bakič slovenian national...

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"Energy efficiency and new technology challenges"

Krešimir BakičSlovenian National committee CIGRE

Miločer, 16 May, 2011

With emphasis on electric power systems

Plan of presentation

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1. Efficiency of energy systems

2. Efficiency of electric power system

3. Advanced technologies for conversion to electricity

4. New technologies for networks

5. Posibilities to improve efficiency on demand side

6. E-mobility

7. Concludions

K. Bakič, NC CIGRE Slovenia

World energy/electricity system overview

K. Bakič, NC CIGRE Slovenia 3

World energy final consumption (TWh)

World electricity consumption(TWh)

2007 137.000 16.500

2015 150.000 20.000

2030 - Blue 184.000 30.000

• Up to 2030 electricity consumption will increase two times faster than energy growth,

• Installing capacity for electricity generation will increase even faster.

Leading driver is ENERGY EFFICIENCY

GENERALY IN THE WORLD 1. Permanent increasing of demand and consumption2. Reliability of the power systems,3. Sustenability and reducion of CO2.

Energy systems development drivers

EU 1. Competition,2. Reliability and solidarity,3. Sustenability and reducion of CO2

4K. Bakič, NC CIGRE Slovenia

RELIABILITY RENEWABLES

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Leading driver is ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Technology development

drivers

Key role play: research and development.Key for competition are innovations. Technology trends: Quality, Reliability, Increasing utilization, more ICT involved, Reduction of dimensions, shorter supply time.

ENERGY SECTOR FOCUS:Integration of renewables and non carbon technologies.

Energy system chain and impact of future technologies


Efficiency at different level Existing technologies

Future technologies (2030)

Efficiency of energy wells 60% 75%

Energy transformations 70% 80%

Transit, distribution and storages 96% 98%

Demand side-Industy-mobility-Small consumption

50% 60%

total 20% 35%

* In 1980 this factor was 15% for USA and Europe

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Energy system losses


losses %

Energy transformation 32

Transport, distribution and storages 3

Demand side 65

Directive 2006/32/ES from April 5, 2006 on Energy efficiency on demand side and energy services.

Electric power system – value chain


EU-27Population 525 milijonov

Annual production

TWh 3 300

Instal capacity GW 880

Average capital cost

1000 €/kW 880 G€

110HV/400EHV network

km 500.000

MV/LV omrežje km 5.000.000

Capital cost for HV network

0.5 M€/km 250 G€

Capital cost for MV/LV network

0.05 M€/km

250 G€

Total capital cost 1380 G€

Per capita Ca. 2600 €

EU-27 area km2 4 325 000

G

1000 €/kW

T

D

300 €/kW

900 €/kW

Slovenia

50-60%

7-14%

25-36%


G

Electric power system efficiency

100 % 30 % 28 %

coalelectricity electricity

~3 %

65 % loss9 % loss

88 % lossIncandescent light

Needs to increase efficiency with new technology: conversion level, demand side.


Tehnology Load factor

%

Efficiencyη

Capital costEuro/kW

InstallMW

PCC coal/lignite 85 43 1600-2500 600

PCC lignite with CCS 85 37 3000 740

PCC hard coal 85 46 1600 800

IGCC coal 85 45 400

IGCC hard coal (USA) 85 32 380

FBC supercritical 85 40 300

Technologies for conversions to electricity

Efficiency of technology for TPP

PCC lignite power plants with larger units have better efficiency (39-46%)Future TPP will operate with 350 bar/700 0C, and efficiency about 50%.PPC … pulverized coal combustionIGCC … integrated gasification combined cycleFBC …fluidized bed combustionCCS … carbon capture and storage

Source: IEA, NEA, Projected cost of generating electricity, 2010.



Efficiency of technology for NPP


Technology Load factor%

Capital costEuro/kW

InstallMW

PWR 85 3200 (DE) 1600EPR-1600 85 3600 (VGB) 1600 APWR, ABWR 85 2300 (EPRI) 1400average 3200

Technology Efficiencyη

Capital costEuro/kW

InstallMW

CCGT (Germany) 57-60 800 800CCGT s CCS (USA) 40 1500 400

Efficiency of technology for gas power plants

Efficiency of NPP: 33%



Renewable sources


RES/technology Load factor%

Nett capacityMW

Capital costEuro/kW

Source of info:

WIND - onshore 21-41 2-100 1500-2800 SwissWIND - offshore (near) 34 100 2800 EurelectricWIND - offshore (far away) 43 100 3400 EurelectricSolar PV 10-24 0.002-20 3000-5000 IEAHPP – runriver 80 1000 2700 EurelectricHPP – pump storages 29 1000 2100 EurelectricHPP – Three Gorges 53 18134 IEABiomas 85 10 IEAGeothermal 70 5 9900 CZEGeothermal 87 50 1300 USAWP- onshore technology will improve up to 2020 (average spec. cost should be about 1000 Euro/kW) WP- offshore technology will improve up to 2020 (average spec. cost should be about 2000-2 300 Euro/kW)PV will drastic reduce cost. Up to 2030 should be1000-1200 Euro/kW.

Potential generation from RES


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EU Projects of massive RES

Wind300 GW25 000 km2

5000 x 10 km

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EU Projects of massive RES

Solar700 GW

8000 km2 90 x 90 km

pepei.pennnet.com

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Transmission system technologies


First idea on pan-european network - 1930

Milestones:

-1885 invention of TR

-1888 AC polyphase machine

-1891 first 3p AC transmission

-1952 UCPTE

-1974 YU connected with UCPTE

-1989 E&W liberalization

-1999 EU - IEM

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1956

1974

2008

Tehnologije za prenos in distribucijoTechnologies for transmission and distribution

• ENTSO-E organization of former UCTE, UKTSOA NORDEL, ATSOI, BALTSO, ETSO.

• All together 42 TSO from 34 countries.• Supply 525 milion people in 2010• 880 GW install power and 270,000 km network• 3,300 TWh/a and about 400 TWh/a exchange

Average losses in transmission and distribution network

area Losses in %Europe 7.3N. Amerika 7.1S. Amerika 18.3Japan 9.1China 9.5India 7.2Africa 10.0WORLD 9.2

transmission 25%distribution 75%

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Tehnologije za prenos in distribucijo

1. New materials for conductors and other system elements,

2. Superconducting elements (HTS),

3. Electricity storage systems,

4. ICT , sensors, control,

5. Dispersed sources technologies,

6. FACTS, HVDC,

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Tehnologije za prenos in distribucijo

Technology Innovation Year

Energy density

(Wh/kg)

Efficiencyη

Electro-ChemicalLead-acid battery 1859 50 0,77Ni-Cd battery 1899 70 0,80Li-ion battery 1970 200 0,86Na-S battery 1980 200 0,85Redox (Flow battery) 1980 35 0,75

MechanicalPump Hydro Storage 1909 300/m3 0,72Compressed air (CAES) 1978 2000/m3 0,64Flywheels (FW) 1990 110 0,81

Electro-Magnetic SMES 1976 - 0,96Supercapacitor 1977 30 0,95

Source: K. Bakic, Tehnologije shranjevanja električne energije, 2010

Electricity storage technologies


New technology for transmission

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3 Commercial aplications in USA in 07-08:

HTS system - L=609 m; cost about 40 MUSD

Posibilities to improve efficiency on demand side

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• Lighting examples (appr. 12% consumption)ɳ - light 2008

Incandescent(4%)

15 lm/W

flourescent 100 lm/W

LED (lab.) (40%)

150-200

LED commercial

50-100 lm/W

Edison 21.10.1879

0.2%0.3% 4 % LED = light-emitting diode

36 %

E-mobility


• Impact of electrical vehicles on efficiency

Example:

100.000 cars with annual 15.000 km/car means average fuel consumption of 1500 l/car or total 1.500 GWh (gasoline).

Equivalent EV for same path would spent 250 GWh of electricity from renewables (Hydro, wind, solar, biogas).

For LV level its mean 10% increasing consumption in energy but in power it can be more than 50% - huge problem.

We should recognize differences between energy and power (condition for designing of network)


E-mobility

Case study for BMW Mini-E:

- 35 kWh battery needs for filling about 4-5 hours (32 A/220V)

- Consumption is 140 Wh/km = ca. 7 km/kWh

- One filling equal about 220 km.

- Cost for filling in high tariff is about 5 €.

- Car for rent is 650 € per month.

- On the market in 2012.

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conclusions


• New technology enables increasing energy efficiency at all levels of energy value chain,

• Last decades energy efficiency increased very high at the energy conversions part of chain by new technology improvements and attained almost 50% . Energy efficiency is particular important in thermal power systems,

• More renewable sources we have in our system , less important is energy efficiency ,

• Evaluation for possibilities of reducing losses in T&D sector have shown about 30%.

• The largest improvements of energy efficiency we can expect on demand side by smart grids technology and e-mobility implementation.


Thank you for your attention!

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• Razvoj tehnologija mjerenja električne energije

1882 – Edisonov mjerač potrošnje električne energije

Pametna brojila - 2000

1 "energy efficiency and new technology challenges" krešimir bakič slovenian national...

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