1. empire

An extended area under centralized control.

2. civilization

• When a man achieves the milestone of record keeping and a writing system.

3. Reform

• An improved state with the same existing structure.

4. Retro

• To do again by bringing back from the past.

5.Revolution

• Rapid change.

6. Reaction

• A response to some stimulus.

7. Imperialism

• The extension of a nation’s power over other lands.

8. Militarism

• Solving problem by force.

9. Nationalism

• The unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbol.

10. Great War

• World War 1 (1914-1919).

11. 20th Century

• 1900-1999.

12. 21st Century

• 2000-2099.

13. Triple Alliance

• This alliance, formed in 1882, consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Central Powers).

14. Triple Entente

• This alliance, formed in 1907, consisted of Great Britain, Russia, and France.

15. Conscription

• A military draft.

16. Serbia

• By 1914, they were determined to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans. This is where WW1 started.

17. Archduke Francis Ferdinand

• The heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. He was assassinated on June 28, 1914.

18. Gavrilo Princip

• A 19-year old Bosnian Serb, succeeded in fatally shooting both the archduke and his wife. This was the spark that started WW I.

19 William II

• Emperor of Germany during WWI

20. Czar Nicholas II

• He ordered mobilization of the Russian army against Austria-Hungary. He was the last of the Romanov dynasty to rule Russia.

21. Mobilization

• The process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war.

22. General Alfred von Schlieffen

• He Drew up plans to quickly strike France and then turn Germany’s attention towards Russia.

23. Lusitania

• The British were blamed of using this ship, also known as the “floating palace”, to carry ammunition and other war supplies across the Atlantic. It was sunk by the Germans and provoked the U.S entry into the war

24. Propaganda

• Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

25. Trench Warfare

• A type of warfare that involves ditches protected by barded wire.

26. U Boats

• Also known as submarines

27. War of Attrition

• War based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks on heavy losses.

28. Gallipoli

• Southwest of Constantinople, battle between the Ottoman and the allies. 40 north,30 east.

29. Lawrence of Arabia

• A British officer who urged Arab princes to revolt against ottoman overlords.

30. Total War

• This involves a complete mobilization of resources and people.

31. Limited War

• A conflict that has certain goal using partial resources

32. Guerilla Warfare

• Surprise attacks ,run and hide

33. Terrorism

• Random acts of violence against civilians.

34. Planned Economies

• These are systems that are directed by government agencies. i.e., Communism.

35. Woodrow Wilson

• United States president during WW1. He argues for his 14 points in post WW1.

36. Grigori Rasputin

• He was an uneducated Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man. He was close to the czarina. He was assassinated by a group of Russian nobles.

37. Bolsheviks

• They began as a small faction of a Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats.

38. V.I. Lenin

• The Bolsheviks were under his leadership. He leads the communist state in Russia

39. Ukraine

• This was one of the countries that was given up when Lenin signed the treaty of Breast-Litovsk, as well as Finland, eastern Poland, and the Baltic provinces. 50 North, 30 East.

40. Siberia

• Where the White force attacked westward and advanced almost to the Volga River before they were stopped. It is in northern Russia.

41. Urals

• Where Czar, his wife and children were taken after he abdicated. Mountain range that separates Europe from Asia.

42. Leon Trotsky

• Thanks to him the Red Army was a well-disciplined fighting force and he reinstated the draft and emphasized a rigid discipline. He was assassinated by assassins sent by Stalin in Mexico city. He lost a power struggle with Stalin.

43. War Communism

• This meant government control of banks and most of the industries.

44. Armistice

• This is a truce or an agreement to stop the fighting.

45. David Lloyd George

• He was the prime minister of Great Britain who won a decisive victory in the elections of December of 1918. He also wanted Germany to pay.

46. Georges Clemenceau

• He was the premier of France during WW1. He wanted to punish Germany.

47. Reparations

• To cover the cost of a war.

48. Poland

• This country is in between Germany and Russia in North central Europe.

49. Mandates

• This gave a nation the right to govern another nation on behalf of the League of Nations.

50. Zimmerman Note

• Germany’s offer to Mexico to attack the United States during WW1 in exchange for loss territory.

51. Treaty of Versailles

• The agreement that ended the WW1 in 1919. It punished Germany harshly.

52. League of Nations

• A group of victorious nations that gathered and settle international disputes and avoid war. It was proposed by Wilson; however, it was rejected by the US Senate.

53. Hyperinflation

• Excessively rapid rise in prices of goods.

54. Great Flu Epidemic

• This was a pandemic of 1910-20 which was made worse by trench warfare and soldiers spreading the disease when they went home in WWI.

55. Great Depression

• Which began at the end of 1929, brought misery to millions of people. The unemployment rate was 25%.

56. Stock Market Crash

• When the prices of the stocks plunged and investors throughout the U.S. Withdrew funds from Germany and other Europeans markets causing banks to collapse.

57. Weimar Republic

• A German democratic state that was plagued with problems in between the wars. In post WWI.

58. Paul von Hindenburg

• He was a WWI military hero that was elected president at age of 77 of the Weimar Republic.

59. John Maynard Keynes

• A British economist that condemned the old theory that, in a free economy, depressions should be left to resolve themselves without the government.

60. Deficit Spending

• Government spending tax reciepts.

61. Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• This democratic was able to win a landslide victory in the 1932 presidential elections. He was president during the Great Depression and WWII.

62. New Deal

• An intervention in economy that increased public’s work and a new social legislation which is known as U.S. warfare to boost the economy by Government spending.

63. Totalitarian State

• A government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, a cultural life of the citizens.

64. Benito Mussolini

• He established the first European Fascist movement in Italy in the 1920’s. Il Duce

65. Facism

• A political philosophy that glorifies the state above one and emphasizing the need for a strong government and a doctorial ruler.

66. New Economic Policy

• A modified version of the old capitalist system, where peasants were allowed to sell their produce openly in Russia by Lenin.

67. Joseph Stalin

• He wasn’t only a Politburo member; he was the secretary for the party. He ruled USSR from 1929-1953. He is responsible for the murder of as many as 25 million people.

68. Five Year Plan

• The purpose for these five years was to transform Russia from an agricultural into an industrial country.

69. Collectivization

• A system in which private farms were eliminated and instead the government owned all of the land while peasants worked it.

70. U.S.S.R.

• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1917-1989

71. Great Purge

• In the 1930’s, Stalin’s mania for power led him to remove, all opponent-or imagined opponents-from Russian life.

72. Francisco Franco

• He led the military forces to revolt against the democratic government in 1936 in spain.

73. Spanish Civil War

• 1936, Fascist (Francisco Franco) vs. democratic government.

73. Spanish Civil War

74. Adolf Hitler

• Born in Austria on April 20,1889, he led Germany and the Nazi Party in the 1930’s until 1944.

75. Anti-Semitism

• Prejudice against Jews

76. Munich

• German City, 48N, 11E.

77. Nazi

• The Nationalist Socialist German Party under Adolf Hitler.

78. Mein Kampf

• Adolf Hitler’s biography (My Struggle)

79. Reichstag

• The German Congress (parliament).

80. Concentration Camps

• Large prison camps that were build for people who opposed the new regime and for extermination.

81. Heinrich Himmler

• He was the leader of the SS which controlled not only the secret police forces but also the regular police forces.

82. Nurember Laws

• This excluded Jews from German citizenship.

83. Kristallnacht

• Or the “ night of shattered glass” when Nazi thugs vandalized Jewish businesses.

84. Ideology

• This is a systematic body of ideas usually about human life or culture

85. Joseph Goebbles

• He was Hitler’s propaganda minister

86. Surrealism

• A movement that sought a reality beyond the material world and found it in the world of unconscious.

87. Salvador Dali

• Spanish surrealist painter

88. Modernism

• A movement where writers and artists rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance.

89. Ottomon Turks

• This Muslim empire had once include parts of eastern Europe, the middle East, and North Africa.

90. Zionism

• A movement devoted to the establishment of Palestine a homeland for Jews.

91. Young Turks

• They were able to force the restoration of the constitution in 1908 and dispose the sultan the following year.

92. T.E. Lawrence

• He was the “dashing British adventurer” who aided the nationalist against the Ottoman empire.

93. The Armenian Genocide

• From 1915-1918, an estimated 1 million Armenians, were killed by massacres and starvation.

94. Genocide

• The deliberate attempt to exterminate a racial group.

95. Colonel Mustafa Kemal

• His force drove the Greeks from the Anatolian Peninsula.

96. Ataturk

• Father of modern Turkey. He pushed for the westernization of Turkey after WW I. His real name is Mustafa Kemal.

97. Reza Shah Pahlavi

• Reza Khan gave himself this new name after he established himself as shah, or king

98. Iran

• Persia became the modern stat of this country in 1935

99. Ibn Saud

He established the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932

100. Palestine

• In this country, the nationalism of Jews and Arabs was in conflict.

101. Balfour Declaration

• It expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine, but it also added that this goal should not undermine the rights of non-Jewish people living there.

102. W.E.B. DuBois & Marcus Garvey

• Both came from a new generation of young African leaders calling for independence.

103. Pan-Africanism

• A movement that stressed the need for the unity of all Africans.

104. Mohandas Gandhi

• He became active in the movement for Indian self-rule before WWI. The people of Indian called him India’s “Great Soul”

105. Civil Disobedience

• Refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust.

106. Jawaharlal Nehru

• He was part of the upper class and an intellectual who studied law in Great Britain. He was secular, Western, and modern as opposed to Gandhi.

107. Zaibutsu

• A large financial and industrial corporation (Japanese and So. Korean) that worked closely with the government.

108. Manchuria

• A northern province of China. The Japanese conquered this area in the 1930’s.

109. Marxism

• The idea that peasants as well as workers would make the revolution. This became very attractive to many poor people around the world. It is communist ideology.

110. Karl Marx

• He found the communist international. It was a worldwide organization of communist parties dedicated to spreading revolution.

111. Ho Chi Minh

• A Moscow- trained revolutionary that organized the Vietnamese against the French and later American in Indochina.

112. Shanghai

• This is a commercial and industrial city in China's east coast.

113. Sun Yat-sen

• A leader of the nationalist who welcomed the cooperation with the CCP.

114. Chiang Kai-Shek

Founder of Taiwan, he loses the battle against Mao (communist)

115. Shanghai Massacre

• April 1927 When the Nationalist being led by Chiang Kai-shek attack the communist

116. Mao Zedong

• A communist organizer that was convinced that a Chinese revolution depends on peasants. He led the communist to victory in 1949.

117. Guerilla Tactics

• Surprise attacks, run and hide

118. Redistribution of Wealth

• The shifting of wealth from a rich minority to a poor majority.

119. Juan Vicente Gomez

• A dictator in Valenzuela who the U.S. oil companies had a great relationship with.

120. Good Neighbor Policy

• This is rejecting the use of military force on Latin America on principle.

121. Oligarchy

• A government where a selected group of people exercise control.

122. Caudillo

• Latin American dictator.

123. World War II

1939-45 Axis (Germany, Japan, Italy) vs Allies (US, Britain, Russia, and France)

124. Demilitarize

• Not permitted to have weapons of fortifications.

125. Appeasement

• This policy was based on the belief that if European states satisfied the reasonable demands of unsatisfied powers, the unsatisfied powers would be content, and stability and peace would be achieved in Europe.

126. Munich Conference

• In 1936, British, French, German, and Italian representatives did not object to Hitler’s plans but instead reached an agreement that met virtually all of Hitler’s demands.

127. Joseph Stalin

• The Soviet communist dictator. He is responsible for the death of 25 million people. He died in 1953.

128. Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact

• Signed on August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union promised not to attack each other.

129. New Order

• Comprising of Japan, Manchuria, and China. Japan would attempt to establish a new system of control in Asia with Japan guiding it’s Asian neighbors to prosperity.

130. Blitzkrieg

• Also known as “lighting war” because of how Hitler stunned Europe with the speed and efficiency of the German attack on Poland.

131. Isolationism

• Remaining impartial by refusing to participate in a war between other powers.

132. Neutrality

• Not forming alliances or other international political and economic relations.

133. Battle of Britain

• The WW2 German invasion by the Luftwaffe (air force) of England in early August of 1940. The English were aided by radar. Hitler stopped the invasion in late September.

134. Luftwaffe

• The German air force

135. December 7, 1941

• The date in which the Japanese aircraft attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands.

136. Axis Powers

• Germany, Italy, and Japan.

137. Erwin Rommel

• He was nicknamed “Desert Fox” and commanded the Reich’s Afrika Korps.

138. El Alamein

• A place in North Africa in which Rommel’s troops were stopped by British forces.

139. Stalingrad

• A major industrial center on the Volga. It was also major WWII battle in which the soviet defeat the Nazis.

140. Battle of Midway Island

• The turning point of the war in Asia (June 4), 1942

141. Douglas MacArthur

• This U.S. general moved into the Philippines through A. A.New Guinea and the South Pacific Islands in an effort to capture Japanese-held islands and bypass.

142. Normandy

• This place held history’s greatest naval invasion in which the Allies fought their way past underwater mines, barbed wire, and horrible machine gun fire.

143. Harry S. Truman

• He became the president on the death of Roosevelt in April.

144. Hiroshima

• The US dropped the first atomic bomb on this Japanese city during WW II

145. Reinhard Heydrich

• The leader of the SS, he was put in charge of German resettlement plans in the east (Poland and USSR)

146. Aushwitz• The largest extermination center built in

poland.

147. Collaborators

• People who assisted the enemy.

148. Asia for the Asians

• Japan’s propaganda efforts to convince the world that Japan should rule Asia.

149. Kamikaze

• Japanese pilots that volunteered to serve as suicidal pilots

150. Cold War

• 1946 – 1989 period of hostility and competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

151. Tehran Conference

• Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill came together in November 1943 to decide the final assault on Germany.

152. Truman Doctrine

• It stated that the U.S. would provide money to countries threatened by communist expansion.

153. Marshall Plan

• This plan was designed to rebuild the prosperity and stability of war-torn Europe. It included $13 billion in aid for Europe’s economic recovery.

154. Satellite States

• Nations that are dependent or controlled by an outside power.

155. Policy of Containment

• It was a policy to keep communism within its exiting boundaries and prevent further soviet aggressive moves. (Opposite of appeasement)

156. Berlin

• Located deep inside the Soviet zone, it was also divided into four zones. It was the capital of the Nazis empire.

157. Federal Republic of Germany

• West Germany, western capitalistic.

158. German Democratic Republic

• East German State, communist, Warsaw Pact.

159. Arms Race

• A “competition” in which both countries build up their armies and weapons.

160. No. Atlantic Treaty Organization

A military alliances of western nations on which all powers who signed agreed to provide mutual help if any one of them was attacked.

161. Warsaw Pact

• A formal military alliances between the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, E.Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.

162. Deterrence

• This policy held that huge arsenals of nuclear weapons on both sides prevented war.

163. Nikita Khrushchev

• He emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1955 after the death of Stalin.

164. Domino Theory

• The idea that if one country falls to communism, the neighboring countries will also fall.

165. Soviet Union

• When it became communist in 1917, it changed its name to this.

166. De-Stalinization

• The process of eliminating Stalin’s policies.

167. Charles de Gaulle

• The war hero that dominated France for nearly a quarter of a century after the war.

168. Welfare State

• A state where the government takes responsibility to provide citizen with services and a minimal standard of living.

169. European Economic Community

• Also known as the Common Market, was a free-trade area made up of the six member nations and they would impose no tariffs on each other’s goods.

170. John F. Kennedy

• The youngest elected president in the history of the United States.

171. Civil Rights Movement

• Equal right for African Americans.

172. Martin Luther King, Jr.

• The leader of a growing movement for racial equality.

173. Consumer Society

• A society that is preoccupied with buying goods, not producing one.

174. Mikhail Gorbachev

• He became leader of the Soviet Union in 1985.

175. Brezhnev Doctrine

• It insisted on the right of the Soviet Union to intervene if communism was threatened in another communist state.

176. Détente

• A relaxation of tensions and improved relations between two superpowers.

177. Dissidents

• Those who spoke out against the regime.

178. Perestroika

• Restructuring.

179. Ronald Reagan

• He was elected president of the United States in 1980.

180. Boris Yeltsin

• President of the Russian Republic.

181. Ukraine

• This country voted for independence on December 1,1991. South Central Europe

182. Vladamir Putin

• At the end of 1999, Yeltsin resigned and was replaced by this man.

183. Slobodan Milosevic

• He became the leader of the Yugoslav republic of Serbia in 1987.

184. Margaret Thatcher

• A conservative who pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation in England.

185. Budget Deficits

• It exists when the government spends more than it collects in revenues.

186. George W. Bush

• In the election of 2000, this Texan narrowly defeated Vice President Al Gore in one of the most hotly contested elections in American history.

187. Weapons of Mass Destruct’n

They are nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people at once.

188. Globalization

• The process that began since the dawn of human kind of sharing, human trade, communication, and cooperation.

189. Roe vs. Wade

• In this 1973 case the Supreme Court legalized abortion.

190. Ervin Magic Johnson

• He was living proof of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, could strike anyone.

191. Elvis Presley

• This musician along with Little Richard and Chuck Berry combines jazz, gospel, traditional African, and country music to create “rock ‘n’ roll”.

192. Cultural Imperialism

• It meant that a Western nation controlled other world cultures, much as they had controlled governments in the 1800s.

193. Multinational Corp

• These are companies with divisions in more than two countries for example Mc Donald’s

194. Megacity

• A city with rapidly increasing populations, having trouble keeping up with urban services for example Mexico City.

195. Rio de Janeiro

• Where streams of poor families moved in hope for a better life eastern city of Brazil.

196. Favelas

• Squatter settlements where clean water and electricity are in short supply.

197. Magic Realism

• A form of expression unique to Latin American literature; it combines realistic events with dreamlike or fantastic backgrounds.

198. Gabriel Garcia Marquez

• Author of One Hundred Years of Solitude, born in Columbia, he is one of the world’s best-known modern writers.

199. Brasilia

• Built as Brazil’s new capital in 1950s-1960s, where outstanding examples of Latin American architectures can be seen.

200. Oscar Niemeyer

• A Brazilian architect that was chosen to be the chief architect for the new capital.