Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

11

Key TermsKey Terms

1.Byzantine Empire: (395-1453) name 1.Byzantine Empire: (395-1453) name historians give to the Eastern Roman historians give to the Eastern Roman Empire; it refers to Byzantium, the name Empire; it refers to Byzantium, the name of the capital city before it was changed to of the capital city before it was changed to ConstantinopleConstantinople

2.Justinian I: (483-565) Byzantine emperor 2.Justinian I: (483-565) Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565; he reunited the parts of from 527 to 565; he reunited the parts of the Roman Empire, simplified Roman laws the Roman Empire, simplified Roman laws with Justinian's Code, and ordered Hagia with Justinian's Code, and ordered Hagia Sophia built.Sophia built.

22

Key TermsKey Terms

3.Theodora: (died 548) Byzantine 3.Theodora: (died 548) Byzantine empress; she was married to empress; she was married to Justinian and exerted a great Justinian and exerted a great influence over him and over the influence over him and over the political and religious events of the political and religious events of the empire.empire.

4.Belisarius: (c. 505-565) Byzantine 4.Belisarius: (c. 505-565) Byzantine general under Justinian I; he led general under Justinian I; he led expeditions to overthrow the Vandal expeditions to overthrow the Vandal kingdom in North Africa and occupied kingdom in North Africa and occupied parts of Italy for Justinianparts of Italy for Justinian

33

Key TermsKey Terms

5.mosaics: images created with tiny bits of 5.mosaics: images created with tiny bits of colored tile fitted together and cemented colored tile fitted together and cemented into placeinto place

6.icon: a painting or carving of Jesus, the 6.icon: a painting or carving of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, or a saintVirgin Mary, or a saint

7.clergy: church leaders7.clergy: church leaders 8.Orthodox Church: the church that 8.Orthodox Church: the church that

followed the Eastern traditions of followed the Eastern traditions of Christianity as opposed to the Western Christianity as opposed to the Western traditionstraditions

44

Key TermsKey Terms 10.Yaroslav the Wise: (978-1054) Grand 10.Yaroslav the Wise: (978-1054) Grand

duke of Kiev from 1019 to 1054; he duke of Kiev from 1019 to 1054; he promoted Christianity and civilization in promoted Christianity and civilization in Russia and began a codification of the lawRussia and began a codification of the law

11.Cyril: (c. 827-869) Brothers and Christian 11.Cyril: (c. 827-869) Brothers and Christian missionaries. Greek monks sent to convert missionaries. Greek monks sent to convert Slavs to Christianity; their use of the Slavs to Christianity; their use of the Slavonic language helped convert many Slavonic language helped convert many Moravians to Christianity. They developed a Moravians to Christianity. They developed a written alphabet for the Slavonic language written alphabet for the Slavonic language that became known as the Cyrillic alphabet.that became known as the Cyrillic alphabet.

55

Key TermsKey Terms

12.Methodius: (c. 825-884)Brothers and 12.Methodius: (c. 825-884)Brothers and Christian missionaries; their use of the Christian missionaries; their use of the Slavonic language helped convert many Slavonic language helped convert many Moravians to Christianity. They developed Moravians to Christianity. They developed a written alphabet for the Slavonic a written alphabet for the Slavonic language that became known as the language that became known as the Cyrillic alphabet.Cyrillic alphabet.

13.Cryllic alphabet: an alphabet derived 13.Cryllic alphabet: an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languageswriting Slavic languages

66

Key TermsKey Terms

14.Vladimir I: (c. 965-1015) Grand prince 14.Vladimir I: (c. 965-1015) Grand prince of Kiev; he converted to Orthodox of Kiev; he converted to Orthodox Christianity in the 980s and made it the Christianity in the 980s and made it the state religion.state religion.

15.Alexander Nevsky: (c. 1220-1263) 15.Alexander Nevsky: (c. 1220-1263) Russian hero; he defeated the Swedes Russian hero; he defeated the Swedes and the Teutonic knights. As grand duke and the Teutonic knights. As grand duke of Kiev, he was vassal of the Mongols, of Kiev, he was vassal of the Mongols, who controlled much of Russia at the who controlled much of Russia at the timetime

77

Key TermsKey Terms

16.Alfred the Great:: (849-899) King of 16.Alfred the Great:: (849-899) King of Wessex from 871 to 899; he defeated Wessex from 871 to 899; he defeated Danish invaders and united Anglo- Saxon Danish invaders and united Anglo- Saxon England under his control. He compiled a England under his control. He compiled a code of laws and promoted learning.code of laws and promoted learning.

17.Clovis: (c. 466-511) King of the Franks 17.Clovis: (c. 466-511) King of the Franks from 481 to 511; he established the from 481 to 511; he established the kingdom of the Franks in the late 400s; kingdom of the Franks in the late 400s; according to legend, his victories according to legend, his victories convinced him to convert to Christianity.convinced him to convert to Christianity.

88

Key TermsKey Terms

18.medieval: the time period in 18.medieval: the time period in western European history known as western European history known as the Middle Agesthe Middle Ages

19.Christendom: term historians use 19.Christendom: term historians use to denote the society, concentrated to denote the society, concentrated in Western Europe, that developed in in Western Europe, that developed in the Middle Ages in which people the Middle Ages in which people were linked by common customs and were linked by common customs and the Christian religionthe Christian religion

99

Key TermsKey Terms

20.Gregory the Great: (c. 540-604) 20.Gregory the Great: (c. 540-604) Roman Catholic pope from 590 to Roman Catholic pope from 590 to 604; he restored monastic discipline 604; he restored monastic discipline and was zealous in propagating and was zealous in propagating Christianity.Christianity.

21.monasticism: voluntary 21.monasticism: voluntary separation from society, usually in separation from society, usually in monasteries, to dedicate one's life to monasteries, to dedicate one's life to God; prevalent in the Middle AgesGod; prevalent in the Middle Ages

1010

Key TermsKey Terms

22.Augustine of Hippo: (354-430) Early 22.Augustine of Hippo: (354-430) Early Christian church father and philosopher; his Christian church father and philosopher; his writings helped shape Christian doctrine for writings helped shape Christian doctrine for centuries, Wrote “The City of God”.centuries, Wrote “The City of God”.

23.Benedictine Rule: a collection of rules or 23.Benedictine Rule: a collection of rules or guidelines for monks and monasteries; guidelines for monks and monasteries; named for Benedict of Nursia; widely used named for Benedict of Nursia; widely used in Europe in the Middle Agesin Europe in the Middle Ages

24.abbot: the elected head of a monastery24.abbot: the elected head of a monastery

1111

1212

Middle Ages / Medieval Middle Ages / Medieval PeriodPeriod

• All the empires we All the empires we have studied to this have studied to this point have been point have been referred to as referred to as ancient ancient civilizations.civilizations.– Mesopotamia Mesopotamia – Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent– EgyptEgypt– IndiaIndia– ChinaChina– GreeceGreece– RomeRome

• Ancient Ancient history history is the is the study of the written study of the written past from the beginning past from the beginning of recorded human of recorded human history until the Early history until the Early Middle Ages in Europe.Middle Ages in Europe.

• The The Middle Ages Middle Ages or or Medieval Period Medieval Period began began with the fall of the with the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 Roman Empire in 476 A.D. and lasts to about A.D. and lasts to about 1500.1500.

1313

The New RomeThe New Rome• 395—Roman Empire split Roman 395—Roman Empire split Roman

Empire (West) & Byzantine Empire Empire (West) & Byzantine Empire (East)(East)

• Greeks=most of Byzantine Empire’s Greeks=most of Byzantine Empire’s populationpopulation

• Wealthy families moved to Wealthy families moved to Constantinople when barbarians Constantinople when barbarians invaded Romeinvaded Rome

• The Byzantine Empire’s preservation of The Byzantine Empire’s preservation of its ancient Greco-Roman heritage was its ancient Greco-Roman heritage was an important legacy that benefited later an important legacy that benefited later generations.generations.

1414

The New RomeThe New Rome The Byzantine

Empire was wealthy and produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine. It traded these for spices, ivory and precious stones from countries as far away as China and India along the Silk Road trade routes.

1515

1616

1717

• Constantinople Constantinople (crossroads of Europe (crossroads of Europe & Asia)& Asia)

• Bosporus & Bosporus & Dardanelles—2 Dardanelles—2 important waterwaysimportant waterways

1818

Emperor Emperor JustinianJustinian

• 527- 565527- 565• Nicknamed Nicknamed

“Emperor “Emperor who never who never sleeps”sleeps”

1919

TheodoraTheodora• Justinian’s wife & advisorJustinian’s wife & advisor• Allowed women to own landAllowed women to own land• 532:532: Nika Revolt Nika Revolt

• Theodora talked him into Theodora talked him into stayingstaying

• General Belisarius- put down General Belisarius- put down revolt & won back Roman revolt & won back Roman landslands

2020

Hippodrome- Chariot races Hippodrome- Chariot races (like Rome’s Circus (like Rome’s Circus

Maximus)Maximus)

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople/2121

Justinian and Justinian and TheodoraTheodora

Justinian ruled as an autocrat with the help of Theodora. He created a huge Christian empire. They served as co-rulers!

The Byzantine Empire reached its greatest size under Justinian.

Autocrat – ruler who has complete authority

2222

Justinian and Justinian and TheodoraTheodora

• Justinian ruled as an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire

• Empire reached its greatest size

• Built Hagia Sophia• Built Hippodrome• Created Justinian’s Code –

which organized all the laws of ancient Rome.

2323

Justinian’s CodeJustinian’s Code• Law code: Law code: Corpus of Civil LawCorpus of Civil Law (Justinian’s Code)(Justinian’s Code)• Based on Roman lawsBased on Roman lawshttp://www.fordham.edu/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/halsall/basis/535institutes.html#XV.535institutes.html#XV.%20Agnate%20Tutorship. %20Agnate%20Tutorship.

2424

Justinian’s Code of LawsJustinian’s Code of Laws Laws were fairer to women. They could own

property and raise their own children after their husbands died.

Children allowed to choose their own marriage partners.

Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters.

Punishments were detailed and fit the crime His work inspired the modern concept and,

indeed, the very spelling of "justice".

2525

Justinian and Justinian and TheodoraTheodora

• The Hagia Sophia was built after Justinian overthrew a revolt.

2626

Justinian and Justinian and TheodoraTheodora

• Justinian ruled as an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire

• Empire reached its greatest size

• Built Hagia Sophia• Rebuilt the

Hippodrome

2727

http://www.livius.org/a/1/maps/istanbul_hippodrome_map.gif2828

• Justinian wanted strength of old Justinian wanted strength of old Roman EmpireRoman Empire

• By By 554554— reclaimed Italy, North — reclaimed Italy, North Africa, & Spain from Germanic Africa, & Spain from Germanic tribestribes• Chemical weapon “Greek fire”Chemical weapon “Greek fire”• After Justinian’s death, After Justinian’s death,

Germanic tribes reclaimed Germanic tribes reclaimed landslandsReclaiming the Western Empire Afterthe fall of Rome, the eastern emperors did notgive up their claim to the western part of theempire. The Byzantine emperor Justinian I, whoreigned from 527 to 565, dreamed of restoringthe original Roman Empire.

2929

3030

Christian ChurchChristian Church• Emperors crowned by Emperors crowned by

Patriarch of Patriarch of ConstantinopleConstantinople

• Defend ChristianityDefend Christianity• Appoint Church Appoint Church officialsofficials

3131

• Icons (religious images)Icons (religious images)• Iconoclasts (Christians) Iconoclasts (Christians)

believed having icons was idol believed having icons was idol worship worship

• 726:726: Byzantine Emperor Leo Byzantine Emperor Leo III(chriatian)– destroyed iconsIII(chriatian)– destroyed icons• 787:787: Pope in Rome-- heresy not Pope in Rome-- heresy not

to allow icons (some couldn’t to allow icons (some couldn’t read & icons helped them learn read & icons helped them learn Christianity)Christianity)

• Church council threatened Church council threatened iconoclasts with iconoclasts with excommunicationexcommunication

3232

3333

• Pope and Patriarch Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each otherexcommunicated each other• 700s:700s: Lombards invaded Lombards invaded

Italy, Byzantine emperor Italy, Byzantine emperor refused to help Poperefused to help Pope

• Frankish leader helped--Frankish leader helped--Pepin the Short—Pope gives Pepin the Short—Pope gives him title “emperor”him title “emperor”

• 1054:1054: SPLIT---WEST (Roman SPLIT---WEST (Roman Catholic Church) EAST Catholic Church) EAST (Eastern Orthodox Church)(Eastern Orthodox Church)

3434

Church supported marriage (sacred Church supported marriage (sacred institution) – Roman Catholic Priests institution) – Roman Catholic Priests not allowed to marrynot allowed to marry

Divorce - difficult to getDivorce - difficult to get

3535

• Trade:Trade:

• Goods from Asia & Goods from Asia & EuropeEurope

• Silk RoadSilk Road• 2 Orthodox monk 2 Orthodox monk missionaries brought missionaries brought silkworms from Chinasilkworms from China

3636

• Art- religious subjectsArt- religious subjects• Icons- displayed Icons- displayed

saintssaints• Mosaics- pieces of Mosaics- pieces of

tile or glasstile or glass• Religious scholars Religious scholars

used art in booksused art in books• Illuminated Illuminated

manuscripts manuscripts (decorated books)(decorated books)

3737

3838

• Literature focused Literature focused on salvation, on salvation, obedience to God, obedience to God, & preserving Greek & preserving Greek & Roman works& Roman works

3939

ArchitectureArchitecture• 532:532: Church of Church of

Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia (meaning “holy (meaning “holy wisdom”) in wisdom”) in ConstantinopleConstantinople

4040

• Cyril & Methodius-- missionariesCyril & Methodius-- missionaries• 860:860: Cyril created alphabet for Cyril created alphabet for

Slavic, so they could translate Slavic, so they could translate the religious texts of Byzantine the religious texts of Byzantine Christianity for the SlavsChristianity for the Slavs

• Cyrillic Alphabet- used by Cyrillic Alphabet- used by Russia todayRussia today

• Cyril and Methodius successfully Cyril and Methodius successfully converted many Moravians to converted many Moravians to Christianity because they spoke Christianity because they spoke the Slavonic language.the Slavonic language.

4141

4242

• AD 1071—Seljuk Turks AD 1071—Seljuk Turks threaten Constantinoplethreaten Constantinople

• Byzantine emperor asked Byzantine emperor asked Pope to help “defend Pope to help “defend Christianity”Christianity”

• Europeans went to Europeans went to Palestine to fight Palestine to fight Muslims-Muslims-Crusades (holy Crusades (holy wars)wars)

4343

• 1204—Venetians looted 1204—Venetians looted ConstantinopleConstantinople

• 14531453—Ottoman Turks —Ottoman Turks attackedattacked• Byzantine emperor Byzantine emperor killedkilled

• End of Byzantine End of Byzantine EmpireEmpire

4444

The End of the The End of the Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

• The Byzantine empire drew to a close in 1453 when forces from the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople.

• The ancient Christian city was renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. 4545

The Rise of RussiaThe Rise of Russia

4646

4747

The SlavsThe Slavs• Steppe- treeless grasslandSteppe- treeless grassland• Taiga- thick forestsTaiga- thick forests• Long, cold wintersLong, cold winters• 3 major rivers3 major rivers

• DnieperDnieper• DniesterDniester• VolgaVolga

All flow North to South

4848

4949

The Eastern SlavsThe Eastern Slavs• Setting and PeopleSetting and People• 3 major ethnic groups 3 major ethnic groups

lived in the area lived in the area north of the Black north of the Black SeaSea

• 1.) 1.) Western SlavsWestern Slavs • Poles, Czechs, Poles, Czechs,

SlovaksSlovaks• Close ties to Roman Close ties to Roman

Catholic Church and Catholic Church and Western EuropeWestern Europe

• 2.) 2.) Southern SlavsSouthern Slavs• Serbs, Croats, SlovenesSerbs, Croats, Slovenes• Located on the northern Located on the northern

part of the Balkan part of the Balkan PeninsulaPeninsula

• Lots of contact with the Lots of contact with the ByzantinesByzantines

• 3.) 3.) Eastern SlavsEastern Slavs• Largest groupLargest group• Ukranians, Russians, Ukranians, Russians,

BelarussiansBelarussians• Lived between the Lived between the

Dnieper and Dniester Dnieper and Dniester RiversRivers

5050

Kievan Rus Kievan Rus • 800s AD- Vikings from 800s AD- Vikings from

Scandinavia (Norway, Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, Sweden) settled Denmark, Sweden) settled town of Novgorodtown of Novgorod

• Vikings=Ruotsi=Rus=RussiaVikings=Ruotsi=Rus=Russia• Kiev (major trading village)Kiev (major trading village)• Kiev grew into group of Kiev grew into group of

principalities called Kievan Rusprincipalities called Kievan Rus

5151

5252

• Principalities ruled by Principalities ruled by princesprinces• Grand Prince—like Grand Prince—like emperoremperor

• Princes—paid tribute to Princes—paid tribute to GPGP

• Boyars—landownersBoyars—landowners• Artisans & merchantsArtisans & merchants• PeasantsPeasants

5353

5454

5555

• 988 AD—Grand Prince Vladimir I 988 AD—Grand Prince Vladimir I adopted Christianity & Cyrillic Alphabetadopted Christianity & Cyrillic Alphabet

• Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054)Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054)• 11stst library of Kiev library of Kiev• Built churches, created 1Built churches, created 1stst law code law code

• Yaroslav successfully dealt with Yaroslav successfully dealt with western Europe by arranging western Europe by arranging marriages between his daughters and marriages between his daughters and European princes.European princes.

• the main threat to Kievan Rus following the main threat to Kievan Rus following the death of Yaroslav the increasing the death of Yaroslav the increasing power of princes within the state’s power of princes within the state’s bordersborders

5656

http://z.about.com/d/goeasteurope/1/5/T/3/-/-/UkraineStSophia.jpg5757

The MongolsThe Mongols

5858

• 1240—Mongols invaded lead by 1240—Mongols invaded lead by Batu Khan, ended Keivan Rus Batu Khan, ended Keivan Rus dominancedominance• The Mongols did not bring destruction The Mongols did not bring destruction

and devastation to much of Russia and devastation to much of Russia because a Russian prince discouraged because a Russian prince discouraged rebellions against Mongol conquerors.rebellions against Mongol conquerors.

5959

1240—Alexander “Nevsky” defeated Swedes at Neva River1380—Mucovites (people of Moscow) defeated Mongols at Battle of Kulikovo

6060

• 1493—Ivan III ruler of 1493—Ivan III ruler of Moscow refused to pay Moscow refused to pay Mongol taxes, made Mongol taxes, made himself sovereign of all himself sovereign of all Russia— “Ivan the Russia— “Ivan the Great”Great”

• Orthodox Church called Orthodox Church called Russia the “3Russia the “3rdrd Rome” Rome”

6161

Ivan the GreatIvan the Great

• Ruled from 1462-Ruled from 1462-1505 1505

• Successfully Successfully overthrew the overthrew the Tatars (Mongols)Tatars (Mongols)

• United RussiaUnited Russia

6262

6363

Ivan IV “the terrible”Ivan IV “the terrible”• Paranoid- mentally Paranoid- mentally unstableunstable

• Killed his own sonKilled his own son• Massacre at NovgorodMassacre at Novgorod• Took title czar “caesar”Took title czar “caesar”

6464

Ivan the TerribleIvan the Terrible

• Ruled Ruled 1547-1584• Grandson of Ivan III• 1st Tsar of Russia• Began eastward

expansion of Russia• Used handpicked

militia to rape, loot, burn, kill and torture in the Tsar's name

6565

http://www.uoregon.edu/~alayne/Images/st-basil-cathedral-exterior.jpg 6666

http://www.uoregon.edu/~kimball/images/repin%20I-4%20ssn.jpg

6767

6868

Christian European SocietyChristian European Society

• Christianity Christianity confined to confined to southern Europesouthern Europe

• Medieval-Middle Medieval-Middle ages, full of ages, full of suffering, doubt and suffering, doubt and hardshiphardship

• Offered comfort and Offered comfort and a happy afterlife, a happy afterlife, sense of communitysense of community

6969

Spreading ChristianitySpreading Christianity• Augustine of Canterbury was Augustine of Canterbury was

responsible for the successful responsible for the successful introduction of Christianity to introduction of Christianity to EnglandEngland

• Many Europeans became Many Europeans became missionariesmissionaries

• Patrick went to IrelandPatrick went to Ireland• Faced hostility from Irish leadersFaced hostility from Irish leaders• 460 nearly all of Ireland was 460 nearly all of Ireland was

ChristianChristian• Christendom- Christian society in Christendom- Christian society in

western Europewestern Europe

7070

Strengthening the PapacyStrengthening the Papacy

• Middle ages pope had Middle ages pope had little authoritylittle authority

• Pope was just another Pope was just another bishopbishop

• Gregory the Great-as Gregory the Great-as successor to Peter, successor to Peter, pope was supreme pope was supreme patriarch of the Churchpatriarch of the Church

• Strengthened papacy, Strengthened papacy, canon law, monasticismcanon law, monasticism• Separation from societySeparation from society

7171

Sharing BeliefsSharing Beliefs

• Faith interpreted Faith interpreted differently as it spreaddifferently as it spread

• Church studied this and Church studied this and made official responsesmade official responses

• Augustine of Hippo-Augustine of Hippo-writings helped shape writings helped shape Christian doctrineChristian doctrine• Used ideas of PlatoUsed ideas of Plato• ““City of God” Pay less City of God” Pay less

attention to the material attention to the material worldworld

7272

Monks and MonastariesMonks and Monastaries

• Pope Gregory Pope Gregory increasing emphasis increasing emphasis on Monkson Monks

• Gregory was a monk Gregory was a monk before popebefore pope

• Monasticism gained Monasticism gained popularitypopularity

• Egyptian Monks lived Egyptian Monks lived alone as hermitsalone as hermits

• Monks lived in Monks lived in monasteries and monasteries and shared rulesshared rules

7373

Monks and MonasteriesMonks and Monasteries

• Two types of Two types of monastic lifemonastic life

• Similar rulesSimilar rules• Communal lifeCommunal life• Based on laborBased on labor• WorshipWorship• ScholarshipScholarship• Life in monastaries Life in monastaries

might be differentmight be different

7474

BenedictinesBenedictines

• Most common form Most common form of monasticismof monasticism

• Benedict of Nursia Benedict of Nursia wrote the ruleswrote the rules

• 500’s called 500’s called Benedictine rules Benedictine rules

• 529 established a 529 established a monastery at monastery at Monte CassinoMonte Cassino

7575

MonksMonks

• During the Middle During the Middle Ages, groups of Ages, groups of monks began living monks began living together in together in monasteries and monasteries and abiding by a strict abiding by a strict code of rules.code of rules.

7676

BenedictinesBenedictines

• Abbot- leader of Abbot- leader of monksmonks

• Benedictine order- Benedictine order- took vows of poverty took vows of poverty and obedienceand obedience

• Combination of Combination of prayer and laborprayer and labor

• 9 prayer and work 9 prayer and work periodsperiods

• Farm labor, copying Farm labor, copying manuscriptsmanuscripts

7777

BenedictineBenedictine

• Each on its ownEach on its own• Trained the finest Trained the finest

minds in the middle minds in the middle agesages

• Preserved knowledge Preserved knowledge of Greece and Romeof Greece and Rome

• Centers of wealthCenters of wealth• Nobles donated Nobles donated

money and gifts in money and gifts in exchange for prayersexchange for prayers

7878

Celtic MonasteriesCeltic Monasteries

• Developed in IrelandDeveloped in Ireland• Monks were more Monks were more

severesevere• Long fastsLong fasts• Days in solitary Days in solitary

confinementconfinement• Build on small Build on small

islandsislands• Isolation help to Isolation help to

focus on faithfocus on faith

7979

Celtic MonasteriesCeltic Monasteries

• Led by abbotsLed by abbots• Had more authority Had more authority

then Benedictinesthen Benedictines• Bishop most Bishop most

important religious important religious figurefigure

• Ireland had few Ireland had few large citieslarge cities

• People turned to People turned to the abbotsthe abbots

8080

Celtic MonastariesCeltic Monastaries

• Lindisfarne most Lindisfarne most famousfamous

• Gospels are the Gospels are the most beautiful most beautiful illustrated illustrated manuscriptmanuscript

• Greatest artistic Greatest artistic achievements of achievements of middle agesmiddle ages

8181

• Celtic monks were Celtic monks were scholarsscholars

• Preserved ancient Preserved ancient knowledgeknowledge

• Spread Christianity Spread Christianity to British Islesto British Isles

• Some monks Some monks traveled to Francetraveled to France

8282