1 eight constructs the 90 minute dysgraphia evaluation intelligence measures constructional...
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Eight Constructs
The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation
Intelligence Measures
Constructional Dyspraxia
*Working Memory*
*Executive Functions*
Writing and Spelling Skills
Phonological Awareness Skills
Retrieval Fluency Skills
Family History
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Levels of Interpretation: WISC IV
The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation
Writing Subskill
General lexicon of words
Verbal flexibility
Verbal syntax
Working memory
Working memory
Visual/verbal flexibility
Motor speed output
Subtest
Vocabulary
Similarities
Comprehension
Digit Span
Letter-number seq
Picture concepts
*Coding
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Constructional Dyspraxia
The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation
Spacing between words and letters
Bunching words to one side of page
Sentences which trail up or down
Micrographia vs. Macrographia
Print quality
Grip pressure
Fatigue
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Working Memory
The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation
• Skills performed in isolation vs. context often dictate role of executive component in allocating attention.
• Phonological information tends to be stored in a sequential manner.
• Students who misjudge margins, have difficulty previewing how large to write to fit the parameters, and have unusual spacing may have limited visual sketchpad.
• Role of anxiety and emotional factors.
• Frequent erasures.
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Executive Functioning
The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation
(Semantic/Syntactic Dysgraphia)
Initiating
Sustaining
Inhibiting
Shifting
Organizing
Planning
Self-Monitoring
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Writing and Spelling Skills
The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation
• Examine from both a quantitative as well as qualitative perspective.
• Concentrate on pace, fatigue, effort, and motivation to yield more specific IEP goals.
• Error analysis of spelling and motoric output can be helpful.
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Phonological Awareness Skills
The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation
(Phonological Dysgraphia)
• Single best predictor of reading and writing skills in kindergarten and 1st grade. (Lyon,1996)
• Deficits often result in dysphonetic spelling.
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Developmental Progression of Phonological Awareness Skills
The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation
Skill Mastery
Recite nursery rhymes
Detect rhyming words
Count phonemes in words
Sound-symbol associations
Manipulation of phonemes
Spell non-words
Rapid recognition of sound patterns.
Age
3
4
5
6
7
8
9-12
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Retrieval Fluency
The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation
• Naming speed and fluency better predictor of literacy deficits than phonological awareness. (Wolf, 1999)
• Tied in to verbal flexibility.
• Role of anxiety and hippocampal functioning.
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Family History
The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation
• Limited data in the literature.
• Child with learning disabled parent has eightfold increase in risk of being LD. (Pennington, 1995)
• Colorado twin study revealed 70% concordance rate among identical twins and 48% among fraternal twins.
• Research centered around chromosome 6 and 15.
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Phonological Dysgraphia
Dysgraphia Interventions
• Alphabetic Phonics
• Making Words
• Writing to Read
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Surface Dysgraphia
Dysgraphia Interventions
• Cover-Write Method
• Fernald Method
• Visual Spelling
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Mixed Dysgraphia
Dysgraphia Interventions
• Musical Spelling
• Language Experience Approach
• CAST - Universal Design for Learning
• Software Strategies
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Semantic/Syntactic Dysgraphia
Dysgraphia Interventions
• Writing Skills for the Adolescent
• Sentence Combining
• CAST - Universal Design for Learning
• Step Up to Writing - (Sopris West)
• Software Strategies
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Executive Functioning Deficits
Dysgraphia Interventions
• COPS
• SCAN
• SCOPE
• C-SPACE
• POWER
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Working Memory Deficits
Dysgraphia Interventions
• Graphic Organizers
• Story Maps
• Writing Wheels
17Occipital LobeInferior Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe
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