1 drugs and consciousness module 17. 2 states of consciousness overview drugs and consciousness ...
TRANSCRIPT
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States of Consciousness Overview
Drugs and Consciousness Dependence and Addiction Psychoactive Drugs Influences on Drug Use
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Dependence & AddictionContinued use of a psychoactive drug
produces tolerance.
With repeated exposure to a drug,
the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater
quantities to get the desired effect.
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Withdrawal & Dependence
1. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug users may experience undesirable side effects.
2. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).
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Misconceptions About Addiction
1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
2. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
3. Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors.
Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse physical &
psychological consequences.
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Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance
that alters perceptions and mood (affects consciousness).
Link Psychedelic Science 47:50
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Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups.
1. Depressants 2. Stimulants3. Hallucinogens
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Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include:
1. Alcohol 2. Barbiturat
es3. Opiates
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Depressants1. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and
memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.
Daniel H
omm
er, NIA
AA
, NIH
, HH
S
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Depressants
2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.
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Depressants3. Opiates: Opium and
its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive. Heroin Crisis at Nat Geo 45:46
http://opioids.com/tim
eline
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StimulantsStimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Examples of stimulants are:
1. Caffeine 2. Nicotine3. Cocaine4. Ecstasy5. Amphetamines6. Methamphetamine (speed/crack)
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Caffeine & Nicotine
Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic
functions to provide energy. Link 2yo smoker
http://ww
w.tech-res-intl.com
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Why Do People Smoke?
People smoke because it is socially rewarding.
Russel E
inhorn/ The G
amm
a Liason N
etwork
Link We love Cigarettes 49:17
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Why Do People Smoke?
Nicotine takes away unpleasant cravings (negative reinforcement) by triggering epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and endorphins.
Nicotine itself is rewarding (positive reinforcement).
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EcstasyEcstasy or
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a
stimulant and mild hallucinogen.
It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing
neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of
memory. (Croft 2001)
Greg S
mith/ A
P P
hotos
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Methamphetamine• Methamphetamine increases the release,
and blocks the reuptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine, leading to high levels of the chemical in the brain.
34Link Drug toxicity 6:06
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Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs
that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
absence of sensory input.
Housewife on Acid on CNN 5:01
Another person on Acid 8:46
Leary and kids who dropped acid…creepy 1:14
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Hallucinogens1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide)
powerful hallucinogenic drug that is also known as acid. Inside LSD 45:24
2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. Marijuana at National Geographic 45:11
http
://static.h
ow
stuffw
orks.co
m
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After a close brush with death, many people report an
experience of moving through a dark tunnel with a light at the end. Under the influence of hallucinogens, others report bright lights at
the center of their field of vision.
Near-Death Experiences
(From “H
allucinations” by R.K
. Siegel. Copyright
© 1977 Scientific A
merican, Inc. A
ll rights reserved.)
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Influences on Drug Use
The graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol,
marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s.
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Marijuana Use
The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related to the “perceived risk” involved with the drug.
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Influences on Drug UseThe use of drugs is based on biological,
psychological, and social-cultural influences.
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Sacks on Hallucinations
• Link short 1.17
• http://www.ted.com/talks/
oliver_sacks_what_hallucination_reveals_about_our_minds.html