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COURSE

PHR 213

BIOCHEMISTRY &

CELL BIOLOGY

(CREDIT – 3)

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COURSE DETAILS

INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Preeti Jain

Dept. Of Pharmacy, NSU

CLASS TIME: Monday: 2.40 pm – 4:10 pm Wednesday:2.40 pm – 4:10 pm

OFFICE: Room No.: 952, 9th Floor

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GENERAL POLICY

EXAMINATION MARKS

Midterm - 30%

Class tests ( quiz) 10%

Assignment 5%

Class participation 5%

Final exam - 50%

Total marks - 100

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APPROXIMATE COURSE OUTLINE

CHAPTER NO OF LECTURES

Biochemistry and the organization of cells

How it is relevant to pharmacy studies

(Introductory class)

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Chemical components of cells / Biomolecules 1

Proteins : Structures and Functions 2

The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes 1

The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes; Mechanism and kinetics

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Carbohydrates 1

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APPROXIMATE COURSE OUTLINE

CHAPTER NO OF LECTURES

Lipids 1

Glycolysis 2

Storage mechanism and control of carbohydrate metabolism, The Citric Acid Cycle

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Electron transport and oxidative phosporization 1

Vitamins and coenzymes 1

Lipid metabolism 1

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APPROXIMATE COURSE OUTLINE

CHAPTER NO OF LECTURES

Structures and functions of DNA 1

Replication 1

Transcription 2

Translation 1

Gene Expression and Regulation 1

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Text Books

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry

- David L, Nelson

- Michael M. Cox

Molecular Biology of the cell

- Alberts, et al

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Course Objective

The primary focus of this course is to make you all familiar with key biochemical molecules and their role in cellular activities in the body in order to draw attention to the potential disease conditions that may arise as a result of alteration either in biomolecules or cellular activities / metabolism.

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Suggestions

Study the reading material on the same day as discussed in class.

Just go through the topic to be discussed before coming to class.

After class summarize each lecture in a concise way. Get into a study group. Ask each other questions. Use the text books If you get stuck while studying, check the notes and text

books but if you cant find the answer yourself then come to see me.

Be sincere with your studies.

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What is Biochemistry?

Study of the chemistry behind life processes

It describes in molecular terms the structures, mechanisms and chemical processes shared by all living organisms and provides organizing principles that underlie life in all its diverse forms, principles we refer to collectively as the molecular logic of life.

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Why we need to study Biochemistry in Pharmacy Course?

All disease and remedies for disease, either result from or result in biochemical changes sometimes in seemingly unrelated areas of metabolism.

It provides explanation for the cause of diseases and frequently suggest ways by which such diseases could be treated or cured.

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Cell

All life on earth is thought to have evolved from a common ancestor. This is reflected in the common set of metabolic routes that is used by all organisms to combine a few simple elements (mainly C, O, N, H) into all the wonderful and amazing creatures that inhabit the world.

Life comes in many shapes, but underlying all this differentiation is common basic plan for building the smallest living component – a cell – small membrane bound compartments filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals.

Cell is the structural and functional unit of life.

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Characteristics of Cell

Energy sourceIsolationLocomotionExchange of information, sensorsProtection, durabilityCompartmentsBlue print

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Cell

On the basis of biochemical characteristics; the diverse organisms of the modern world can be divided into 3 fundamental domains

Archaebacteria

Extreme thermophiles

Methanogens

Extreme Halophiles

Eucaryotes

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Eubacteria

Cyanobacteria

Gram +ve bacteria

Purple bacteria

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Procaryotic Cell

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Eukaryotic Cell

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Eukaryotic cell compartments and their major function

Compartment Major functions Composition

Plasma membrane Transport of ions and moleculesRecognition Receptors for small and large molecules Cell morphology and movement

lipid, protein

Nucleus DNA synthesis and repairRNA synthesis

Nucleolus RNA processing and ribosome synthesis

nucleic acid, protein

Endoplasmic reticulum

Membrane synthesisSynthesis of proteins and lipids for cell organelles and for export Lipid synthesis Detoxication reactions

lipid, protein

Golgi apparatus Modification and sorting of proteins for incorporation into organelles and for exportExport of proteins

lipid, protein

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Eukaryotic cell compartments and their major function

Compartment Major functions Composition

Mitochondria Energy conservationCellular respirationOxidation of carbohydrates and lipidsUrea and heme synthesis

lipid, protein

Lysosomes Cellular digestion: hydrolysis of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

Peroxisomes Oxidative reactions involving utilization of H2O2

lipid, protein

Microtubules and rnicrofilaments

Cell cytoskeletonCell morphologyCell motilityIntracellular movements

Cytosol Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids- amino acids, and nucleotidesProtein synthesis

Mainly protein, small molecules lipid

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Special plant cell organelles

Chloroplast – photosynthetic apparatus

Cell Wall – rigidity and protectionVacuoles – space filling, intracellular

digestion

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Comparison of procaryotic and eucaryotic organisms

Procaryotes Eucaryotes

Organisms Bacteria and cyanobacteria Protists, fungi,planta & animals

Cell Size Generally 1 to 10 µm in linear dimension

Generally 1 to 10 µm in linear dimension

Metabolism Anaerobic or aerobic aerobic

Organelles Few or none Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum etc.

DNA Circular DNA in cytoplasm Very long linear DNA molecules containing many noncoding regions; bounded by nuclear envelope

RNA and protein RNA and protein synthesized in same compartment

RNA synthesized and processed in nucleus; proteins synthesized in cytoplasm

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Comparison of procaryotic and eucaryotic organisms

Procaryotes Eucaryotes

Cytoplasm No cytoskeleton: cytoplasmic streaming, endocytosis, and exocytosis all absent

cytoskeleton composed of protein filaments; cytoplasmic streaming; endocytosis and exocytosis

Cell division Chromosomes pulled apart by attachments to plasma membrane

Chromosomes pulled apart by cytoskeletal spindle apparatus

Cellular organization

Mainly unicellular Mainly multicellular, with differentiation of many cell types

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Cooperation and specialization

The cells of a higher organisms become specialized and cooperate.

By specialization and cooperation the cells combine to form a coordinated single organism with more capabilities than any of its component parts.

The cells of the vertebrate body exhibit more than 200 different modes of specialization, e.g., in human body there are over 200 types of cells which are assembled into a variety of types of tissues such as –

EpitheliaConnective tissueMuscleNervous Tissue