1 consultation and referral in primary care introduction to primary care: a course of the center of...

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Consultation and Referral Consultation and Referral

in Primary Carein Primary Care

Introduction to Primary Care: a course of the Center of Post Graduate Studies in FM

PO Box 27121 – Riyadh 11417Tel: 4912326 – Fax: 4970847

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Aim-Objectives

• Aim: At the end of this session, the participants will be aware of the coordinating role of the primary care physician and they will have knowledge on the principles of referral and consultation.

• Objectives:– Can describe referral– Can describe consultation– Advocate team work in patient management– Knows the importance of under and overreferral– Can tell the most common reasons for referral– Can explain the referral process– Is aware of the importance of communication in referral and

consultations

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Definition of primary care

• The professional role is applied either directly or through the services of others according to health needs and the resources available within the community they serve, assisting patients where necessary in accessing these services.

Wonca Europe 2002

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Definitions

• A consultation – involves another physician performing a specific

diagnostic or therapeutic task, without transfer of responsibility for the patient's care or even for ongoing management of the problem.

• Referral, – on the other hand, involves sending a patient to another

physician for ongoing management of a specific problem with the expectation that the patient will continue to see the original physician for coordination of total care.

Paul A. Nutting, Peter Franks, Carolyn M. Clancy. Referral and consultation in primary care: do we understand what we're doing? – Editorial. Journal of Family Practice, July, 1992

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Is it important?

• For each dollar generated by a family physician, $2 are generated by the consultant physician, and $4 by the associated hospital

• Consultations may increase the cost of care while they increase the quality of care.

Glenn JK, Lawler FH, Hoerl MS. Physician referrals in a competitive environment. ,An estimate of the economic impact of a referral. JAMA 1987; 258:1920-3.

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From patient side

• Appropriate consultation and referral may lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment of conditions that were beyond the immediate expertise of the primary care physician.

• Inappropriate referral, however, may lead to unnecessary testing and a cascade of increasingly expensive, invasive, and risky procedures in an often futile search for diagnostic certainty.

Mold JW, Stein HF. The cascade effect in the clinical care of patients. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:512-4

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Experienced physicians refer more!

• Physicians with greater expertise had higher referral rates

• Why?

• Curious to learn?

• No toleration for uncertainty?

Reynolds GA, Chitnis JG, Roland MO. General practitioner outpatient referrals: do good doctors refer more patients to hospital? Br Med J 1991; 302:1250-2

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The place of uncertainty

• Physicians who are willing to tolerate more uncertainty generate less intense services, including laboratory testing and referral.

Holtgrave DR, Lawler F, Spann SJ. Physicians' risk attitudes, laboratory usage, and referral decisions: the case of an academic family practice center. Med Decis Making 1991;

11:125-30.

Grol R, Whitfield M, De Maeseneer J, Mokkink H. Attitudes to risk taking in medical decision making among British, Dutch and Belgian general practitioners [see comments].

Br J Gen Pract 1990; 40:134-6.

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The spectrum between consultation and referral

Informal consultation Transfer of full responsibility

(“Sidewalk consultation”) (End stage renal disease)

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Factors affecting referrals

• Availability of qualified consultants

• Patient characteristics

• Physician specialty

• Length of training,

• Reimbursement plan

• Quality of referrals (NS)

• Unexplained ??

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Why do we physicians refer?

• Diagnosis or • Confirmation of diagnosis; • Diagnosis and treatment recommendations; • Advice on treatment; • Treatment of a previous conditions; • Reassurance of patient, relative, or referring physician; • Specific investigations or specialty procedure; • Routine specialty examination; • Referring physician's education; • Specific request by patient; • Medical-legal reasons.

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Reasons for Referrals• To establish the diagnosis.• For a specified investigation; for example, colonoscopy, cardiac

catheterization.• For treatment or surgery; for example, cholecystectomy.• For advice on management; for example, is gold or plaquenil better for this

patient's rheumatoid arthritis.• For a specialist to take over management; for example, dialysis for renal

failure.• For a second opinion, to reassure you that you have done all that is

necessary.• For a second opinion to reassure the patient or the family that you have done

all that is necessary (patient request).• Medical-legal concerns by the physician, the patient, or both.• An opportunity for physician education.• Organizational requirement for a second opinion by an insurance company,

residency program, or hospital policy; for example, VBAC.• Other.

Coulter A, Noone A, Goldacre M. General practitioners referrals to specialist outpatient clinics: why general practitioners refer patients to specialists outpatient clinics. BMJ 1989; 299:304-8.

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Dowie 1983:

• Professional attributes,

• Knowledge of the health care system,

• Personal style.

Dowie R. General practitioners and consultants: a study of outpatient referrals. London: King's Fund, 1983.

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• Both underreferral and overreferral may be prevalent. Both have significant cost and outcomes implications !!

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Consultation and referral strategies(1) primary care physician and the patient recognize the

need for consultation and referral;

(2) primary care physician communicates the reason for the consultation and referral along with relevant clinical information to the specialist;

(3) the specialist evaluates the patient's condition;

(4) the specialist communicates the findings and recommendations to the primary care physician; and

(5) the patient, primary care physician, and specialist understanding their responsibilities for continuing care

[26]McPhee SJ, Lo B, Saika GY, Meltzer R. How good is communication between primary care physicians and subspecialty consultants? Arch Intern Med 198; 144:1265-8.

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• Problems can arise at any step but

• many of the problems are attributed to failures in communication and discordant expectations !!

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Referral/consultation rates

• Referring/consulting 3-12 percent of all office visits is considered to be OK

• Claire (USA): 5.97 per 100 office visits.

Claire Bourguet, Valerie Gilchrist, Gary McCord . The consultation and referral process: a report from NEON - Northeastern Ohio Network. Journal of Family Practice, Jan, 1998

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• Female physicians (6%) are more likely than male physicians (1%) to indicate that the patient had requested the referral !!


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New vs. old problems

• New problems – 9 times as likely to be referred at patient request

(5.4% of new problems compared with 0.6% of old problems).

• Old problems– 3 times as likely to be referred for advice on

management (18.7% of old problems compared with 6.3% of new problems)


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Commonly referred areasNo. (%)

• Surgery 48 (15.7)• Gastroenterology 27 (8.8)• Ophthalmology 23 (7.5)• Physical Therapy 23 (7.5)• OB/GYN 21 (6.9)• Orthopedics 22 (7.2)• Cardiology 17 (5.6)• Psychology/Behavioral Science 14 (4.6)• Ear/Nose/Throat 12 (3.9)• Dermatology 10 (3.3)• Psychiatry 7 (2.3)• Pediatrics 5 (1.6)• Other physician 36 (11.8)• Other nonphysician 41 (13.4)• Total 306


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Does the consultation happen?

• Percentage of patients who fail to see the consultant range from 3% to 18%

• Why?


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Feedback from the consultant

• Referring physicians receive verbal or written feedback from the consultant 26% to 80% of the time.

• There is a higher probability of receiving feedback from a physician in private practice than a physician in academic practice !!

Hansen JP, Brown SE, Sullivan RJ, Muhlbaier LH. Factors related to an effective referral and consultation process. J Fam Pract 1982; 15:651-6.

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• There is evidence that a prior communication from the referring physician increases the probability of feedback from the consultant !!

Hansen JP, Brown SE, Sullivan RJ, Muhlbaier LH. Factors related to an effective referral and consultation process. J Fam Pract 1982; 15:651-6.

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• A report from the consultant is more likely if a follow-up letter is specifically requested, or

• if the patient's diagnosis or medication has been changed by the consultant.

Haikio P-J, Linden K, Kvist M, Outcomes of referrals from general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care 1995; 13:287-93.

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Suggestions

• Carefully explore with your patients the reasons for and the expectations from the consultation in order to improve patient attendance.

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Suggestions

• There is good evidence that the behavior of the referring physician can influence the behavior of the consultant. Communication from the referring physician will increase the probability of feedback from the specialist and this will result in a short-term outcome of increased physician satisfaction with the referral.

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Suggestions

• Don’t hesitate to mobilize the health resources for your patient !

• But also don’t forget that as the chef of the orchestra YOU have to take care of the efficient use of the country resources !

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Suggestions

• The use of computer and communications technology may provide opportunities to facilitate the consultation process. Use them if available.

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Suggestions

• Prepare a written request (a letter) for the consultant including patient data, the reason for referral, a summary of the findings so far, and your expectations.

1 consultation and referral in primary care introduction to primary care: a course of the center of...

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