1 chapter 1 the big picture. 2 2 computing systems are dynamic entities used to solve problems and...
TRANSCRIPT
2 2
Computing systems are dynamic entities used to solve problems and interact with their environment.
They consist of devices, programs, and data.
Computing Systems
3 3
Hardware - The physical elements of a computing system (printer, circuit boards, wires, keyboard…).
Software - The programs that provide the instructions for a computer to execute.
Data - Information in a form a computer can use.
Computing Systems
4 4
Communication
Application
Operating System
Programming
Hardware
Information
Layers of a Computing System
5 5
Abstraction - A mental model that removes complex details.
This is a key concept. Abstraction will reappear throughout the course – be sure you
understand it!
Abstraction
6 6
Abacus (2400 BC)An early device to record numeric values.
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)Created a mechanical device to add and subtract.
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716)Created a mechanical device to perform all four whole number operations.
Joseph JacquardJacquard’s Loom (1801), the punched card
Early History of Computing
7
Early History of Computing
Charles Babbage (1792-1871)Difference Engine, Analytical Engine
Augusta Ada Byron (Lovelace) Babbage’s assistantConsidered to be the first Programmer,
Invented the concept of the loop
William Burroughs (1857-1898)Adding Machine
Herman Hollerith (1860-1929)Electro-mechanical Tabulator
8 7
Alan Turing (1912-1954)Turing Machine - an abstract mathematical modelArtificial Intelligence Testing
Early computers launch new era in mathematics, physics, engineering and economics.
Harvard Mark I (1939)ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and CalculatorEDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
first machine with a stored programUNIVAC I - Universal Automatic Computer (1951)
Early History of Computing
9 8
Vacuum TubesLarge, not very reliable, generated a lot of heat
Magnetic Drum Memory device that rotated under a read/write head
Card Readers Magnetic Tape DrivesSequential auxiliary storage devices
First Generation Hardware (1951-1959)
10 9
TransistorReplaced vacuum tubefast, small, durable, cheap
Magnetic CoresReplaced magnetic drumsinformation available instantly
Magnetic DisksReplaced magnetic tapedata can be accessed directly
Second Generation Hardware (1959-1965)
1110
Integrated CircuitsReplaced circuit boardssmaller, cheaper, faster, more reliable
TransistorsNow used for memory construction
Terminal An input/output device with a keyboard and screen
Third Generation Hardware (1965-1971)
12 11
Large-scale IntegrationGreat advances in chip technology
PCs, the Commercial Market, WorkstationsPersonal Computers were developed as new companies like Apple and Atari came into being. Workstations emerged.
Fourth Generation Hardware (1971-?)
13 12
Parallel ComputingComputers rely on interconnected central processing units that increase processing speed.
NetworkingWith the Ethernet protocol, small computers could be connected and share resources. File servers connected PCs in the late 1980s.
ARPANET(1969) and LANs Internet
Parallel Computing and Networking
14 13
Machine LanguageComputer programs were written in binary (1s and 0s).
Assembly Languages and translatorsPrograms were written in artificial programming languages and were then translated into machine language.
Programmer ChangesProgrammers divide into application programmers and systems programmers.
First Generation Software (1951-1959)
15 14
High Level LanguagesEnglish-like statements make programming easier. Fortran, COBOL, Lisp are examples.
High-LevelLanguages
Assembly LanguageMachine
Language
Second Generation Software (1959-1965)
16 15
Third Generation Software (1965-1971) Systems Software
utility programs, language translators, and the operating system, which decides which
programs to run and when. Separation between Users and Hardware
Computer programmers began to write programs to be used by people who did not know how to program.
17 16
Application Package
Systems Software
High-Level Languages
Assembly Language
Machine Language
Third Generation Software (1965-1971)
18 17
Structured ProgrammingPascal, C, C++
New Application Software for Usersspreadsheetsword processorsdatabase management systems
Fourth Generation Software (1971-1989)
19 18
MicrosoftThe Windows operating system, and other Microsoft application programs dominate the market.
Object-Oriented DesignBased on a hierarchy of data objects (i.e. Java).
World Wide WebAllows easy global communication through the Internet.
New UsersToday’s user needs no computer knowledge.
Fifth Generation Software (1990- present)