1 capacity building workshop for house of rep committe on climate change and the media climate...

1Capacity Building Workshop for House of Rep Committe on Climate Change and the Media

Climate Change and Energy: Climate Change and Energy: Issues, Prospects and Challenges for Issues, Prospects and Challenges for Sustainable Development in NigeriaSustainable Development in Nigeria

ByBy

Dr J-F.K. AKINBAMIDr J-F.K. AKINBAMIEnergy Technology and Management DivisionEnergy Technology and Management DivisionCentre for Energy Research and DevelopmentCentre for Energy Research and DevelopmentObafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, NigeriaObafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

E-mail:[email protected]:[email protected]: +234-(0)803-719-5198GSM: +234-(0)803-719-5198

Presented at thePresented at the ““CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP FOR HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES’ COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP FOR HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES’ COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE

MEDIAMEDIA””

HAMDALA HOTEL, KADUNA, MAY 21 -24, 2009HAMDALA HOTEL, KADUNA, MAY 21 -24, 2009


OUTLINEOUTLINE BackgroundBackground

Energy IssuesEnergy Issues Climate Change Climate Change Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Key Mitigation Technologies & PracticesKey Mitigation Technologies & Practices Relationship between Emissions Mitigation and SDRelationship between Emissions Mitigation and SD Effects of Climate Policy on other Factors/SectorsEffects of Climate Policy on other Factors/Sectors Climate Change and Other IssuesClimate Change and Other Issues Co-Benefits of Climate ActionCo-Benefits of Climate Action Changing Development PathsChanging Development Paths Opportunities and Challenges to Emissions Opportunities and Challenges to Emissions

Mitigation Technologies in NigeriaMitigation Technologies in Nigeria


Background - EnergyBackground - Energy

Energy is an essential input to a nation’s Energy is an essential input to a nation’s economic growth and development. In economic growth and development. In Nigeria, energy plays a dual role. In Nigeria, energy plays a dual role. In addition to being an essential input to all addition to being an essential input to all economic activities, it is also the country’s economic activities, it is also the country’s major foreign exchange earner. Increasing major foreign exchange earner. Increasing reliable and adequate supply of energy reliable and adequate supply of energy will be needed to support all the economic will be needed to support all the economic activities of the country in the nation’s activities of the country in the nation’s developmental programs to attain an developmental programs to attain an enviable standard of living for its citizens. enviable standard of living for its citizens.


Energy (Contd)Energy (Contd)

Expectedly, as a developing Expectedly, as a developing country, historical energy country, historical energy consumption pattern reveals an consumption pattern reveals an increasing trend as evidenced by increasing trend as evidenced by Figure 1. As energy consumption Figure 1. As energy consumption is fundamental to economic is fundamental to economic development, it is also a development, it is also a precursor of environmental precursor of environmental emissions. emissions.



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Figure 1: Final Energy Consumption in Nigeria 1981-2000



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Figure 2: Baseline CO2 emission Trends


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Figure 4: Major Contributors to CO2 Emissions



Presently, Nigeria’s energy supply Presently, Nigeria’s energy supply system is characterized by technical system is characterized by technical inefficiency and gas flaring. In inefficiency and gas flaring. In addition to these and as a result of addition to these and as a result of the expected increase in future the expected increase in future energy demand, there will be energy demand, there will be increased greenhouse gas emissions increased greenhouse gas emissions which will also increase the total which will also increase the total build up of greenhouse gases in the build up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. atmosphere.



For example, CO2 emissions from the For example, CO2 emissions from the energy system were 78 million tonnes energy system were 78 million tonnes (MTon) in 1980, 83 MTon in 1985, 90 (MTon) in 1980, 83 MTon in 1985, 90 MTon in 1990 and 98 MTon in 1995. This MTon in 1990 and 98 MTon in 1995. This implied that between 1980 and 1995, CO2 implied that between 1980 and 1995, CO2 emissions increased at an annual average emissions increased at an annual average rate of 1.5%. At this rate, CO2 emission rate of 1.5%. At this rate, CO2 emission would be 106, 114 and 123 MTon in 2000, would be 106, 114 and 123 MTon in 2000, 2005 and 2010 respectively. Hence 2005 and 2010 respectively. Hence measures to either mitigate the emissions measures to either mitigate the emissions or sinks to absorb them need to be put into or sinks to absorb them need to be put into the system. the system.



The threat, climate change, posed The threat, climate change, posed by the continued emission of by the continued emission of greenhouse gases into the greenhouse gases into the atmosphere calls for a global action atmosphere calls for a global action to combat it. Climate change has to combat it. Climate change has been described by scientists, been described by scientists, environmentalists and politicians environmentalists and politicians as a threat unprecedented in as a threat unprecedented in human experience. human experience.


Equivalent carbon Equivalent carbon dioxidedioxide

Equivalent CO2 (CO2e) is the Equivalent CO2 (CO2e) is the concentration of CO2 that concentration of CO2 that would cause the same level of would cause the same level of radiative forcingradiative forcing as a given type as a given type and concentration of and concentration of greenhouse gas. Examples of greenhouse gas. Examples of such greenhouse gases are such greenhouse gases are methanemethane, , perfluorocarbonsperfluorocarbons and and nitrous oxidenitrous oxide. .


Equivalent carbon Equivalent carbon dioxidedioxide(Contd)(Contd) Carbon dioxide equivalency is a Carbon dioxide equivalency is a

quantityquantity that describes, for a given that describes, for a given mixture and amount of greenhouse mixture and amount of greenhouse gas, the amount of CO2 that would gas, the amount of CO2 that would have the same have the same global warming potentialglobal warming potential (GWP), when measured over a (GWP), when measured over a specified timescale (generally, 100 specified timescale (generally, 100 years). Carbon dioxide equivalency years). Carbon dioxide equivalency thus reflects the time-integrated thus reflects the time-integrated radiative forcing, rather than the radiative forcing, rather than the instantaneous value described by instantaneous value described by CO2e.CO2e.


Background – Climate Background – Climate ChangeChange

The various definitions of climate change The various definitions of climate change in the literature presuppose a definite in the literature presuppose a definite change in climate which may be due to change in climate which may be due to both anthropogenic activities and natural both anthropogenic activities and natural variability and this change refers to variability and this change refers to statistically significant variations in statistically significant variations in climate that persist for an extended period climate that persist for an extended period typically of at least decades. This change typically of at least decades. This change also includes shifts in the frequency and also includes shifts in the frequency and magnitude of sporadic weather events as magnitude of sporadic weather events as well as the slow continuous rise in global well as the slow continuous rise in global mean surface temperature (Swedish mean surface temperature (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2002). Environmental Protection Agency, 2002).


Climate Change (Contd)Climate Change (Contd)

The IPCC in its 1995 Climate The IPCC in its 1995 Climate Change Report concluded that Change Report concluded that there was a “discernible human there was a “discernible human influence” on the earth’s climate. influence” on the earth’s climate. This gives an indication that the This gives an indication that the observed “human influence” can be observed “human influence” can be thoroughly examined with a view to thoroughly examined with a view to curtailing and containing their curtailing and containing their negative impacts on the climate. negative impacts on the climate.


Climate Change (Contd)Climate Change (Contd) The threat of global climate The threat of global climate

change has been described as the change has been described as the biggest environmental challenge of biggest environmental challenge of the 21st century. It is hard to the 21st century. It is hard to conceive of a more difficult policy conceive of a more difficult policy issue to analyse than global issue to analyse than global climate change. The climatological climate change. The climatological dynamics are mind-numbingly dynamics are mind-numbingly complex, while the scope of the complex, while the scope of the policy issues raised, encompassing policy issues raised, encompassing economic, ethical, social, and even economic, ethical, social, and even political aspects, seem limitless. political aspects, seem limitless.



Views on global climate Views on global climate change range from doom change range from doom sayers who predict, and sayers who predict, and perhaps even look forward to, perhaps even look forward to, humanity's eventual demise; humanity's eventual demise; to nay sayers who either deny to nay sayers who either deny the existence of global climate the existence of global climate change or even welcome it. change or even welcome it.



However, climate change policy However, climate change policy framework should be realistic and framework should be realistic and should form an integral part of the should form an integral part of the national development planning national development planning process in every country. Such process in every country. Such framework will focus on policies at framework will focus on policies at the national level to be implemented the national level to be implemented for the purpose of ameliorating the for the purpose of ameliorating the negative impacts of global climate negative impacts of global climate change. change.


Background - Sustainable Background - Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

While the World Commission on While the World Commission on Environment and Development Environment and Development (WCED) through the well-known (WCED) through the well-known Brundtland Commission Report Brundtland Commission Report provided the baseline provided the baseline conceptualization of sustainable conceptualization of sustainable development, 2 of the many development, 2 of the many interpretations of this concept interpretations of this concept predominate the literature. These predominate the literature. These are:are:


Sustainable Development Sustainable Development (Contd)(Contd)

Wealth ApproachWealth Approach This recognizes SD as that which This recognizes SD as that which

fully appreciates the value of natural fully appreciates the value of natural and built capital so that the next and built capital so that the next generation can inherit a stock of generation can inherit a stock of assets no less than those inherited assets no less than those inherited by the preceding generation and by the preceding generation and thereby maintain intergenerational thereby maintain intergenerational equity.equity.


Sustainable Development Sustainable Development (Contd)(Contd)

Mosaic ApproachMosaic Approach This breaks SD into 3 main components:This breaks SD into 3 main components:

Ecological sustainability which requires that Ecological sustainability which requires that development is compatible with the development is compatible with the maintenance of ecological processesmaintenance of ecological processes

Economic sustainability which requires that Economic sustainability which requires that development be economically feasible and,development be economically feasible and,

Social sustainability which requires that Social sustainability which requires that development be socially acceptabledevelopment be socially acceptable

Hence SD is viewed in terms of ecological, Hence SD is viewed in terms of ecological, economic and social sustainabilityeconomic and social sustainability


Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development (Contd)(Contd)

Consumption of fossil fuels contributes Consumption of fossil fuels contributes significantly to the building up of GHG significantly to the building up of GHG emissions globallyemissions globally

Hence mitigation options in the energy sector Hence mitigation options in the energy sector will play a crucial role in the overall climate will play a crucial role in the overall climate change strategy.change strategy.


Key Mitigation Technologies and Key Mitigation Technologies and PracticesPractices

Currently commercially Currently commercially availableavailable Improved supply and distribution Improved supply and distribution

efficiency in the Power sector, & Oil & efficiency in the Power sector, & Oil & Gas SectorGas Sector

Fuel switching from coal to gasFuel switching from coal to gas Nuclear powerNuclear power Renewable heat and power Renewable heat and power

(hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal (hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal and bioenergyand bioenergy


Key Mitigation Technologies and Key Mitigation Technologies and PracticesPracticescontd…contd…

Projected to be commercialized Projected to be commercialized by 2030by 2030 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for

gasgas Biomass and coal-fired electricityBiomass and coal-fired electricity Advanced nuclear powerAdvanced nuclear power Advanced renewable energy, including Advanced renewable energy, including

ocean energy, concentrating solar and ocean energy, concentrating solar and solar PV.solar PV.


Two-Way Relationship between Two-Way Relationship between Mitigation and Sustainable Mitigation and Sustainable

Development Development A.A. Climate policy can have positive or Climate policy can have positive or

negative effects on other factorsnegative effects on other factors¯ --Ancillary benefits of co-benefits--Ancillary benefits of co-benefits¯ CC CC SD SD

B.B. Non-climate policies can influence Non-climate policies can influence GHG emissions as much as specific GHG emissions as much as specific climate policiesclimate policies

¯ --Requires mainstreaming climate change --Requires mainstreaming climate change in decision-making.in decision-making.

¯ SD SD CC CC


Effects of Climate Policy on Effects of Climate Policy on other Factorsother Factors

CC CC SD SD


Climate Change and Climate Change and Other IssuesOther Issues

Climate Change is a cross-Climate Change is a cross-cutting issue/phenomenon cutting issue/phenomenon cutting across all sectors of cutting across all sectors of an economyan economy


Examples of Side-effects of Climate Examples of Side-effects of Climate MitigationMitigation


Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Co-benefits of Climate Action Co-benefits of Climate Action (Country-specific)(Country-specific) Reduced local air pollutionReduced local air pollution Better housingBetter housing Greater energy securityGreater energy security Energy accessEnergy access Balance of trade benefitsBalance of trade benefits Biodiversity benefits – with good forestry Biodiversity benefits – with good forestry

policy.policy.


Changing Development Changing Development PathsPaths

Climate policy alone will not solve the climate problemClimate policy alone will not solve the climate problem Economic problemEconomic problem Energy problem, forestry, housing, water, etc…Energy problem, forestry, housing, water, etc… Decision about macroeconomic policy, multilateral development Decision about macroeconomic policy, multilateral development

bank lending, insurance practices, electricity market reform, bank lending, insurance practices, electricity market reform, energy security and forest conservation, for example, which may energy security and forest conservation, for example, which may seem unrelated to climate policy, can significantly reduce seem unrelated to climate policy, can significantly reduce emissions.emissions.

Mitigation is not just an environmental problemMitigation is not just an environmental problem Making development more sustainable can make major Making development more sustainable can make major

contribution to mitigationcontribution to mitigation Need multiple actors involvedNeed multiple actors involved

Government, business (private sector), civil society, Government, business (private sector), civil society, communities, families and individuals.communities, families and individuals.

At all scales – international, national, regional, provincial, At all scales – international, national, regional, provincial, locallocal


Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in NigeriaNigeria

1.1. Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency Considerable scope for more rational energy use in Considerable scope for more rational energy use in

Nigeria Nigeria

Both supply side and demand side efficiency is low, Both supply side and demand side efficiency is low, e.g.e.g.

Supply side: High T & D losses >30%Supply side: High T & D losses >30% Demand side: Boiler efficiencies in most Demand side: Boiler efficiencies in most

industries are low. industries are low. For instance a combustion analysis of boilers in a For instance a combustion analysis of boilers in a

beverage plant in SW Nigeria revealed that it was beverage plant in SW Nigeria revealed that it was possible to obtain a fuel saving of about 12% by possible to obtain a fuel saving of about 12% by improving boiler efficiency alone. This would improving boiler efficiency alone. This would reduce the total energy cost of the plant by at reduce the total energy cost of the plant by at least 1.1%/ annum and also cut down CO2 least 1.1%/ annum and also cut down CO2 emissions by at least 1071 tons/yearemissions by at least 1071 tons/year


Opportunities for Mitigation Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in Nigeria (Contd)Technologies in Nigeria (Contd)

Most industries are sited in Most industries are sited in Metropolitan and Cosmopolitan Metropolitan and Cosmopolitan environment such as Lagos Stateenvironment such as Lagos State

Statistics reveal that 55% of the total Statistics reveal that 55% of the total national petroleum products national petroleum products consumption takes place in Lagos consumption takes place in Lagos State particularly in the transport State particularly in the transport sector. This can be greatly reduced sector. This can be greatly reduced through optimal use of available through optimal use of available transport modes in the Statetransport modes in the State


Opportunities for Mitigation Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in NigeriaTechnologies in Nigeria

(contd.)(contd.)2.2. Fuel switchingFuel switching

Huge gas reserve provides ample Huge gas reserve provides ample opportunity to switch to lower carbon fuelopportunity to switch to lower carbon fuel

Challenges are: Challenges are: the investment needed for gas infrastructurethe investment needed for gas infrastructure institutional framework for the industry institutional framework for the industry pricing of gas, etc.pricing of gas, etc.



(contd.)(contd.) Elimination of flaring will Elimination of flaring will

lead to annual GHG lead to annual GHG emission reduction of emission reduction of about 24.7 million ton of about 24.7 million ton of CO2 equivalent. CO2 equivalent.



(contd.)(contd.)3.3. Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy

Opportunity for decentralized energy Opportunity for decentralized energy system exist e.g. Small Hydropower system exist e.g. Small Hydropower (SHP), Solar for water pumping, lighting (SHP), Solar for water pumping, lighting etc., Wind Energy.etc., Wind Energy.

Initial cost of devices is high but life cost Initial cost of devices is high but life cost is competitive with other energy sources.is competitive with other energy sources.

Integrated policy and vigorous Integrated policy and vigorous implementation strategy is needed to implementation strategy is needed to facilitate rapid diffusion of RE in the facilitate rapid diffusion of RE in the nation’s energy mix.nation’s energy mix.


Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in NigeriaOpportunities for Mitigation Technologies in Nigeria(contd.)(contd.)

Proposed strategy for sustainable forest-energy-environment Proposed strategy for sustainable forest-energy-environment interactions in Nigeriainteractions in Nigeria

Technology option Time Region Targeted Technology option Time Region Targeted sector/income grp sector/income grp

Small-scale Hydropower LT All regions with available resources Small-scale Hydropower LT All regions with available resources Rural Rural

Improved Fuelwood Stove ST All regions Urban Improved Fuelwood Stove ST All regions Urban Poor & Rural PopulacePoor & Rural Populace

Improved Kerosene Stove ST- MT All regions Improved Kerosene Stove ST- MT All regions Urban Urban

Biogas MT All regions Biogas MT All regions Rural & Urban PoorRural & Urban Poor

Coal Briquette MT All regions especially Coal Briquette MT All regions especially coal deposits exist Urbancoal deposits exist Urban

Solar PV MT – LT All regions Rural Solar PV MT – LT All regions Rural sector & Medium/High income sector & Medium/High income

Urban DwellersUrban Dwellers A mixture of agroforestry, A mixture of agroforestry, afforestation and forest protection ST – LT All regionsafforestation and forest protection ST – LT All regions



Industrial Energy EfficiencyIndustrial Energy Efficiency Improved CookstovesImproved Cookstoves Building Energy EfficiencyBuilding Energy Efficiency Transportation EnergyTransportation Energy

Mass Transit – BRT in Lagos Mass Transit – BRT in Lagos StateState

MetrolineMetroline Intermodal TransportationIntermodal Transportation



Energy GenerationEnergy Generation Decentralised Energy GenerationDecentralised Energy Generation

Solar PVSolar PV Small HydropowerSmall Hydropower Wind PowerWind Power Biodiesel using Jatropha PlantBiodiesel using Jatropha Plant Waste to Power Production – eg Oko-Baba Waste to Power Production – eg Oko-Baba

Sawmill in Lagos State, Ijebu Ode, Ijebu Sawmill in Lagos State, Ijebu Ode, Ijebu North, Ijebu North East and Odogbolu North, Ijebu North East and Odogbolu Local Government Areas of Ogun State, Local Government Areas of Ogun State, Rice Husk in Rice Mills in Ebonyi StateRice Husk in Rice Mills in Ebonyi State

BiogasBiogas


Essential Documents on Essential Documents on Energy Issues in the Energy Issues in the

CountryCountrySome of the Documents needing Some of the Documents needing

the attention of the House with the attention of the House with respect to Energy & CCrespect to Energy & CC

National Energy PolicyNational Energy Policy Renewable Energy Master PlanRenewable Energy Master Plan National Energy Master PlanNational Energy Master Plan Petroleum Bill still being Petroleum Bill still being

debated in the Housedebated in the House


Suggested Way ForwardSuggested Way Forward

Existing Institution to address Climate Existing Institution to address Climate ChangeChange

While it can be said that there are existing While it can be said that there are existing institutions to address climate change . institutions to address climate change . The Federal Ministry of Housing and The Federal Ministry of Housing and Environment is a policy making body which Environment is a policy making body which makes it inadequate to also be the makes it inadequate to also be the implementing body to address issues implementing body to address issues concerning climate change in the country, concerning climate change in the country, even though there ia a climate change desk even though there ia a climate change desk in the ministry. The National Designated in the ministry. The National Designated Office on climate change is presently like Office on climate change is presently like a baby without adequate parenting making a baby without adequate parenting making it difficult to function properly.it difficult to function properly.


Suggested Way Forward Suggested Way Forward (Contd)(Contd)

A National Climate Change Commission A National Climate Change Commission which is established and backed by an which is established and backed by an Act of the National Assembly, with well Act of the National Assembly, with well defined objectives and functions and defined objectives and functions and adequate funding will be able to stand adequate funding will be able to stand and address the issues of climate and address the issues of climate change and global warming and global change and global warming and global cooling as they relate to Nigeria, West cooling as they relate to Nigeria, West Africa sub-region, the African continent Africa sub-region, the African continent and the rest of the world. This I know and the rest of the world. This I know the Hon House has started working on.the Hon House has started working on.


Issues to be addressed by Issues to be addressed by the Commissionthe Commission

As is well known, climate change has As is well known, climate change has many implications for national many implications for national development anddevelopment andglobal futures: for sustainability, equity global futures: for sustainability, equity and growth. The effects of climate and growth. The effects of climate change permeate through all the change permeate through all the sectors of a nation’s economy. Much sectors of a nation’s economy. Much current debate and policy action focuses current debate and policy action focuses on resolving future problems through on resolving future problems through the'mainstreaming' of climate change the'mainstreaming' of climate change into development initiatives into development initiatives


Issues to be addressed by Issues to be addressed by the Commission (Contd)the Commission (Contd)

As the focal point on all issues relating to As the focal point on all issues relating to climate change in the country, some of the climate change in the country, some of the issues that the Commission will address issues that the Commission will address include (but not exhaustive):include (but not exhaustive):

a) Identifying the various causal agents of a) Identifying the various causal agents of climate change in the countryclimate change in the country

b) How to mitigate the causal agents of climate b) How to mitigate the causal agents of climate change and its consequenceschange and its consequences

c) Identification of the degree of susceptibility c) Identification of the degree of susceptibility and vulnerability of people groups and regions and vulnerability of people groups and regions and communities in the country to climate and communities in the country to climate change and its consequenceschange and its consequences

d) How various people groups, regions and d) How various people groups, regions and communities can adapt to climate change and communities can adapt to climate change and its consequencesits consequences



e) e) Generate and establish a National Generate and establish a National Databank on climate change and its Databank on climate change and its consequences for the countryconsequences for the country

f) Generate empirical data for policy and f) Generate empirical data for policy and decision making on climate change in the decision making on climate change in the countrycountry

g) Coordinate inter-agency and inter-g) Coordinate inter-agency and inter-ministerial cooperation on mitigating and ministerial cooperation on mitigating and adapting to climate change and its adapting to climate change and its consequencesconsequences

h) Create awareness on climate change and h) Create awareness on climate change and its consequences to the policy and decision its consequences to the policy and decision makers in both public and private sectors as makers in both public and private sectors as well as to the general populace right down to well as to the general populace right down to the rural settingsthe rural settings



i) Role of curriculum development in the i) Role of curriculum development in the educational sector to introduce climate change educational sector to introduce climate change mitigation and adaptation techniques and mitigation and adaptation techniques and strategies into our educational system so as to strategies into our educational system so as to inculcate a lifestyle of climate change mitigation inculcate a lifestyle of climate change mitigation and adaptation into our national psycheand adaptation into our national psyche

j) Roles of various tiers of government (local, state, j) Roles of various tiers of government (local, state, federal) and even urban and rural communities federal) and even urban and rural communities and regions in climate change mitigation and and regions in climate change mitigation and adaptationadaptation

k) Sub-regional, regional and other international k) Sub-regional, regional and other international cooperation to mitigate climate change and its cooperation to mitigate climate change and its consequencesconsequences

l) Promote research, development, demonstration l) Promote research, development, demonstration and dissemination (R,D,D&D) on climate change and dissemination (R,D,D&D) on climate change mitigation and adaptation science, technologies, mitigation and adaptation science, technologies, strategies and techniquesstrategies and techniques


ACTION NOW!!!ACTION NOW!!!

Action must be taken NOW! Action must be taken NOW! NOW!! AND NOW!!! NOW!! AND NOW!!!

To reduce the anthropogenic To reduce the anthropogenic activities that enhance the activities that enhance the negative effects of CCnegative effects of CC

To put in place necessary To put in place necessary structures and infrastructures structures and infrastructures for effective adaptation to both for effective adaptation to both current and future impacts of CC current and future impacts of CC


Thank you.Thank you.

1 capacity building workshop for house of rep committe on climate change and the media climate...

Documents

media climate change

factorssectors climate

energy research

economic development

media energy contd slide

adequate supply of energy

capacity building workshop

akinbami energy technology