1

Alexandra Helena Bowen Clagett

“The Garden of Good & Evil: The Story of the Goering Brothers”

Spring Semester 2015

History Seminar 395

Dr. Michael Galgano

2

On May 9, 1945, Hermann Goering was taken into custody by the US Seventh

Army on charges of war crimes. Goering was a founding leader of the Nazi party,

commander of the Luftwaffe1 and Hitler’s chosen successor. Four days later, on May

13, 1945, Albert Goering arrived at the US Seventh Army interrogation center, his

crime—being the younger brother of the infamous Hermann. The younger Goering

came to clear his name and set the record straight. Albert was immediately detained

by the Americans. Although he was in reality an anti-Nazi partisan who risked his

own life and his brother’s authority to save hundreds of people from Nazi

persecution across Europe. The fraternal relationship between the two men and

Hermann’s position, allowed Albert to help many people escape Nazi prosecution.

Although Albert Goering was very different from his bother, the two shared a

deep relationship in spite their contrasting political views.2 The family name that

enabled Albert to save countless lives of Jews and political dissidents and ensure

their freedom, was also the family name that was responsible for Albert’s arrest and

the circumstances of the rest of his life.3

1 Generic German term for air force 2 James Wyllie, Goering and Goering: Hitler’s Henchman and His Anti-Nazi Brother. (Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2006), 4. 3 Any in depth research on World War II begins with John Merriman and Jay Winter, Europe Since 1914 (Detroit, Michigan: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2006). Robert O’Neill, The German Army and the Nazi Party 1933-1939 (London: Cassell, 1966) examines Germany starting in 1933 when Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany and ending in 1939. Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel wrote Goering (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1952) which provides an excellent bibliography and overall biography of Hermann Goering. Leonard Mosley, The Reich Marshall: A Biography of Hermann Goering (Garden City: Double Day, 1974) and Charles Bewley, Hermann Goering and the Third Reich (New York: The Devin-Adair Company, 1962) both provide a comprehensive examination of Goering’s life involving Goering’s personal relationships between himself and his family and friends. James Wyllie, Goering and Goering: Hitler’s Henchman and His Anti-Nazi Brother (Stroud, Gloucestershire: The

3

The Goering family had held political posts in Germany for the previous two

hundred years, dating back to the time of Fredrick the Great. One ancestor had been

an economic administrator to Frederick. Their father, Heinrich Ernst Goering was

born in 1838, and served as a provincial judge under Bismarck. In 1853, he was

appointed as Reichskommissar of Southwest Africa despite his lack of experience

and was given the task of enlarging Germany’s sphere of influence in the area.4

Heinrich Goering was married twice, his second wife Franziska Tiefenbrunn,

was a Munich native and Catholic. Franziska, or Fanny as she was often called, and

Heinrich had five children, three sons and two daughters. While the couple were

living in South Africa and surrounded by deserts, unbearable heat, dust, and poor

sanitation, Fanny became pregnant for the fourth time with Hermann. Shortly after

Fanny became pregnant, Heinrich was transferred to Haiti and Fanny went home to

prepare for the birth of Hermann.6

Back in Germany, Fanny went to her doctor, Hermann Von Epenstein, who

was an established physician who served as the Prussian court physician. Epenstein

took a special interest in the Goering family and became a frequent visitor to the

home. Hermann was born on January 12, 1893 and the sympathetic doctor became

the godfather of both Hermann Goering and of his younger brother Albert (the

Goering’s youngest child) who was born in March 1895. 10

History Press, 2006) discusses the complexity of the brother’s relationship and how it affected each brother’s involvement within World War II. William Hastings Burke monograph Thirty Four used excellent primary documents which displayed the complicated relationship between the Goering brothers. 6 Wyllie, 7. 10 Bewley, 18.

4

Hermann was inspired by his father and wanted to follow in his footsteps as

a civil servant and, as a little boy, his highest aspiration was to become an officer

and help Germany prosper.11 Without his father’s background as a diplomat, it is

likely Hermann would not have been in a position to become a German officer.

In 1896, Heinrich’s new political post in Haiti was coming to a close and

Goering faced an economic crisis—the salary of a civil servant was insufficient for a

family of seven.12 Epenstein, who was very wealthy, possessed two homes in which

he divided his time. Epenstein began to support the Goering family who lived at

Epenstein’s home, which resembled a castle. Soon there were rumors of an affair

between Epenstein and Fanny.

After the birth of Albert in 1895, people began to remark on the physical

similarities between Epenstein and Albert. Many thought Albert was the love child

of Fanny and Epenstein, “They cite the facial resemblance between them—both

were dark haired and shared a Central European physiognomy while Hermann was

fair and blue eyed—and [there was also] the glaring differences in the personality

between the two brothers.” 13

The boys were aware of the rumors but were more concerned with their own

relationship as brothers. Interestingly enough, when it would have been easiest to

disown the Goering name and reveal the affair in order to escape prosecution,

Albert stood by his birth name with dignity, courage and undeterred perseverance.

11 Bewley, 19. 12 Wyllie, 7. 13 L, Mosley, The Reich Marshal: A biography of Hermann Goering (UK 1974), 6.

5

The childhood experiences of Hermann and Albert were quite different due

to their personalities. The boys did not get to spend a lot of time together as

children. Albert was sent away to boarding school at the young age of five.

Hermann talked about himself as a child, “”I have come to the conclusion that

there was no difference between myself as a boy and as a man. I believe that the boy

had all the markings which later appeared on the man”14

14 As quoted in Wyllie, 15.

6

Von Epenstein with Hermann (left) and Albert Goering (right)

Physically, Hermann was an ideal German boy. His most pronounced

characteristics were his luminous blue eyes, perfect complexion and slender

frame.15 As a boy, Hermann’s personality was described as “impulsive, high spirited,

physically courageous, easy to control so long as he considered himself fairly

treated, but obstinate to the last degree in cases of real or fancied injustice” 16 As a

child Hermann was a natural leader, able to manipulate his older sisters, Olga and

Paula. The Goering sister’s remember Hermann as a protector to all of the children

and even to animals, bringing home any stray dog, lost cat, or wounded bird.17

Hermann was never able to influence or force his ideas upon his younger brother,

Albert, who was frequently hostile to his ideas.18

Although the brothers were only two years apart, they had completely

different personalities and hobbies; Hermann was an outgoing child while Albert

was shy, introverted, and emotional. Hermann enjoyed activities in which he could

express himself physically—hunting, climbing and dressing up in military

costumes.19 Albert enjoyed activities in which he could express himself artistically—

singing, and playing the piano. 20 Hermann described his brother Albert as, “the

antithesis of me. He was not politically or military interested.”21

15 Bewley, 21. 16 Bewley, 21. 17 Bewley, 21. 18 Bewley, 20. 19 Wyllie, 40. 20 Wyllie, 40. 21 As quoted in Wyllie, 40.

7

Epenstein preferred Hermann’s outgoing personality while he did not

approve of Albert’s introverted personality; consequently, he ensured Albert was

sent to a military academy at the age of five in order to toughen Albert up. Their

respective educational settings contributed to the people they would become.

Hermann had a multi-faceted education; he was first educated at home by a

private tutor and later educated at military institutions. He struggled with

traditional schooling and had impatience and difficulty with traditional teachings.

In 1906, Epenstein, a member of the Royal Prussian Cadet Corps, was able to “pull a

few strings” and get Hermann Goering enrolled into Karlsruhe Military Academy.

Epenstein successively sent Hermann to the Cadet Schools in Karlsruhe and

Lichterfelde.22 Hermann’s military school records indicate he excelled in academics

and possessed many leadership roles while at the officer cadet school—Gross-

Lichterfelde. Upon graduation in 1911, Hermann received a commendation from the

Kaiser.

Epenstein’s intervention into Hermann’s prestigious military education

paved the way for Goering to become an officer within the German army. His

military education created a constant environment in which he was unable to

question authority and was forced to comply with the ideas, rules and regulations

which were already chosen for him. Hermann’s inability to question authority or

think in innovative ways from the ages of twelve to eighteen created a “man” who

was not comfortable with questioning those in-charge—Hitler.

22 Bewley, 19.

8

By contrast, Albert was sent away to boarding school in Hersbruck at the age

of five. At this time in Germany, 95 percent of students ended formal schooling after

the age of eleven.23 At the age of eleven, Albert attended Realschule in Munich,

which was a specialized grammar school with a reputation of academic excellence.24

As long as Albert did well at Realschule, he would become part of the elite German

class.25 While studying in Munich, Albert’s education was focused on technological

innovation and the sciences. These scientific and innovative studies transformed

Albert into a rational thinker, who was able to question all facets of life.

In 1919, Albert enrolled at Technische Hochschule to complete his training

as a mechanical engineer and at twenty-five years old and focused on completing his

education. He was not interested in being involved in organizations around campus.

Popular German sentiments of anti-Semitism and Pan-Germanism were spreading

and prevading into all areas of life. The Technische Hochschule was filled with these

poisonous ideas and became a “breeding ground for Nazism.”26

Albert chose to focus on his education while in Munich, earning a degree as a

mechanical engineer with a grade of “Very Good.”27 Throughout his life, he refused

to compromise his own morals in order to fit the specific definition of a good

German, “The younger brother Albert, though never influenced by and frequently

23 Wyllie, 13. 24 Wyllie, 13. 25 Wyllie,13. 26 Wyllie, 35. 27 Dr. Margot Fuchs (Leitung Historisches Archiv, Technische Universitat Munchen) email to William Hastings Burke, 23rd November 2006.

9

hostile to Hermann’s opinions, preserved throughout his life the admiration and

affection of their early years.”28

How did he avoid these influences? Although Albert was likely introduced to

Hitler’s ideas at Technische Hochschule before Hermann ever was— he disliked

everything the exclusive Nazi party stood for. Albert’s fundamental beliefs of

tolerance and human rights directly opposed to the positions of the Nazi Party.

Albert recalled, “From the beginning I was the strongest and most active fighter

against National Socialism.”29

Von Epenstein influenced the boys about the importance of religion.

Originally Jewish, he converted to Roman Catholicisim. During the nineteenth

century, 22,000 Jews converted to Christianity.30 Epenstein’s Jewish background is

likely the reason for Albert’s inherent tolerance for other religions, “I am Protestant

by confession, but I have been in Orthodox churches, in synagogues, I have been

Buddhist and Brahmin services, and it does not make any difference to me. There is

only one God.”31

Just as Albert was known for his spirituality, his brother was described as the

opposite, “There is something un-Christian about Goering, a strong pagan streak.”32

Hermann believed in a generic God but avoided the church at all cost, “I myself am

not what you might call a churchgoer”33

28 Bewley, 20. 29 30 Nuremberg 25 September 1945, PRO FO box 645/156. 31 Wyllie, 10. 32 33 Trial of The Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 1945, Vol.9

10

As they say like father, like son, Albert loved women. On March 16,

1921, at the age of twenty-seven, Albert met and married his first wife, twenty-one

year old Maria von Ummon. But within two years, the marriage between Albert and

his younger wife disintegrated and by 1923 the two were divorced. Albert’s younger

wife, Maria, was left for an older and more sophisticated woman Erna von Miltner.

Erna was nine years older than Albert. After Albert’s divorce with Maria in 1923, he

immediately married Erna in September of 1923. Erna and Albert left Munich in

1925 for Dessau, where Albert was starting a new job at Professor Junkers

Kaloriferwerk.

In 1920, Hermann first met Carin, she was thirty-one, married and mother to

a seven year old son, Thomas.34 Carin von Foch came from a Swedish aristocracy.

34 Wyllie, 34.

11

On February 3, 1923, Hermann married the Countess Carin von Foch. Albert

attended his older brother’s wedding. After the couple married they resided in

Munich where Hermann enrolled at Munich University.35 He began reading political

pamphlets and attended Freikorps meetings in the first two years following the end

of the First World War. He decided to pursue an education in politics, “In order to

play a role in the destiny of a country one must know the technique, be able to

understand the relationship between external and internal developments and

compare the various forms of constitution.”36

Hermann was not a diligent student, only going to lecture if he had felt like

doing the reading for that week.37 He was uninterested in his studies and began to

look for an outlet in which he could find purpose for his passions, “We were all

searching for a way to give our lives some purpose, for we did not want to feel that

we had fought in vain for so long. We were in search of an idea for a new

Germany.”38

In November of 1922, Hermann heard Hitler giving a talk on “The Versailles

Treaty and the Extradition of the German Army Commanders.”39 At the speech

Hitler spoke about rejectionomg of the Treaty of Versailles, weapons for Germany

and a brighter future for the German people. Hermann recalls that November night

when he was first attended Hitler’s speech, “The conviction was spoken word for

35 Wyllie, 36. 36 Emmy Goering, My Life With Goering. London 1972 David Bruce & Watson, 55. 37 Wyllie, 36. 38 Goering, 55. 39 Wyllie, 37.

12

word as if from my own soul”40 He was attracted to Hitler’s ideas because Hitler was

able to express feelings of alienation and frustration while Hermann had a hard time

conveying those feelings.

As a young women, Carin was known by her classmates for her good sense

and strong ambition.41 She funneled her ambitions on Hermann’s future as a Nazi

leader, “For the rest of her short life she had no aim but to serve his career and the

cause of Germany.”42

Carin contracted tuberculosis. On her death bed, Hermann received a

telegram from Hitler demanding his return to Berlin. Carin encouraged her husband

to obey Hitler’s orders and to report back to Berlin despite her progressive disease.

Hermann obeyed Hitler’s command and on October 17, 1931, within a day of his

departure, Carin died.

Hermann described why Carin advocated for him to go pursue politics while

she was on her death bed, “She knew that she was going to die and yet she made me

go because she thought it was in the best interest of Germany.”43 Carin believed that

Hermann’s future laid with Hitler and the Nazi party, and without her avid support

and her role as hostess of the Nazi political soirees it is possible that Hermann

would not have risen in the ranks of the Nazi party.

Coming from a Swedish background, Carin supported Aryan superiority and

encouraged Hermann to pursue his passions within the German political arena.

40 Mosley, 64. 41 Bewley, 54. 42 Bewley, 54. 43 Goering, 55.

13

Carin’s anti-Semitic beliefs are seen in a letter to her family, “I would rather die of

hunger a thousand times than serve a Jew.”44 She believed her purpose in life was to

encourage and support Hermann—to the point of zealotry. As time progressed,

Hermann and Carin shared a deeply rooted love for the German’s ideas expressed

by Nationalist Romanticism. Hermann and Carin’s Munich home became the

gathering place for the elite of the Nazi party and her guests included influential

Germans and Hitler himself. Carin often initiated these political meetings in order to

create a strong friendship between Hermann and Hitler, “If anything it was Carin

who earned Goering a place in Hitler’s circle as much as Goering himself.”45

Hermann met his second wife, Emmy Sonnennman, a beautiful young actress,

in 1931, at a party at the ancient estate of Baron von Stein—giving a private

performance for a party of special guests, “among whom were Goering and his wife

Carin.”50 Following the death of his wife in October 1931, Hermann began dating

Emmy by the summer of 1932.

Although Hermann loved both of his wives immensely, Carin and Emmy were

two completely different women ideologically, politically and morally. Emmy was a

well-known actress who had performed for the last eight seasons at the National

Theatre in Weimar. However, she was more interested in her own passions at the

theatre than in Hermann’s political posts. While Carin had been a passionate

44 As quoted in Wyllie, 39. 45 Richard Overy, Goering:Hitler’s Iron Knight, new ed. (Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2012), 7. 50 Goering, 8.

14

supporter of the Nazi Party, Emmy tried to distance Hermann from the policies of

the party.

Many of the most famous directors, producers, writers, actors and

technicians in the German cinemas and theatres were Jewish.51 Emmy’s proximity to

and friendships with them created a completely different outlook than Carin’s anti-

sematic views. Emmy had a strong desire to help and protect her friends. In the

summer of 1933 Emmy approached Hitler about his strong racial hatred while on

vacation at Hitler’s home in Obersalzburg, near Berchtesgaden. She asked Hitler if

he would ever talk to her and explain his harsh treatment of Jews. He replied to

Emmy and said, “I like you very much but I know that you often do things for Jews,

that you help them when you can. Please stop it. I do not want this under any

circumstances.”52

Nevertheless, Emmy used her power as “The First Lady of the Third Reich” to

help her friends escape her husband’s oppressive Nazi regime. When the first ration

coupons were distributed to the Germans, Emmy collected the allocated amount and

was shocked by the inadequacy of the portions and content of the food provided. As

soon as Emmy showed concern for the rations, “Hermann immediately intervened

to increase the rations.”53 Emmy described how she helped her fellow thespians

and German families through the power her husband held “I was able to help all

those who applied to me. I could do nothing without Hermann.”54 Hermann was

51 Wyllie, 99. 52 Goering, 63. 53 Goering, 110. 54 Goering, 39.

15

entirely controlled by those he loved, so if Emmy asked for him to help out her

friends, Hermann obliged no questions asked.

Albert became a professional at obtaining information in order to resist the

Nazi regime. He would gather confidential Nazi information and pass it on to the

leaders of Resistance organizations or obtain falsified papers for political opponents

or Jews so they could escape the Nazi rule. Albert was a facilitator of information, by

passing along the important information to those who in turn could make better

decisions. In the summer of 1940, anti-Jewish legislation was implemented—cutting

them out of their professions, education and the arts and began the process of

removing their homes and assets.55

As Albert Goering was busy helping the Jewish theatre friends of Hermann’s

wife, Emmy, he was also playing the role of an actor. His older brother Hermann

described him completely differently than his friends described him. Hermann

Goering described his brother as, “He (Albert) was quiet, reclusive; I liked crowds

and company. He was melancholy and pessimistic; and I am an optimist. But he’s not

a bad fellow, Albert.”56 All other accounts of Albert’s personality in his adult years

describe him as having a witty, charming and outgoing personality.

One of the top resistance leaders at Skoda, Jan Moravek, was the export

director at Ceskoslovenska Zbrojovka Brno. Like Albert, he was a mechanical

engineer and the two became good friends instantly. Elsa Moravek Perou de Wagner

was the daughter of Jan Moravek and remembered Albert by his optimistic outlook,

55 Wyllie, 172. 56 Goldensohn, 122.

16

“He enjoyed life to the utmost… He was amiable, lively and amusing.”57 Why did

Hermann have a completely different view of his brother than every other person?

Albert transformed into an “actor” when dealing with his brother. He was

able to learn of high secrecy and confidential information if he remained a friend

and brother of Hermann’s. Another reason for the different perceptions of Albert

are that he had to be a different person in order to interact and maintain the

relationship, despite his strong resentment to his brother’s political philosophy and

actions. The only person he was able to be around his older brother was a detesting

and pessimistic person. Hermann’s view of Albert as a pessimist could be due to

Albert’s outlook on the future of Germany. Albert believed Germany was not going

to be successful in World War II and Hermann probably did not like his little

brother’s objections and acknowledgment of the weaknesses of his prestigious

Luftwaffe or army of the Third Reich. Around his friends he was finally able to be

himself—the guy with a good sense of humor and a kind heart. Albert maintained

his relationship with his Nazi brother Hermann in order to save the lives of Jews,

political prisoners and himself.

57 Perou de Wagner,E. (2006) My Roots Continents Apart: A Tale of Courage and Survival, (Nebraska: iUniverse), pp 207-210.

17

In Albert’s list of the most prominent people he saved during WWII, he

includes at the top of his paper that he was arrested three times by the Gestapo.

Each time Hermann was alerted that his brother was taken, Hermann came right to

his younger brother’s rescue.

Hermann’s intervened to save his younger brother – “Hermann Goering often

saved his life and never tried to curtail his Samaritan activities, only cautioning him

to have some consideration for his position.”59 Hermann was an ambiguous and

complicated human being; there was another side to the Nazi leader a side

59 As cited in Burke: Major Paul Kubala, Final Interrogation Report: Albert Goering Brother of Reichsmarschall and Agent of the Skoda and Brno Works, SAIC, 19th September 1945. (XE002282; PNF 1939-1976, Goering, Albert; IRR; RG 319;NACP

18

dominated by his sentimental emotions attached to his family. The softer more

sympathetic side of Hermann Goering is observed in his interactions with his

daughter, Edda Goering. Edda knited her father a grey scarf which he wore daily

with his white uniform. Friends of Hermann would poke fun at him for wearing the

scarf and he remarked, “What do I care? This scarf has been knitted by my six year

old daughter!”60

During the Nuremberg Trials, while being interviewed by American

psychologist, Leon Goldensohn , Hermann acknowledged the tension between the

two brothers and explains how German politics almost destroyed the relationship of

the Goering brothers, “For twelve years we never spoke to each other because of

Albert’s attitude of the party. Neither of us was angry at the other. It was a

separation due to the situation.”61

Albert’s friends recalled his attitude towards the Nazi party and was

remembered saying, “I spit on Hitler. “62Leon talked to Hermann about his

relationship with Albert and Hermann described the evolution and dissolution of

the Goering brother’s relationship, “You ask me about my own brother, and I can

hardly tell you about him. It’s strange but true of all human beings. He was always

the anti-thesis of myself. He was not politically or militarily interested; I was.”

As Albert was interrogated he revealed his brother did not attend or

congratulate him on his wedding or the birth of his first and only daughter,

Elizabeth Goering. Albert expressed a sense of abandonment —an older brother

60 Goering, 126. 61 Goldensohn , 121 – 122. 62 The Real Albert Goering, 3BM TV, 1998.

19

usually was the best man in his younger brother’s wedding or the god-father of his

brother’s baby.

Frau, the older sister of Albert and Hermann, intervened to help her friend

Hohennsin’s father who refused to join the Nazi party and was an influential

business man; he was taken from their home and Hohennsin had no idea of where

her father was taken. Albert contacted Hermann who had Hohennsin’s father

released from Dauchau. This is just one example of how Albert requested a favor

from his powerful older brother in order to save friends—“It can only be that Frau

Rigele Goering had called Albert, and through Hermann he had intervened. And this

family were no Nazis… Hermann always had an ear for his family.”63

The complexities of Hermann Goering are seen in his intervention to save his

younger brother, “Hermann Goering often saved his life and never tried to curtail his

Samaritan activities, only cautioning him to have some consideration for his

position.”64 Hermann was an ambigious and complicated human being; there was

another side to the Nazi leader a side dominated by his sentimental emotions

attached to his family.

Albert Goering’s immediate dislike of Hitler was a testament to Albert’s good

judgment, but as Hitler progressively gained power it was increasingly difficult to be

an opponent while living under the regime. As Albert was transferred and promoted

to different jobs he created strong friendships that he maintained throughout the

63 As quoted in Burke, 45. 64 As cited in Burke: Major Paul Kubala, Final Interrogation Report: Albert Goering Brother of Reichsmarschall and Agent of the Skoda and Brno Works, SAIC, 19th September 1945. (XE002282; PNF 1939-1976, Goering, Albert; IRR; RG 319;NACP

20

war. Well aware of his brother’s power, Albert looked for individuals like himself

who were not supporters of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. The last

name of Goering intimidated all individuals who were apart of the Nazi party, and

thus Albert was able to use his family name in order to ensure other’s were able to

stay with their own families.

In 1928, Albert and Erna moved to Vienna following his promotion at

Professor Junkers Kaloriferwek, he obtained the position of representative to

Austria, Hungary, and southern Czechoslovakia. 66 Edda Goering, Hermann’s

daughter and Albert’s niece, described Albert as being happiest in the triangle

between Vienna, Prague and Budapest “That was where he was working. That was

where he had most of his friends. It was his world. He fitted in well there; he was

elegant, charming, bright and amusing.”67 Instead of constantly being in the shadow

of his Nazi brother, Albert was able to meet new people and escape the oppressive

Nazi regime. His work as a representative established and created new contacts

throughout Europe; this broadened the amount of people he was able to help during

the War.

While working as an exporter at Professor Junkers Kaloriferwek, Albert dealt

regularly with the Tobis Film Company; specifically selling chemicals to preserve

their films. He became good friends with the Jewish owner, Oskar Pilzer; in 1934.

Pilzer owned the largest film studio in Austria. The Tobis Film Company offered

66 Burke, 51. 67 Interview with Edda Goering, The Real Albert Goering, 3BM TV, 1998.

20

Albert a job in Austria as a studio manager. Albert accepted and applied for Austrian

citizenship; it was granted.68

Henny Porten was a friend and fellow actress of Emmy Goering’s. She was an

international cinema actress who was married to a Jewish doctor, Doctor Wilhelm

von Kaufmann. In 1935, as the Nazi’s were implementing anti-sematic laws Henny’s

options were to either get a divorce from her Jewish husband or never work again.

She refused to get a divorce and thus her acting career suffered, “the former darling

of the audience had been cut dead by the media and was not allowed to appear on

stage or film.”69 While Albert was working at Tobis Film Company, Hermann asked

Albert if he could help his Emmy’s friend Henny Porten find a job. Although Albert

and Hermann had not had any communication in a while, Albert helped Henny get a

big film contract where she could live in the unoccupied Vienna. Although the movie

never made it to the cinema, Henny no longer had to worry about financial issues.70

Albert’s intervention at Tobis Film Company to help Henny find a job marked

one of the only favors Hermann ever asked of his younger brother. This is the first

case of Albert helping someone and it demonstrated to Albert that he could use his

relationship with his brother to help Jewish people and political opponents of the

regime.71 That Hermann asked Albert for help showed that he—the second most

powerful man in the Third Reich—is not afraid to break his “own” rules.

68 Burke, 61. 69 As quoted in Wyllie, 100. 70 Wyllie, 101. 71 The Real Albert Goering, 3BM TV, 1998.

22

In Albert’s list of the most prominent people he saved during WWII, he

includes at the top of his paper that he was arrested three times by the Gestapo.

Each time Hermann was alerted that his brother was taken, Hermann came right to

his younger brother’s rescue. “Hermann Goering often saved his (Albert’s) life and

never tried to curtail his Samaritan activities, only cautioning him to have some

consideration for his position.”75

In 1937, the man who was responsible for finding Hermann’s wife a

job at his studio, Oskar Pilzer – owner of Tobis Film Studio and boss of Albert

Goering– was arrested by the Gestapo. Oskar’s son, George was sixteen at the time

and remembers his father’s arrest vividly, “They took my father, put him in a corner,

put a gun behind his back and stole a number of things… Then they took off with my

father.” The Pilzer family had no idea where Oskar was taken by the Gestapo; Albert

was alerted and took immediate action, “Mr Goering was informed and he exerted

all influence and I underline all influence to find where they kept my father and to

obtain his immediate release. This our family owes to Albert.” Albert not only found

out where Oskar was taken but he “personally accompanied Oskar to the border.”

The Pilzer family found refuge in Paris until 1939 and then emigrated to New York.

In New York, George and Kurt, Oskar’s sons, followed in their father’s footsteps and

worked in the film industry. 82

75 As cited in Burke: Major Paul Kubala, Final Interrogation Report: Albert Goering Brother of Reichsmarschall and Agent of the Skoda and Brno Works, SAIC, 19th September 1945. (XE002282; PNF 1939-1976, Goering, Albert; IRR; RG 319;NACP 82 Wyllie, 116.

23

In June 1939, Albert was offered a job at the Czech factory Skoda, the

largest supplier of weapons to the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the First World

War. His friend Bruno Seletsky was Skoda’s export manager and ultimately Albert

took over Bruno’s position as export manager. In exchange, Albert helped Seletsky

make it to Switzerland safely.83 Seletsky was not the only Skoda employee Albert

helped; Skoda was filled with anti-Nazis who were involved with resistance groups

such as scout groups and youth groups. These anti-Nazi Skoda workers became

good friends of Albert’s an ended up being the recipients of the Goering last name.

Jarmila Modry was the daughter-in-law of Albert Goering’s co-worker at

Skoda, Josef Modry. She recalls what Josef Modry said about Albert’s financial help,

“He (Josef Modry) said Albert had helped them in what every way he could. But

nobody knew it was him. Not even those who were receiving the money knew

where it came from or who was sending it.”84 Another beneficiary of the mysterious

Albert was another Skoda family, this time it was Karel Sobota his former personal

assistant at the Skoda Works in Brno. The son of Karel Sobata – Jorge recalls his

father’s stories of how Albert helped his family during the war. Jorge was so young

at the time of Albert’s help that his father renamed Albert,

“My father told me the story of (Albert Goering) but he changed the name.

Maybe he was afraid when I was a kid to tell me the real name… If I started telling

83 Wyllie, 145. 84 Kubu, E, Novotny, F & Sousa, F. (2004) “Under Threat of Nazi Occupation: The Fate of Multinationals in the Czech Lands, 1938-1945.”

24

my small friends there, and then it would go around. You know that information…

could bring him some problems. So he called him Baron von Mosch.”85

On September 1, 1939, hundreds of intellectuals and scout leaders86 were

arrested and then taken to Pankras prison.87 Albert’s doctor, Doctor Charvat, was a

member of the Czech Boy Scouts and sent to Dachau. Charvat’s wife contacted Albert

to see if there was anything he could do to find out where her husband was and the

reasoning behind his arrest. Albert knew exactly what to do, “On a sheet on headed

notepaper which only bore the family and a crest of arms”88 Albert demanded the

Camp Commandant release Doctor Charvat from Dachau immediately and signed it

Goering.

Dr. Charvat was released instantly, no questions asked. After realizing the

amount of power his last name possessed, Albert began signing letters simply

Goering. Signing it Goering allowed for the reader to interpret the message and since

all of these messages contained a threat to the reader’s job if the action was not

executed properly. Albert’s combination of power, intimidation and authoritative

tone made the reader immediately get the request executed. He used his last name

to obtain and supply friends with travel papers, foreign currency and counterfeit

passports.

As Albert used his name in order to help his friends obtain money, travel

papers and false identification the Gestapo began to catch on to him. By 1939, the SS

85 Interview with Jorge Sobata, Found in Burke, The Key to Goering’s Last Secret, 119. 86 Scout leaders act as a liason between 87 Wyllie, 146. 88 E. Neubach, Deutsches Wochenmagazin, 24 February 1962. Found on Wyllie 146

25

reports were already stacked against Albert, one Gestapo report wrote, “How long is

this public gangster going to be allowed to continue?”89 As Hermann’s political and

military power began to decrease the attempt to arrest and stop Albert from helping

people increased. The local Gestapo in Prague were on to Albert’s acts of opposition;

a report produced claimed that “the office of Oberdirektor Goering in the Skoda

factories is a real intervention centre for “poor” Czechs.”90

While working at Skoda in the 1940s, Albert was introduced to Consul Greub

the Swiss ambassador to Czechoslovakia. Consul Greub and Albert worked together

in order to financially support Jewish refugees. Being the Swiss Ambassador, Greub

had strong connections with Swiss banks and was able to channel Goering’s

monetary funds into the Swiss bank in order to fund and help support Jewish

refugees.91

In 1942, Consul Greub introduced Albert to Mila Klarzarova, the former

Czech beauty queen and socialite. Mila was described as having an angelic face, rosy

cheeks and a voluptuous figure. Elizabeth Goering recalls her mother’s beauty, “My

mother was very, very pretty. My father got in love with her very quickly.”92 Mila

was a Slav and thus considered Untermensch.93 Hermann was so embarrassed of his

brother’s marriage since it was condemned in Germany and thought to be heinous

89 Testimony of ALBERT GOERING, taken at Nuremberg,Germany, 25 September 1945, 1045 – 1240, by Ensign Jackson, M1270, roll 5; RG 238; NACP. 90 Interrogation Report of Albert Goering, compiled at the Ministry of Interior in Prague, 17th December, 1946; Ls V 242/47, Czech National Archives in Prague. Found in Burke, 135. 91 Burke, 104. 92 Interview with Elizabeth Goering, The Real Albert Goering, 3BM TV, 1998. 93 Untermensch were the inferior race; intended for servitude or extinction

26

to mix the bloods. The Gestapo could not grasp the idea of Hermann’s younger

brother choosing to marry a Slav. The relationship between Albert and Hermann

became increasingly strained. Hermann was so embarrassed that he made a

statement by not attending his brother’s wedding and refused to give his brother a

gift for the birth of his first daughter, Elizabeth.

As news of the deaths and atrocities that were being committed at the

concentration camps were being publicized Albert became more and more extreme

in the measures he took to save prisoners. Jacques Benbassat recalled one of

Albert’s most elaborate tricks, he secured multiple trucks and arrived at

Theresienstadt94 concentration camp unannounced and told the commandant, “I am

Albert Goering. I need workers for work detachment for Skoda.”95

The commandant heard the powerful and intimidating last name of Goering

and immediately allowed Albert to fill the truck with as many “workers” as possible.

Albert then took the trucks into the middle of the forest and freed the prisoners.

This significant and vivid memory of Jacques Benbassat accounts for many more

lives saved by Albert than just the thirty-four listed on Albert’s list of the most

prominent people he saved during World War II. This bold and heroic act was

Albert’s last direct intervention during the war.96

94 Theresienstadt concentration camp is discussed in multiple sources and one of the most notorious concentration camps due to the various uses of this specific camp. It acted as a settlement, an assembly camp and a concentration camp. The ghetto was used as a deportment center to ghettos and death camps. My grandfather who was a prisoner of war stayed in a concentration camp where they were fed Arsenic which made the prisoners swell up and appear well nourished to the Red Cross. 95 Interview with Jacques Benbassat, The Real Albert Goering, 3BM TV, 1998. 96 Interview with Jacques Benbassat, The Real Albert Goering, 3BM TV, 1998.

27

As the Gestapo began to catch on to Albert’s subversive activities the

relationship between the Goering brothers began to become increasingly important.

Hermann saved his younger brother three times from Gestapo imprisonment. After

Albert’s first arrest Hermann’s personal assistant Bodenschatz released Albert from

Prague and showed Albert confidential and exclusive documents, “When I arrived he

showed me documents that made it clear that the German secret police had issued

two arrest warrants for me, one of which was for anti national socialist activity and

defeatism.”97 Each time his older brother Hermann came to his rescue. Albert had to

maintain this relationship with his brother in order to ensure that he could continue

to break the rules and help others escape persecution. In October 1944, Albert’s

secretary at Skoda Works in Prague, Fraulein Hertha Auer von Randenstein, was a

Gestapo informant who “regularly submitted reports about me, among other things

stating that I had expressed myself negatively about the party, that I helped Jews

and so on.”98 She not only snooped into his work correspondence but also got hold

of his personal correspondences and alerted the Gestapo about Albert’s future plans

to flee to Switzerland.

After meeting with Bodenschatz, Hermann reinstated Albert’s traveling

rights and also protected his brother by a calling a meeting on October 13, 1944.

Hermann sent Kriegsgerichtsrat (Judge Advocate) Ehrhardt and SS

97 Interrogation Report of Albert Goering, compiled at the Ministry of Interior in Prague , 17th December, 1946; Ls V 242/47, Czech National Archives in Prague. Found in Burke, 151. 98 Interrogation Report of Albert Goering, compiled at the Ministry of Interior in Prague , 17th December, 1946; Ls V 242/47, Czech National Archives in Prague. Found in Burke, 152.

28

Obersturmbannfuhrer Alfred Baubin to meet with the opposition Skoda’s Dr. Voss.

Hermann called this meeting to clear his younger brother’s name and all charges

were dropped. Frauline was also denounced as a Gestapo informant and gave

assurance that Albert’s private correspondence would be returned to him promptly.

On December 30, 1944, Ehrhardt ordered Fraulein be arrested for “false allegations

and defamation” against the Goering name.99 In a memorandum sent on February 2,

1945, Bodenschatz ordered legal actions be taken against Frauline, “initiate criminal

proceedings against Hertha Auer von Randenstein due to false allegations causing

detriment of Albert Goering, as per the Reichsmarschall’s wishes.”

Hermann’s obsession with power made him turn a blind eye to the atrocities

being committed in the concentration camps and to the oppressive treatment of

political dissidents but Hermann would not turn a blind eye or abandon his little

brother. Instead he used his position to protect his brother from Gestapo abuse,

regardless of their political and social opinions. Even as Hermann’s relations with

Hitler became strained and thus his power began to decrease he was still more

concerned with the well being of his younger brother.

Albert recalled the warnings and advice of Hermann, “My brother told me

then that it was the last time that he could help me.” As his power decreased he had

to call on others in higher positions to assist Albert because his position has been

99 SD Report, Appendix 5: Albert Goering, ingenieur, Oberdirektor der Skoda Werke, 23rd Oktober 1944. LS V 242/47, Czech National Archives in Prague. Found in Burke 153.

29

shaken, “He had to ask Himmler personally to smooth over the entire matter.100”

Hermann ordered Albert to move to Salzburg and reunite with his wife, Mila.

On April 29, 1945, Hitler announced, “Before my death I expel the former

Reichsmarschall Hermann Goering from the party and deprive him of all rights

which he may enjoy by virtue of the decree of June 29, 1941.”101 All of the high

ranking officers committed suicide or fled to South America. Hermann Goering was

the highest ranking Nazi leader left. Hermann was willing to face the repercussions

of his actions and decisions during World War II. Goering believed he would be met

meet with Eisenhower and seen as the German diplomat, but instead Hermann was

seen as a defendant. Eisenhower ordered Goering be treated like any other POW;

the President even stripped Goering of his Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, Golden

Marshal’s Staff, Pour le Merite and even his diamond ring.102

On May 9, 1945, Albert first presented himself to the 7th Army Interrogation

Center (SAIC) in Augsburg. He was arrested on the May 13, and taken to SAIC for his

initial interrogation. At this time Albert and Hermann were in the same prison and

got permission to speak with each other. Hermann expressed guilt and regret for his

little brother, “I am very sorry Albert that it is you who has to suffer so much for me.

You will be free soon. Then take my wife and child under your care.”103

100 Interrogation Report of Albert Goering compiled at the Ministry of Interior in Prague, 17th December, 1946. Ls V 242/47, Czech National Archives in Prague. Found on Burke 153. 101 My Political Testament Adolf Hitler. April 29th1945. Berlin. 102 W, Maser, Hermann Goering: Hitlers januskopfiger Paladin; die politische Biographie (Berlin: Quintessenz Verlags-GmbH, 2000), 435. 103 E, Neubach, “Mein Freund Goering”, Aktuell: deutsches Wochenmagazin, February 24th, 1962.

30

In order to prove his innocence, Albert created a draft title Menschen, denen

ich bei eigener Gefahr (dreimal Gestapo-Haftbefehle!) Leben oder Existenz rettete

translated People whose lives or existence I saved at my own peril (three Gestapo

arrest warrants). It’s likely that his interrogators did not investigate a single name

on the list. During Albert’s first interrogation, Kubala recorded “Albert Goering

claims that his life was nothing but one continual battle with the GESTAPO. It

seemed that the REICHSMARSCHALL had nothing else to do except extricate his

brother from scrapes where Albert protected old Jewish women, refused to give the

“Heil Hitler,” and made politely disparaging remarks about the Party.”104 All of the

interegator Kubala’s reports contain a sense of disbelief and sarcasm.

Richard Sonnenfeldt, a twenty two year old Jewish immigrant who left

Germany in 1938 was the chief interpreter of prosecution of the Nuremberg Trials.

Sonnenfeldt described Albert’s nervousness in order to prove his innocence to the

jury, “Type of witness who talked too much, volunteered information that no one

had asked him. He was highly nervous. He would tell an amazing story that I found

hard to believe at the time because he was just not a convincing witness.”105

At the Nuremberg Trials, Albert answered questions in such detail the

interrogators became suspicious of his responses. When asked about the

relationship between he and his brother Albert responded,

104 Major Paul Kubala, Final Interrogation Report: Albert Goering Brother of the Reichsmarschall and the Agent of the Skoda and Brno Works, SAIC, 19th September 1945. (XE002282); PNF 1939-1976, Goering, Albert; IRR; RG 319; NACP. 105 Burke, 161.

31

“The first thing is my relations to him as a private person, as my brother; and

the second point is my relations to him as a statesman. In his capacity as a brother,

he was good to me and also helpful, as you already know from previous

interrogations. As brothers, we were very close together and we had the usual

relationship as brother would have inside a family. I have had no relations with him

as a statesman. I want to say here, that from 1923 on, that is, from the date when the

Party was founded, I was one of the strongest opponents and active opponent

against the Party, and I had no contact with him in this capacity.”106

The interrogators only saw the political side of Hermann Goering as the

leader of the Luftwaffe, creator of concentration camps and were unwilling to accept

Albert’s accounts of Hermann as his older brother.

Albert was transferred from Nuremberg to a series of internment camps. On

June 17th of 1946 he arrived at Darmstadt and applied for his release. Hermann

never took responsibility for the deaths and lives he took during World War II. On

September 30, 1946 Hermann was found guilty and faced the death sentence. The

night before his scheduled execution, Hermann cheats justice by taking his own life

with a cyanide pill. Hermann’s decision to commit suicide likely hurt his brother.

The Americans were taking out their anger on his brother since Hermann slipped

right through their fingers. Albert was having better luck than his brother when he

was interrogated by ears that were willing to listen. This interrogator’s uncle was

106 Goldensohn , 121 – 122.

32

Franz Lehar, one of the thirty four listed on Albert’s list. Albert was not acquitted

until March 14, 1947.107

Albert was finally able to be reunited with his wife Mila and his daughter,

Elizabeth. All of Albert’s assets had been seized; he and Mila rented a small flat in

Salzburg. Albert was unemployed and Europe was not ready to accept a Goering

back into their society. Mila discovered Albert was cheating and fled to Peru with

their daughter. Alone and depressed, Albert began dating a new mistress, his former

housekeeper, Brunhilde Siebaldstaetter. In March 1952, Albert sent a circular letter

to “280” friends, family and acquaintances to inform them of his move from Salzburg

to Argentina. In the letter he describes the amount of difficulty he had found a job,

“In part [this is because] there is unemployment in both countries, in part [because]

they prefer to contract a younger and hence a cheaper workforce. Another

considerable factor however is a certain inhibition [shyness] about my name,

especially at the big factories owing to the fact that there are still remaining

Communists there.”

Albert was fully aware his age and more importantly his last name were

inhibiting his employment. He left for Argentina in order to once again be free from

his brothers shadows, “I concede that I could obtain a perfectly equivalent position

[of employment] in an Argentinian engineering factory, and at the beginning of the

year I signed a contract in connection with Farris.” In the letter, it is clear Albert

planned to stay in Argentina for the remainder of his life, “Believe me, at 57 years

old it is no easy decision to begin an entirely new life in a distant country, to leave

107 Wyllie, 209.

33

behind dear friends in one’s homeland, whom I likely will never see again. ”108 Three

years after he left for Argentina, Albert returned home. In 1955 Albert was offered a

job in Munich at a Construction company. While working at the construction

company, Albert was laid off because fellow workers did not want to work with

“Goering’s brother.” In 1966, right before his death Albert married Brunhilde so she

would be able to receive a widow’s pension.109

Salzburg, beginning of March 1952

To my dear relatives, friends, and acquaintances!

Because there are only 2 weeks remaining until my immigration, it is unfortunately not possible to impart all the specifics in writing in the form of a letter. So I must seek a middle ground to say farewell in a short circular [letter], before I emigrate from Le Havre to Argentina in the middle of March and settle in Buenos Aires. I ask for understanding of this dilemma, for in addition to all the work that still must be dealt with, it is impossible for me to write circa 280 letters. For 6 years I have desperately tried to find a halfway reasonable, modest living in Austria or Germany. This is not succeeding despite extensive connections and despite goodwill on all sides. In part [this is because] there is unemployment in both countries, in part [because] they prefer to contract a younger and hence a cheaper workforce. Another considerable factor however is a certain inhibition [shyness] about my name, especially at the big factories owing to the fact that there are still remaining Communists there. Now I concede that I could obtain a perfectly equivalent position [of employment] in an Argentinian engineering factory, and at the beginning of the year I signed a contract in connection with Farris [company name]. I’m happy from the bottom of my heart that finally after long years of deprivation I see a clear path before me again, and again will have solid ground under my feet. Believe me, at 57[?] years old it is no easy decision to begin an entirely new life in a distant country, to leave behind dear friends in one’s homeland, whom I likely will never see again. And yet I must be thankful to God and fate for this 108 Albert Goering, Letter to Friends, Family and Acquaintances, Salzburg, March 1952, Max and Magareta Wolf Archive. https://archive.org/details/maxmargaretawolf01wolf. 109 The Real Albert Goering, 3BM TV, 1998.

34

solution, and indeed I am. I want nothing more than to remain healthy; I can manage everything else: in any case the preconditions for it [the move] are very favorable. Because I must devote myself to work under completely changed circumstances and after [what has been] now a yearlong break from it, I also ask you to understand that I will not be able to properly maintain my private correspondence at the present volume. I will be with you in thought even more often and more steadfastly in the distant country than in the homeland, and I thank you for all of your proven friendship and loyalty. With best wishes and with the most heartfelt greetings I am and will remain

Yours truly

Albert Goering

35

BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Goering, Albert. Letters. Salzburg. 1952. Max and Margareta Wolf Collection 1903- 1998. Accessed April 15th, 2015. https://archive.org/details/maxmargaretawolf01wolf This was found in the collection of Max and Margareta Wolf’s personal and professional letters. The collection encompasses official and professional documents, copies of correspondence, photographs and articles and educational certificates. Max and Margareta lived in Yugoslavia in 1938 and emigrated to the United States in 1939. This letter was from Albert Goering addressed to friends, family and acquaintances informing them on his job opportunity and move to Argentina. Goering, Emmy. My Life With Goering. London: David Bruce & Watson, 1972. Emmy Goering’s autobiography detailing her life and marriage with Hermann Goering. Primary evidence and accounts of Emmy provide another perspective, one not commonly known of the infamous Nazi leader. Emmy viewed the most intimate parts of Hermann’s life while also being highly involved in his political life. She was the First Lady of the Third Reich. Goldensohn, Leon. The Nuremberg Interviews. Vintage, 2005. During the Nuremberg Trials, Dr. Goldensohn – a psychiatrist for the US Army - interviewed the highest ranking officials of the Nazi Party. These officials included Hans Frank, Hermann Goering, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, and Joachim von Ribbentrop. He also recounts his interviews of the lesser known officials of the Third Reich. His accounts are an unbiased account of these war criminals. Kubala, Major Paul. Final Interrogation Report: Albert Goering Brother of Reichsmarschall and Agent of the Skoda and Brno Works, SAIC, 19th September 1945. (XE002282; PNF 1939-1976, Goering, Albert; IRR; RG 319;NACP The first interrogator of Albert Goering when he is jailed. All of his reports contain a tone of sarcasm and utter disbelief. His reports were found in the secondary source by William Hastings Burke. Perou de Wagner,E. My Roots Continents Apart: A Tale of Courage and Survival. Nebraska: iUniverse, 2006.

Perou is the daughter of Jan Moravek, who was the exporting director at Skoda and a close friend to Albert Goering. First hand accounts of the professional Albert but also had accounts of Albert as an uncle figure. Perou’s accounts allow us to see who Albert was around his work friends and how he interacted with resistance organizations.

36

Testimony of ALBERT GOERING, taken at Nuremberg,Germany, 25 September 1945, 1045 – 1240, by Ensign Jackson, M1270, roll 5; RG 238; NACP. The testimony of Albert Goering from September 25th 1945. In this testimony Albert is asked about his relationship with his brother, goes into detailed response and thus makes the interrogators even more suspicious. Interrogation Report of Albert Goering, compiled at the Ministry of Interior in Prague, 17th December, 1946; Ls V 242/47, Czech National Archives in Prague. Found in Burke, 135. The Real Albert Goering, 3BM TV, 1998. Documentary following author and researcher, William Hastings Burke, around while he interviews family and friends of those who knew or know of Albert Goering. First hand accounts of World War II and life under the Third Reich. This documentary provided me with a majority of my primary sources. Secondary Sources Bewley, Charles. Hermann Goering and the Third Reich. Devin-Adair, 1962. This author used the family and official records to document Hermann Goering’s rise to power. Bewley goes into great detail on the upbringing and education of Hermann Goering. In this biography of Hermann, his relationships with his siblings is expanded upon. Bewley acknowledges two sides of Hermann – one the politican and another the family man. Does not credit or discredit Hermann as a person or politican, unbiasly presents the person. Burke, William Hastings. Thirty Four: The Key to Goering’s Last Secret. London: Wolfgeist Limited, 2015.

This author is an Australian historian who became interested in the topic when he came across Albert Goering’s list of thirty-four most prominent people saved during World War II while in the Library of Congress. Timely and readable book about Albert Goering and his relationship with his older brother. Takes the reader along as he interviews many relatives and friends of Albert’s. Burke follows the brother’s upbringing, schooling, war involvement and love life chronologically. Burke has a lot of references to primary documents that Burke found in National Archives of Prague and to interviews conducted on the television program The Real Albert Goering. Wyllie, James. Goering and Goering: Hitler’s Henchman and His Anti-Nazi Brother. Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2010.

This author is a screen-writer who provides a quick and easy chronological look at the Goering brother’s lives. The note section of this book led me on to many of my primary sources such as the television program following Burke. Wyllie effectively details all parts of the Goering brother’s lives and the evolution of their relationship.

37