1.1. 2. 2. 3 3

Reasons for European Reasons for European Colonization of the New WorldColonization of the New World

The English in their own wordsThe English in their own wordsGold…Gold…

► Reading 1:Reading 1:► ““There is no commonwealth at this day in Europe, where in There is no commonwealth at this day in Europe, where in

there is not a great store of poor people, and those necessarily there is not a great store of poor people, and those necessarily to be relieved by the wealthier sort, which otherwise would to be relieved by the wealthier sort, which otherwise would starve and come to utter confusion. With us the poor is starve and come to utter confusion. With us the poor is commonly divided into three sorts, so that some are poor by commonly divided into three sorts, so that some are poor by impotencies, as the fatherless child, the aged, the blind and impotencies, as the fatherless child, the aged, the blind and lame, and the diseased person that is judged to be incurable: lame, and the diseased person that is judged to be incurable: the second are poor by casualty, as the wounded soldier, the the second are poor by casualty, as the wounded soldier, the decayed householder, and the sick person visited with grievous decayed householder, and the sick person visited with grievous and painful diseases: the third and painful diseases: the third consistethconsisteth of the of the thriftless poorthriftless poor, , as the as the rioter that hathrioter that hath consumed all, the consumed all, the vagabondvagabond that will that will abide no where...and finally the abide no where...and finally the roguerogue and and strumpet....strumpet....

► For the first two sorts...which are the true poor in deed, and for For the first two sorts...which are the true poor in deed, and for whom the word doth bind us to make some daily provision: whom the word doth bind us to make some daily provision: there is order taken through out everythere is order taken through out every parish parish in the in the realmrealm, that , that weekly collection shall be made for their help and weekly collection shall be made for their help and sustentation....The third sort...are often corrected with sharp sustentation....The third sort...are often corrected with sharp execution, and the whip of justice abroad....execution, and the whip of justice abroad....

► Some also do grudge at the great increase of people in these Some also do grudge at the great increase of people in these days, thinking a necessary brood of cattle far better than a days, thinking a necessary brood of cattle far better than a superfluous augmentation of mankind.”superfluous augmentation of mankind.”

► William Harrison, 1586William Harrison, 1586► WILLIAM HARRISONWILLIAM HARRISON (1534-1593), English topographer and antiquary, was born in London on the 18th (1534-1593), English topographer and antiquary, was born in London on the 18th

of April 1534. of April 1534.

GodGod►Reading 2:Reading 2:► ““It will be a service to the church of great consequence to It will be a service to the church of great consequence to

carry the gospel into those parts of the world...to raise a carry the gospel into those parts of the world...to raise a bulwark against the kingdom of bulwark against the kingdom of AnteChristAnteChrist which the which the JesuitesJesuites labor to rear up in those parts.labor to rear up in those parts.

► All other churches of Europe are brought to desolation and All other churches of Europe are brought to desolation and sins for which the Lord begins already to frown upon us and sins for which the Lord begins already to frown upon us and to cut us shortto cut us short, , do threaten evil times to be coming upon us do threaten evil times to be coming upon us and who knows, but that God hath provided this place to be a and who knows, but that God hath provided this place to be a refuge for many whom he means to save out of refuge for many whom he means to save out of the general calamity....the general calamity....

► This land grows weary of her inhabitants...masters are forced This land grows weary of her inhabitants...masters are forced by authority to entertain servants, parents to maintain their by authority to entertain servants, parents to maintain their own children, all towns complain of the burden of their own children, all towns complain of the burden of their poor....poor....

The fountains of learning and religion are so corrupted The fountains of learning and religion are so corrupted as...most children...are perverted, corrupted, and utterly as...most children...are perverted, corrupted, and utterly overthrown by the multitude of evil examples....”overthrown by the multitude of evil examples....”

► John Winthrop,John Winthrop, first government of Massachusetts Bay first government of Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629 Colony, 1629 ((The Puritan leader and governor of The Puritan leader and governor of Massachusetts) Massachusetts)

GloryGlory► Reading 3:Reading 3:► ““We, for all the statutes that hitherto can be We, for all the statutes that hitherto can be

devised...cannot devised...cannot deliver our commonwealthdeliver our commonwealth from from multitudes of loiterers and multitudes of loiterers and idle vagabondsidle vagabonds. Truth it is, . Truth it is, that through our long peace and seldom sickness...that through our long peace and seldom sickness...wee wee are growing more populous than ever heretofore; so that are growing more populous than ever heretofore; so that now there are...so many, that they can hardly live one by now there are...so many, that they can hardly live one by another....and often fall to pilfering and thieving and another....and often fall to pilfering and thieving and other lewdness....These petty thieves might be other lewdness....These petty thieves might be condemned for certain years in the western parties....in condemned for certain years in the western parties....in sawing and felling of timber...in the burning of the fires sawing and felling of timber...in the burning of the fires and pine trees to make and pine trees to make pitch, tar, rosen, and soap ashespitch, tar, rosen, and soap ashes; ; in beating and working of in beating and working of hemp for cordagehemp for cordage; and in the ; and in the more southern parts, in setting them to work in more southern parts, in setting them to work in mines....in planting of sugar canes...in dressing of mines....in planting of sugar canes...in dressing of vines....vines....

► This This enterprise may stay the Spanish King from flowing enterprise may stay the Spanish King from flowing over all the face of that land of Americaover all the face of that land of America....How easy a ....How easy a matter may it be to this realm, swarming at this day with matter may it be to this realm, swarming at this day with valiant youths, to valiant youths, to abate the pride of Spain and of the abate the pride of Spain and of the support of the great Antichrist of Rome....”support of the great Antichrist of Rome....”

► Richard Hakluyt, 1584Richard Hakluyt, 1584 Richard HakluytRichard Hakluyt (  ( 11c. 1552 or 1553 – 23 November 1616) was c. 1552 or 1553 – 23 November 1616) was an English writer. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement an English writer. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works. of North America by the English through his works.

PRIMARY SOURCES PROVIDE FIRST-HAND TESTIMONY PRIMARY SOURCES PROVIDE FIRST-HAND TESTIMONY OR DIRECT EVIDENCE CONCERNING A TOPIC UNDER OR DIRECT EVIDENCE CONCERNING A TOPIC UNDER INVESTIGATION.INVESTIGATION. THEY ARE CREATED BY WITNESSES THEY ARE CREATED BY WITNESSES OR RECORDERS WHO EXPERIENCED THE EVENTS OR OR RECORDERS WHO EXPERIENCED THE EVENTS OR CONDITIONS BEING DOCUMENTED. OFTEN THESE CONDITIONS BEING DOCUMENTED. OFTEN THESE SOURCES ARE CREATED AT THE TIME WHEN THE SOURCES ARE CREATED AT THE TIME WHEN THE EVENTS OR CONDITIONS ARE OCCURRINGEVENTS OR CONDITIONS ARE OCCURRING, , BUT BUT PRIMARY SOURCES CAN ALSO INCLUDE PRIMARY SOURCES CAN ALSO INCLUDE AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, MEMOIRS, AND ORAL HISTORIES AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, MEMOIRS, AND ORAL HISTORIES RECORDED LATERRECORDED LATER. . PRIMARY SOURCES ARE PRIMARY SOURCES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THEIR CONTENT, REGARDLESS CHARACTERIZED BY THEIR CONTENT, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN ORIGINAL OF WHETHER THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN ORIGINAL FORMAT, IN MICROFILM/MICROFICHE, IN DIGITAL FORMAT, IN MICROFILM/MICROFICHE, IN DIGITAL FORMAT, OR IN PUBLISHED FORMAT. FORMAT, OR IN PUBLISHED FORMAT.

What are Primary Sources?What are Primary Sources?

What are Secondary Sources?What are Secondary Sources? ►

A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them. Some types of secondary sources include:in them. Some types of secondary sources include: PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories,

criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias  Examples of secondary sources include: A Examples of secondary sources include: A

journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings previous findings 

A history textbook A history textbook  A book about the effects of WWI A book about the effects of WWI 

Which and When?Which and When?►Primary and secondary sources can be studied Primary and secondary sources can be studied

to understand how the same event might be to understand how the same event might be portrayed from different perspectives. Primary portrayed from different perspectives. Primary sources provide first-hand information about sources provide first-hand information about historical events.historical events.

► Secondary sources provide interpretations of Secondary sources provide interpretations of events by people who were not present at the events by people who were not present at the events they discuss.events they discuss. In using documents, historians determine the In using documents, historians determine the applicability applicability

of informationof information and and separate factual information from separate factual information from opinion/ fictionopinion/ fiction. Historians also use evidence provided by . Historians also use evidence provided by the primary and secondary sources the primary and secondary sources to construct to construct arguments which support a stated position.arguments which support a stated position.

“The Significance of the

Frontier in American History”

History 1492-1750sHistory 1492-1750s(First Global Age)(First Global Age)

Focus of Chapters 3 and 4 in a few “nutshells” Focus of Chapters 3 and 4 in a few “nutshells”

Notes Chapter 3, Section Notes Chapter 3, Section 11

► Did You Know? Did You Know? ► Before John Rolfe Before John Rolfe

married Pocahontas, married Pocahontas, she learned English, she learned English, converted to Christianitconverted to Christianityy, was baptized, and was , was baptized, and was renamed Rebecca. After renamed Rebecca. After their marriage, the their marriage, the couple went to England, couple went to England, where she met the king where she met the king and queen. Pocahontas and queen. Pocahontas died of smallpox before died of smallpox before she could return to she could return to AmericaAmerica..

2009 OAT Test Question

I.I. England in America England in America (Pages 70-(Pages 70-71)71)

► The English defeat of the The English defeat of the Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada readingreading ended Spanish control of the seas. England and ended Spanish control of the seas. England and other European nations could begin colonies in other European nations could begin colonies in North America because it was now safe to sail the North America because it was now safe to sail the waters.waters.

► In 1583In 1583 Sir Humphrey GilbertSir Humphrey Gilbert imageimage readingreading claimed claimed Newfoundland for Newfoundland for Queen Queen Elizabeth.Elizabeth.

► Sir Walter RaleighSir Walter Raleigh image image quotesquotes sent about 100 men to sent about 100 men to settle on settle on Roanoke IslandRoanoke Island mapmap off the coast of present-off the coast of present-day North Carolina in 1585. After the difficult winter day North Carolina in 1585. After the difficult winter there, the colonists returned to England.there, the colonists returned to England.

► A second group of settlers came in 1587. This group A second group of settlers came in 1587. This group of Roanoke colonists deserted the island and of Roanoke colonists deserted the island and disappeared. No clues to their fate were left except disappeared. No clues to their fate were left except the word the word CroatoanCroatoan theories theories carved on a gatepost. carved on a gatepost. Virginia DareVirginia Dare (born August 18, 1587, date of death unknown) was the first white child born in the (born August 18, 1587, date of death unknown) was the first white child born in the

Americas to English parents,Americas to English parents, ► Under King James I the idea emerged to give Under King James I the idea emerged to give

groups of merchants charters to organize and groups of merchants charters to organize and develop settlements (1606)develop settlements (1606)

US postage stamp issued in 1937, the

350th anniversary of Virginia Dare's birth

2009 OAT Test Question

Jamestown Jamestown Settlement, 1609Settlement, 1609

Jamestown Jamestown Settlement, 1609Settlement, 1609

II. II. Jamestown SettlementJamestown Settlement (Pages (Pages 71-71-73)73)

► In April 1607, settlers sent by the Virginia Company In April 1607, settlers sent by the Virginia Company in London entered Chesapeake Bay and founded in London entered Chesapeake Bay and founded Jamestown. They faced many hardships. For Jamestown. They faced many hardships. For example, they found no gold nor did they establish example, they found no gold nor did they establish the fish or fur trading expected of them by the the fish or fur trading expected of them by the Virginia Company investors. The number of Virginia Company investors. The number of colonists dwindled. Captain John Smith arrived in colonists dwindled. Captain John Smith arrived in 1608 1608 to govern to govern readingreading the colonists. The Virginia the colonists. The Virginia Company installed yet another leader to govern Company installed yet another leader to govern them after Smith. A harsh winter them after Smith. A harsh winter Death at JamestownDeath at Jamestown and more and more trouble continued to plague the colonists.trouble continued to plague the colonists.

► When the colonists discovered how to grow When the colonists discovered how to grow tobacco, the colony began to prospertobacco, the colony began to prosper.. Relations with the Native Americans living nearby Relations with the Native Americans living nearby also improved when one of the colonists, John Rolfe, also improved when one of the colonists, John Rolfe, readingreading married Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief married Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan Powhatan

“He is of parsonage a tall well proportioned man... his head some what gray.... His age neare 60; of a very able and hardybody to endure any labour. What he commandeth they dare not disobey in the least thing. It is strange to see with what great feare and adoration all these people doe obay this Powhatan. For at his feet, they present whatsoever he commandeth, and at the least frowne of his browe, their greatest spirits will tremble with feare: and no marvell, for he is very terrible and tryannous in punishing such as offend him.” John Smith on Powhatan

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

Using an analogy from writing, to fully understand Using an analogy from writing, to fully understand historical prose, historical prose, (1.)(1.) you need to know about the you need to know about the author: his/her background, motivations, and author: his/her background, motivations, and when and where the author wrotewhen and where the author wrote.. This This information is essential in order to place the writing information is essential in order to place the writing within a proper historical context. within a proper historical context. (2.)(2.) Similarly one Similarly one needs to place maps in their proper spatial and needs to place maps in their proper spatial and chronological contexts to fully appreciate theirchronological contexts to fully appreciate their meaning.meaning. This information can shed more light on a This information can shed more light on a map's map's (3.)(3.) historical contexthistorical context.. All these elements All these elements may not be present on every map but knowing may not be present on every map but knowing information about several of them will make it much information about several of them will make it much easier to fit the map into geographical and easier to fit the map into geographical and historical niches.historical niches.

A few words about maps…

The Waldseemüller map, printed in 1507

Author/Publisher -- Knowing who created the map may offer hints as to the map's bias or biases. Does this person or organization have a vested interest in how the map is perceived by the map reader? For example, "town plats," maps created by western promoters, were aimed at attracting prospective settlers. Often they were purely propaganda.

Place of Publication -- In what country or city was the map published? What language(s) does the map employ? This could provide insights into potential nationalistic biases. Date -- When the map was constructed helps to place the map in its chronological context. Does the map reflect true facts? Post-1990 maps of Europe should show one Germany, not two.

Audience -- Who was the intended audience? What message did the mapmaker want to send? Why was the map produced?

Source of Data -- If the map uses secondary data sources, such as census material, knowing the source of the data will help in assessing the appropriateness of the data and thereby the map.

Origin -- Was the map drawn? printed in limited numbers? mass-produced? This is often related to the date the map was initially created.

Context -- How does the map fit with earlier and later maps? How does the map reflect new discoveries? Using these tools to assess a map will assist in assessing its relevance as an image of a particular point in time.

Powhatan Indian VillagePowhatan Indian VillagePowhatan Indian VillagePowhatan Indian Village

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Jamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlementJamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlement

Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown Chapel, 16111611

Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown Chapel, 16111611

Jamestown Colonization Jamestown Colonization Pattern:Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

Jamestown Colonization Jamestown Colonization Pattern:Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesThe “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:

1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%

““Widowarchy”Widowarchy”““Widowarchy”Widowarchy”High mortality High mortality among husbands among husbands and fathers left and fathers left many women many women in the in the Chesapeake Chesapeake colonies with colonies with unusual unusual autonomy and autonomy and wealth!wealth!

Why Relations With The Why Relations With The Native Americans Were Native Americans Were

Sometimes RockySometimes Rocky

Bring What you NeedBring What you Need—or suffer!—or suffer!

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeHeadright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage each person whose passage they paid.they paid.

Indenture ContractIndenture Contract::

5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” [land, Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]£]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!their indentured contracts!

II. II. ContinuedContinued

► The Virginia Company allowed a representative The Virginia Company allowed a representative government in which ten towns in the colony government in which ten towns in the colony each sent two representatives, or burgesses, each sent two representatives, or burgesses, to an assembly. The assembly made local laws.to an assembly. The assembly made local laws.

► The House of Burgesses met for the first time The House of Burgesses met for the first time on July 30/ 1619on July 30/ 1619..

► In 1619 ninety women were sent to Jamestown so In 1619 ninety women were sent to Jamestown so that families could form and the population could that families could form and the population could increase.increase.

► In 1619 twenty Africans came to Jamestown. They In 1619 twenty Africans came to Jamestown. They were sold to Virginia planters to work in the tobacco were sold to Virginia planters to work in the tobacco fields. They may have come as fields. They may have come as servants, not as servants, not as slaves.slaves.

► Until 1640 Until 1640 some Africans were free and some owned some Africans were free and some owned property. In the years that followed, however, property. In the years that followed, however, Africans came as enslaved passengers or were sold Africans came as enslaved passengers or were sold as slaves upon arrivalas slaves upon arrival. Slavery became legal in the . Slavery became legal in the 1660s.1660s.

The Virginia Company refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America[4]. The two companies, called the "Virginia Company of London" (or the London Company) and the "Virginia Company of Plymouth" (or Plymouth Company) operated with identical charters but with differing territories. An area of overlapping territory was created. Within the area of overlap, the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other. The Plymouth Company never fulfilled its charter, and its territory that later became New England was then also claimed by France.

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Chapter 3, Section 2Chapter 3, Section 2

► Did You Know? Did You Know? ► Today in the city of Today in the city of

Cape Cod, the Cape Cod, the Massachusetts Massachusetts House of House of Representatives Representatives deliberates under a deliberates under a giant carved wooden giant carved wooden codfish whose head codfish whose head points at whichever points at whichever party is in power the party is in power the Democratic or the Democratic or the Republican. “The Republican. “The Sacred Cod”Sacred Cod”

Separatists

Separatists

vs. vs.

Puritans

Puritans

PuritanismPuritanismCalvinism Institutes of the Christian Religion

Predestination.

•Good works could not save those predestined for hell.

•No one could be certain of their spiritual status.

•Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.”

• Puritans:

Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England.

Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

Separatist Beliefs:Separatist Beliefs:

Puritans who believed only “visible Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to church membership.admitted to church membership.

Because the Church of England Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.”churches with the “damned.”

Therefore, they believed in a total Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.break from the Church of England.

SeparatistsSeparatists

1620 1620 a group of 102 a group of 102 people [half Separatists] people [half Separatists]

Negotiated with theNegotiated with theVirginia Company to Virginia Company to settle in its settle in its jurisdiction.jurisdiction.

Non-Separatists Non-Separatists included Captain Myles included Captain Myles Standish.Standish.

Plymouth Bay way Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia outside the domain of the Virginia Company.Company.

Became squatters without legal right Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to to land & specific authority to establish a govt.establish a govt.

The MayflowerThe Mayflower

I.I. Religious Freedom Religious Freedom (Pages (Pages 76-78)76-78)

► There were two groups of Protestants in There were two groups of Protestants in England. Those who wanted to reform the England. Those who wanted to reform the Anglican ChurchAnglican Church historyhistory were were PuritansPuritans. . Those who wanted to leave and set up Those who wanted to leave and set up their own church weretheir own church were Separatists.Separatists.

► Some Separatists fled to the Some Separatists fled to the NetherlandsNetherlands for religious freedom. Some of these for religious freedom. Some of these Separatists were given a guarantee by the Separatists were given a guarantee by the Virginia Company to beVirginia Company to be able to practice able to practice their religion freely if they settled in their religion freely if they settled in VirginiaVirginia. . In return they had to share In return they had to share their profits with the Virginia Company. their profits with the Virginia Company. These people called themselvesThese people called themselves Pilgrims.Pilgrims.

Sources of Puritan Migration

Sources of Puritan Migration

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.

Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.

Signed by 41 adult males.

Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

I. ContinuedI. Continued► C. TheC. The MayflowerMayflower carried Pilgrims to settle carried Pilgrims to settle

the Virginia colony. They landed north, the Virginia colony. They landed north, however, at Plymouth, Massachusetts, however, at Plymouth, Massachusetts, due to the oncoming winter. Plymouth due to the oncoming winter. Plymouth was not part of the Virginia Company was not part of the Virginia Company territory and its laws did not apply. So territory and its laws did not apply. So the Pilgrims drew up thethe Pilgrims drew up the Mayflower Mayflower CompactCompact to to provide laws to live by. It was provide laws to live by. It was the beginning of a representative the beginning of a representative government in America.government in America.

► D. The Pilgrims received help from the D. The Pilgrims received help from the Native AmericansNative Americans (music)(music) in learning to plant in learning to plant crops and in hunting and fishing. Without crops and in hunting and fishing. Without them the Pilgrims them the Pilgrims may may not have survived.not have survived.

OAT QUESTION: Government: Role of Govt. 1 p.152 6th grade standard p.143 reasons for creation of government?

12. In 1620, the Mayflower Compact created a basis for written laws in the New England colony of Plymouth.Why did the Pilgrims create the Mayflower Compact?

A. to declare independence from EnglandB. to ensure peace with American IndiansC. to establish an orderly communityD. to guarantee universal religious tolerance in the colony

How do you think the Pilgrims lives in America compared to their lives in England?

…gained religious freedom, establishing a new government, and learning to adapt to a new environment, as well as living under religious persecution, living under established laws, and living under difficult economic conditions.

II. New SettlementsII. New Settlements (Pages (Pages 78-80)78-80)► More hard times beset the Puritans in England. In 1629 a group More hard times beset the Puritans in England. In 1629 a group

received a royal charter and formed the Massachusetts Bay Colonyreceived a royal charter and formed the Massachusetts Bay Colony located north of Plymouth.located north of Plymouth. The group settled in Boston with The group settled in Boston with John John WinthropeWinthrope imageimage as their as their governorgovernor. City on a Hill. City on a Hill

► During the Great Migration in the 1630s, more than 15,000 Puritans came toDuring the Great Migration in the 1630s, more than 15,000 Puritans came to► Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic

difficulties in England.difficulties in England.► An elected group called the General Court ran the colony. The An elected group called the General Court ran the colony. The

Massachusetts Bay ColonyMassachusetts Bay Colony created a colonial legislature when settlers created a colonial legislature when settlers wanted a larger role in government. Every adult male church member wanted a larger role in government. Every adult male church member who also owned property could vote for their representatives to the who also owned property could vote for their representatives to the General Court.General Court.

Find a Grave.com Find a Grave.com John WinthropeJohn Winthrope► Although the Puritans left England for religious freedom in America, Although the Puritans left England for religious freedom in America,

they criticized, or persecuted, people who held religious beliefs other they criticized, or persecuted, people who held religious beliefs other than theirs. This led to the formation of new colonies in America.than theirs. This led to the formation of new colonies in America.

► Colonists settle along the fertile Connecticut River valley in the Colonists settle along the fertile Connecticut River valley in the 1630s.1630s.

► In 1636 Thomas Hooker founded Hartford. Three years later, Hartford In 1636 Thomas Hooker founded Hartford. Three years later, Hartford and two neigh boring towns adopted theand two neigh boring towns adopted the Fundamental Orders Fundamental Orders of of Connecticut.Connecticut.entire textentire text This was the first written constitution in This was the first written constitution in America.America.

► Roger Williams, a minister, established Rhode Island and Providence Roger Williams, a minister, established Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, where religious toleration existed. People could worship Plantations, where religious toleration existed. People could worship as they pleased.as they pleased.

► H. In 1638 John Wheelwright founded the colony of New Hampshire. It H. In 1638 John Wheelwright founded the colony of New Hampshire. It became inde pendent of Massachusetts in 1679.became inde pendent of Massachusetts in 1679.

Intelligent, strong-willed,Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.well-spoken woman.

Threatened patriarchal Threatened patriarchal control.control.

Antinomialism [direct Antinomialism [direct revelation]revelation]

Means “against the law.”Means “against the law.”

Carried to logical extremes Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of Puritan doctrine of predestination.predestination.

Holy life was no sure sign of Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.salvation.

Truly saved didn’t need to obey the Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man.law of either God or man.

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”

AnneAnneHutchinsonHutchinson

1638 1638 she confounded the Puritan she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.leaders for days.

Eventually bragged that she had received Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.

Direct revelation was even more serious Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??WHY??

Puritan leaders banished her Puritan leaders banished her she & her she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY.family traveled to RI and later to NY.

She and all but one member of her family She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.County.

John Winthrop John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!saw God’s hand in this!

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

Colonizing New England

Colonizing New England

New England Spreads Out

New England Spreads Out

English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

PuritansPuritans►Puritanical Puritanical AdjectiveAdjective►1. 1. Usually disparagingUsually disparaging strict strict in moral or religious outlook in moral or religious outlook

►Noun 1.prude - a person Noun 1.prude - a person excessively concerned about excessively concerned about propriety and decorum propriety and decorum puritanpuritan

Reading:Reading: Witchcraft in the Colonies, or why the Witchcraft in the Colonies, or why the Puritans got a bad rap-- A cautionary tale of Puritans got a bad rap-- A cautionary tale of

finding what you’re looking for.finding what you’re looking for.

Richard Mather(1596 - April 22, 1669),

Increase Mather (June 21, 1639 – August 23, 1723)

Cotton Mather (February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728).

1684 essay Illustrious Providences attempted to prove the existence of the spiritual worldMemorable Providences 1689

“Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions. A Faithful Account of many Wonderful and Surprising Things, that have befallen several Bewitched and Possessed Persons in New-England. Particularly, A Narrative of the marvellous Trouble and Releef Experienced by a pious Family in Boston, very lately and sadly molested with Evil Spirits.”

Reverend Samuel Parris (1653-1720)

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Low mortality Low mortality average average life expectancy was 70 life expectancy was 70 years of age.years of age.

Many extended families.Many extended families.

Average 6 children per Average 6 children per family.family.

Average age at marriage:Average age at marriage: Women – 22 years oldWomen – 22 years old

Men – 27 years old.Men – 27 years old.

PatriarchyPatriarchyAuthoritarian male father figures controlled each household.

Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

Indians especially weak in New Indians especially weak in New England England epidemics wiped out ¾ epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul.of the native popul.

Wampanoags [near Plymouth] Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlers.befriended the settlers.

Cooperation between the two Cooperation between the two helped by helped by SquantoSquanto..

1621 1621 Chief Massasoit signed Chief Massasoit signedtreaty with the settlers.treaty with the settlers.

Autumn, 1621 Autumn, 1621 both groups both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving.celebrated the First Thanksgiving.

Puritans vs. Native Americans

Puritans vs. Native Americans