09 liu liu - clivar · ocean mixing and monsoon (omm)-air-sea interaction research initiative...
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CLIVAR/IOGOOS Indian Ocean Panel A brief update + status of IndOOS
Lin LIU First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic
Administration, China On behalf of Indian Ocean Panel
• Science drivers and research Priorities
• Status of IndOOS
• Other observational initiative
Outline
Interacting Variations in Time and Space
Cyclones MJO
Indian Ocean Dipole
Monsoons
Ocean Circulation
Trends
Biogeochemistry & Ecosystems
Science Drivers
IOP – Research Priori?es • Determine the large-scale circulation in the Indian Ocean and quantify transports
through with a particular focus on: • Boundary currents • Inter-basin exchanges (throughflow and Agulhas current)
• Quantify the variability of this large-scale circulation on seasonal, inter annual and decadal timescales (with a focus on less known decadal timescales)
• To investigate the influence of meso- and sub-meso scale variability on the large-scale circulation, and their biogeochemical and ecological impacts
• Develop research initiatives about the Indo-Pacific climate interactions
• Promote coordinated studies of – Indian Ocean SST teleconnections – tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean Basin – oceanic component of the water cycle in the Indian Ocean region
IOP – Implementa?on Plan
• Complete RAMA and sustain IndOOS • Promote IIOE-2 (Second International Indian Ocean
Expedition), and emerging regional programs, such as EIOURI, YMC, ASCA
• Develop coordinated evaluation of Indian Ocean climate modes in climate models
• Promote ROOS (National component of IndOOS) to monitor boundary currents, process studies, etc.
• Capacity Building: Convene a winter school on Indian Ocean physical & biogeochemical oceanography in India in late 2016 or early 2017 in collaboration with SIBER
Multi National Multi Institutional Multi Platform
RAMA present status
Consequence of piracy. But may improve in the future…
RAMA Data Access
US Fiscal Year (Oct-Sept)
A widely used dataset
Paper describing RAMA (McPhaden et al. BAMS): 136 citations since 2009 (source Web of science)
Present status of Indian Ocean Argo floats
• 672 floats are active in the Indian Ocean (432 floats are active north of 30S) • Most new floats: iridium communication (higher vertical resolution ~ 2m) • Few Tens of floats with biogeochemical sensors (~ 10 cm vert. res. in the top 30 m) • 71 % of the float have been QC’ed in delayed mode
Present status of surface Drifters in the Indian Ocean
Tide gauge locations
122 active Tide gauges in the Indian Ocean
Active XBT Transects
Active transects: IX1 ~ weekly IX12 ~ monthly IX15/21 ~ quarterly IX14 ~ fortnightly
XBT Sections in the Indian Ocean
A number of ROOS (regional ocean observing systems) around the Indian Ocean
• Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS; Australia) • Indonesian Global Ocean Observing System (InaGOOS; Indonesia) • Monsoon Onset Monitoring over Andaman Sea and its Social & Ecosystem
Impact (MOMSEI; China) • Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Regional Ocean Observing System (ASEA
and BOB, India) • Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO; Multinational program
—Headquarters in Kenya) • Long-Term Ocean Climate Observations (LOCO; Netherlands) • Agulhas & Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems (ASCLME; Multinational
program—Headquarters in South Africa) – new name: SAPPHIRE • African Coelacanth Ecosystem Program (ACEP; South Africa) • Agulhas Current Time-series (ACT; multinational program involving in
particular USA and South Africa)
ROOS takes care of coastal observations and boundary currents
Example of observa?onal ini?a?ves
• Second Interna?onal Indian Ocean Expedi?on (IIOE-‐2)
• Regional observing system ! Agulhas System Climate Array (ASCA)
• Example of process Studies ! ASIRI-‐OMM (Bay of Bengal mixing, meso and sub-‐mesoscale)
! Equatorial Indian Ocean upwelling research ini?a?ve (EIOURI) ! Biogeochemistry (Moorings, Argo and Gliders,.)
The Second Interna?onal Indian Ocean Expedi?on (IIOE-‐2)
Unique Features of the Indian Ocean:
" The third striking feature of the Indian Ocean is the submarine topography, which is dominated by three meridional ridges (the Mascarene Plateau, the Chagos-‐Laccadive Plateau and the Ninety East Ridge), and a triple junc?on where three spreading centers meet (the Southwest Indian Ridge, the Central Indian Ridge and the Southeast Indian Ridge).
" The northern Indian Ocean has no subtropical or temperate zones. As a result, high-‐la?tude cooling of surface waters and subsequent ven?la?on of intermediate and deep water masses does not occur.
" A second unusual feature of the Indian Ocean is the low laAtude exchange between the Indian and the Pacific Oceans via the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF).
MoAvaAon " Important scienAfic quesAons remain
unanswered in the Indian Ocean. These ques?ons come from many fields within the Earth sciences, including geology, geophysics, atmospheric science, physical and chemical oceanography, biogeochemistry, ecology and fisheries.
" Many new quesAons important to society have emerged since the IIOE:
" Popula?on increase has contributed to growing nega?ve impacts of mul?ple stressors on both coastal and open ocean environments.
" The human impacts of climate change, extreme events and monsoon variability are a growing concern, especially in low-‐lying areas.
Sea level rise and flooding in Bangladesh
The Second Interna?onal Indian Ocean Expedi?on (IIOE-‐2)
The Second Interna?onal Indian Ocean Expedi?on (IIOE-‐2)
Purpose: The overarching goal of IIOE-‐2 is to advance our understanding of interac?ons among geological, ocean and atmospheric processes that give rise to the complex physical dynamics of the Indian Ocean region, and to determine how those dynamics affect climate, extreme events, marine biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems and human popula?ons.
ScienAfic Themes
Theme 1: Human Impacts (How are human-‐induced ocean stressors impac4ng the biogeochemistry and ecology of the Indian Ocean? How, in turn, are these impacts affec4ng human popula4ons?)
Theme 2: Boundary current dynamics, upwelling variability and ecosystem impacts (How are marine biogeochemical cycles, ecosystem processes and fisheries in the Indian Ocean influenced by boundary currents, eddies and upwelling? How does the interac4on between local and remote forcing influence these currents and upwelling variability in the Indian Ocean? How have these processes and their influence on local weather and climate changed in the past and how will they change in the future?)
Theme 3: Monsoon Variability and Ecosystem Response (What factors control present, past and future monsoon variability? How does this variability impact ocean physics, chemistry and biogeochemistry in the Indian Ocean? What are the effects on ecosystem response, fisheries and human popula4ons?)
Dura?on: 5 years, from late 2015 to late 2020 (as one of the core ac?vi?es of IIOE-‐2)
The Second Interna?onal Indian Ocean Expedi?on (IIOE-‐2)
ScienAfic Themes
Theme 4: CirculaAon, climate variability and change (How has the atmospheric and oceanic circula4on of the Indian Ocean changed in the past and how will it change in the future? How do these changes relate to topography and connec4vity with the Pacific, Atlan4c and Southern oceans? What impact does this have on biological produc4vity and fisheries?)
Theme 5: Extreme events and their impacts on ecosystems and human populaAons (How do extreme events in the Indian Ocean impact coastal and open ocean ecosystems? How will climate change impact the frequency and/or severity of extreme weather and oceanic events, such as tropical cyclones and tsunamis in the Indian Ocean? What are the threats of extreme weather events, volcanic erup4ons, tsunamis, combined with sea level rise, to human popula4ons in low-‐lying coastal zones and small island na4ons of the Indian Ocean region?)
Theme 6: Unique geological, physical, biogeochemical, and ecological features of the Indian Ocean (What processes control the present, past, and future oxygen dynamics of the Indian Ocean and how do they impact biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem dynamics? How do the physical characteris4cs of the southern Indian Ocean gyre system influence the biogeochemistry and ecology of the Indian Ocean? How do the complex tectonic and geologic processes, and topography of the Indian Ocean influence circula4on, mixing and chemistry and therefore also biogeochemical and ecological processes?)
Eastern Indian Ocean Upwelling Research Ini?a?ve (EIOURI)
Purpose: To be]er understand physical and biogeochemical processes and their interac?ons associated with upwelling in the eastern Indian Ocean
Sumatra Upwelling
Java Upwelling
NW Australia shelf region
Sri Lanka Dome Intraseasonal Kelvin Wave
Fresh Water Inputs
Eastern pole of IOD
BoB Circulations Heat Flux
Annual Cycle
Plankton behavior
Indonesian Throughflow Barrier Layer
Equatorial Upwelling
Nitrogen Cycle
Ecosystem dynamic
Subsurface nutrient supply
Mixed layer dynamics
Leeuwin Current Meso-scale Eddies
Primary/Net production
Monsoon
Ningaloo Nino/Nina
Tuna spawning area
Dura?on: 5 years, from late 2015 to late 2020 (as one of the core ac?vi?es of IIOE-‐2)
Key target processes of EIOURI • Intensive observa?on cruises are being planned from several countries, including Australia, China, Indonesia, and Japan, under interna?onal collabora?ons
• IndOOS data, par?cularly those from RAMA and satellite observa?ons, are key to provide large-‐scale condi?ons
• EIOURI complements IndOOS in the eastern boundary region, both in terms of physical and biogeochamical observa?ons
Ocean Mixing and Monsoon (OMM)-Air-Sea Interaction Research Initiative (ASIRI) Collaborative between National Monsoon Mission Program, (MoES), India- Office of Naval Research, US
Objective: To obtain multi-scale observation in the near surface layer in the Bay of Bengal to improve our knowledge on the air-sea exchange and sub-mesoscale process
" Field survey in the Bay of Bengal • 22 August-09 September, 2014 using the ORV Sagar Nidhi (Phase-IV) • 24 November-13 December, 2014 ORV Sagar Nidhi (phase-V)
" Deployment of Air-Sea Interaction METeorology (ASIMET) System • Deployed on 11 November, 2014 at 18°N and 89.5°E in Northern BoB • Surface meteorology and radiation with ASIMET packages • T, S, and current with fine vertical and temporal resolution
Microstructure profiler data collected at 17º42'N, 89º05E
ASIMET system
SST (°C) from BoB ASIMET
ADCP currents along the ship track at 44 m (red) and 24 m (black) depth during 26-31 August, 2014
http://ocelot.whoi.edu/projects/Bengal/BengalData.html
Challenges
• Piracy used to be a major obstacle for the Arabian Sea, but it has strongly declined
• The MAIN stumbling point for comple?ng RAMA (one very important component of IndOOS) as well as several regional programs (such as ASCA, for example) is the availability of ship?me