05 rn31575en40gla0 capacity enhancement
DESCRIPTION
capacity enhancement in 3GTRANSCRIPT
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3G RANOP RU40 Capacity Enhancement
LTE Layering! A new Module Interworking;
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Nokia Solutions and Networks Academy
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Module Objectives
At the end of the module you will be able to:
Describe capacity enhancing R99 features
Discuss the impact of R5 and R6 HSPA features on capacity
Demonstrate the capacity enhancement potentials of HSPA features introduced with R7 and beyond
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R99 Features
Load Based AMR Codec Mode Selection
BLER target settings
Eb/No settings
Throughput based optimization
Maximum radio link power
4Rx diversity
Network load reduction features in RU40
HSDPA
HSUPA
HSDPA+
HSUPA+
Capacity Usage Optimization
Capacity Enhancement
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Enabling Load Based AMR Codec Mode Selection (RAN580) the voice capacity can be improved:
Voice calls performed as FR or HR calls in dependence on
Non controllable load on DL
Code tree occupation
Iub throughput
For each criterion there is a load indicator having three thresholds
Underload threshold
Target threshold
Overload threshold
FR call
Voice codec sample = {12.2/7.95/5.9/4.75} Kbit/s
DL SF = 128 fixed
HR call
Voice codec sample = {5.9/4.75} Kbit/s
DL SF = 128 or 256 in dependence on code tree occupation
Load Based AMR Codec Mode Selection Idea
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AMR - Role of Load
Load
Underload threshold If no load indicator exceeds underload threshold
New calls start as FR
Running HR calls automatically switched to FR
At least one load indicator exceeds underload threshold
But no load indicator exceeds target threshold
New calls start as FR
Running HR calls remain HR
Target threshold
At least one load indicator exceeds target threshold
But no load indicator exceeds overload threshold
New calls start as HR
Running FR calls remain FR
Overload threshold
If one load indicator exceeds overload threshold
New calls start as HR
Running FR calls automatically switched to HR
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AMR - Role of Load
Load thresholds for non controllable load on DL
Set relative to PtxTarget (default 40 dBm)
AMRUnderTxNc (default -10 dB)
AMRTargetTxNc (default -2 dB)
AMROverTxNc (default -1 dB)
Load thresholds for code tree occupation
AMRUnderSC (default 50%)
AMRTargetSC (default 70%)
AMROverSC (default 90%)
Load thresholds for Iub throughput
AMRUnderTransmission (default 200 Kbit/s)
AMRTargetTransmission (default 800 Kbit/s)
AMROverTransmission (default 900 Kbit/s)
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AMR - Selection of SF for HR Calls
AMRSF set relative to maximum allowed RL power determined by AC (default -2 dB)
In case of high RL power SF128 (NOT SF256) better for voice transmission due to DPCCH overhead
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For R99 bearers the operator can define the BLER target controlled by outer loop power control
Strict BLER target (low BLER)
Little throughput degradation and delay by re-transmission good quality for user
But higher Eb/No needed higher power consumption per radio link
Less strict BLER target (high BLER)
Strong throughput degradation and delay by re-transmission bad quality for user
But less Eb/No needed lower power consumption per radio link
BLER Target Settings - Idea
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BLER target can be defined for the following services
SRB of 3.4 and 13.6 Kbit/s (EbNoDCHOfSRB34/136Qua, default 1%)
Narrowband and wideband AMR (EbNoDCHOfCSN/WBAMRQua, default 1%)
Streaming service
NRT service
In case of streaming and NRT service one can define two BLER targets
Strict target for low bit rate up to 64 Kbit/s (EbNoDCHOfPSStr/NRTPriQua, default = 1%)
Less strict target for high bit rate > 64 Kbit/s (EbNoDCHOfPSStr/NRTSecQua, default = 5%)
One can select per bit rate, which of the two BLER targets shall be used
BLER Target Settings - Role of Service
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BLER Target Settings - Example
Consider DL bearer with 256 Kbit/s
Default target 5%
Pedestrian Eb/No = 3.6 dB
Fast vehicle Eb/No = 7.3 dB
Less strict target 10%
Pedestrian Eb/No = 3.4 dB (0.2 dB gain)
Fast vehicle Eb/No = 6.9 dB (0.4 dB gain)
Source
J.J. Olmos, S.Ruiz, Transport Block Error Rates for UTRA FDD
Downlink with Transmission Diversity and Turbo Coding
In Proc. IEEE 13th PIMRC 2002, vol.1, pp 31-35, Sept. 2002.
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BLER Target Settings - Example
RW
NEi bDL
/
/])1[( 0
Consider load factor for previous example in typical macro cell
Orthogonality = 0.6
Adjacent to own cell interference ratio i = 0.6
Consider activity factor = 1 for NRT service
5% BLER target
15.3% load for pedestrian
35.8% load for fast vehicle
10% BLER target
14.6% load for pedestrian (0.7% gain)
32.7% load for fast vehicle (3.1% gain)
Small capacity gain obtained with less strict BLER target only especially for slow moving user;
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For R99 and HSUPA bearers the operator can define Eb/No values as well
Eb/No settings cannot be treated as independent configuration, as Eb/No affects BLER
Eb/No settings offered by NSN applied to initial radio link power only
Afterwards Eb/No adjusted by outer loop power control to follow BLER target
Thus Eb/No settings affect setup and access only, but not load in the network
High initial Eb/No
High initial radio link power high blocking probability
But low initial BLER low risk of drop during initial phase
Low initial Eb/No
Low initial radio link power low blocking probability
But high initial BLER high risk of drop during initial phase
Eb/No Settings - Restrictions
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The initial Eb/No can be defined for the following services
SRB of 3.4 and 13.6 Kbit/s (EbNoDCHOfSRB34/136, default 8 dB)
AMR 12.2 and 5.9 Kbit/s (EbNoDCHOfCSN/BAMR122/59, default 8 dB)
Streaming service
NRT service
In case of streaming and NRT service one can define Eb/No in dependence on BLER target
Strict target (EbNoDCHOfPSStr/NRTPri, default = 8 dB)
Less strict target (EbNoDCHOfPSStr/NRTSec, default = 6.5 dB)
For the following situations gain factors can be specified
Receive diversity (EbNoDCHRxDiv2/4, default 3 and 4 dB gain for 2 and 4 Rx diversity)
Rate matching (one parameter for each type of service, up to 2 dB gain for effective coding rate < 1:3)
Eb/No Settings - Role of Service
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Consider initial radio link power in typical macro cell
Total power = 20 Watt
CPICH power = 2 Watt
Ec/Io = -10 dB
Orthogonality = 0.6
R = 256 Kbit/s
5% BLER initially (Eb/No = 3.6 and 7.3 dB)
2.1 W power for pedestrian
5.0 W power for fast vehicle
10% BLER initially (Eb/No = 3.4 and 6.9 dB)
2.0 W power for pedestrian (0.1 W gain)
4.6 W load for fast vehicle (0.4 W gain)
Eb/No Settings - Example
rtotal_powerCPICH_powe
0
01
__I
E
NE
c
b
W
RpowerRLInitial
Small power gain obtained with less strict initial BLER only especially for slow moving user;
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Consider NRT DCH of low utilization
Inactivity timers do not expire in case of frequent transmission of small packets
Huge amount of resources might be reserved unnecessarily
Code of low SF (blocks many codes of high SF)
Channel elements
Iub resources
Throughput based optimization
Downgrade DCH to lower level in this case
Can be enabled for each NRT traffic class individually
Inactive with traffic handling priority 1/2/3
Background
Throughput Based Optimization - Idea
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Actual throughput suddenly drops
Consider throughput averaged over sliding window
Short window to react to strong drops
Long window to react to moderate drops
Compare average throughput with thresholds
Downgrade upper threshold (long time to trigger)
Downgrade lower threshold (short time to trigger)
Release threshold (short time to trigger)
Throughput Based Optimization - Mechanism
Actual DCH level
Downgrade upper threshold
Default 2 levels below actual DCH
Downgrade upper threshold
Default 3 levels below actual DCH
Release threshold
Default 256 Bit/s
Actual throughput
Average long window
Average short window
Short time to triggger
Long time to triggger
Time
Throughput
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Throughput Based Optimization - Example
Feature OFF Feature ON
Usage of channel elements
AMR traffic no impact, as not considered by feature;
PS traffic about 1/3 less CE occupied in the average;
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Throughput Based Optimization - Example
Feature OFF Feature ON
Reservation of ATM resources on Iub
About 5% less resources reserved on Iub;
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Throughput Based Optimization - Example
Feature OFF Feature ON
Blocking on Iub
Due to lower resource reservation about 2/3 less blocking on Iub;
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Throughput Based Optimization Example
Feature OFF Feature ON
Less downgrades required due to
Preemption
Overload control
Dynamic link adaptation
But dramatic increase of downgrades due to TBO
Ping-Pong RB reconfiguration upgrade-downgrade
Define bigger guard timer against consecutive bit rate adaptations
Enable TBO for certain traffic classes only
Downgrade causes
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Maximum Radio Link Power Mechanism
Maximum radio link power set automatically by RNC
Three different thresholds based on different criteria
1) Relative to maximum cell power (same threshold for any service)
2) Relative to CPICH power (corrected by SF adjustment in dependence on service)
3) Absolute threshold (for PS services)
Finally lowest threshold is used
PtxDPCHMax (Default 3 dB)
CPICHtoRefRABOffset (Default 2 dB)
the smaller value between the PtxCellMax and MaxDLPowerCapability
Maximum RL power Criterion 1
PtxDLabsMax (Default 37 dBm)
PtxPSstreamAbsMax (Default 37 dBm)
PtxPrimaryCPICH (Default 33 dBm)
Maximum RL power Reference service (Default 12.2 Kbit/s voice) Criterion 2
SF adjustment Calculated by RNC
Maximum RL power Any service Criterion 2
Maximum RL power PS service Criterion 3
Radio Link established or modified both max. DL Tx power & min. DL Tx power has to be determined for it.
The average power of transmitted DPDCH symbols over 1 timeslot must not exceed maximum DL Tx power, or it can not be below minimum DL Tx power.
The Power Control Dynamic Range of BTS is the difference between the max. and the min. transmit output power of a code channel.
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Comparison of actual service with reference service based on
SF
Eb/No
If several bearers are running simultaneously, all of them are taken into account
Examples
Reference service = voice R = 12.2 Kbit/s, Eb/No = 7 dB
Actual service PS R = 64 Kbit/s, Eb/No = 7 dB
Actual service PS R = 384 Kbit/s, Eb/No = 5 dB
Results
64K PS SF adjustment = (100.7 * 64) / (100.7 * 12.2) = 5.2 = 7.2 dB
Maximum RL power = 33 dBm 2 dB + 7.2 dB = 38.2 dBm
384K PS SF adjustment = (100.5 * 384) / (100.7 * 12.2) = 19.9 = 13.0 dB
Maximum RL power = 33 dBm 2 dB + 13.0 dB = 44.0 dBm
In both cases cutoff due to criterion 3 at 37 dBm
refref
CCTrCHDCH
DCHDCH
REbNo
REbNo
adjustmentSF
_
Maximum Radio Link Power SF Adjustment
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CPICHtoRefRABOffset
Maximum power of reference service relative to CPICH power
Shifts all services to higher or lower maximum radio link power
Low power for reference service
Low coverage in general
But higher capacity, as no single user can take away too much power
High power for reference service
High coverage in general
But lower capacity, as single user can take away much power
PtxDLAbsMax / PtxPSstreamAbsMax
Maximum power of NRT / RT PS service
Cutoff to avoid, that single user takes too much power
Similar compromise between coverage and capacity needed as for CPICHtoRefRABOffset
Maximum Radio Link Power Key Parameters
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BTS
UE
384kbps 128kbps
distance
Maximum Radio Link Power Dynamic Link Optimization
Radio link power comes close to maximum power
Reduce bit rate of NRT services by increasing SF
Reduce bit rate of AMR voice service by taking more robust voice codec
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time
Triggering of DyLO (Default = 35 dBm)
DLOptimisationPwrOffset (Default = 2 dB)
Maximum Radio Link Power Dynamic Link Optimization
BTS measures power of each radio links and sends periodic report to RNC
RNC averages reports over settable sliding window (default 4 reports)
Dynamic link optimization triggered if
Average RL power > Maximum RL power - DLOptimisationPwrOffset
Average RL power
Maximum RL power (Default for PS = 37 dBm)
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BTS
UE
384 K
distance
Maximum Radio Link Power Dynamic Link Optimization
Dynamic link optimization not performed any more, if
Actual bit rate MinAllowedBitRateDL (Default 8 Kbit/s) OR
Actual bit rate HHoMaxAllowedBitRateDL (Default 32 Kbit/s)
In the latter case HHO will be triggered instead
In case of AMR voice HHO will be triggered, if even with the most robust codec too much RL power is consumed
128 K 64 K 32 K HHO area
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2 Rx diversity
Compensation of fast fading on the UL by usage of two receive paths Space diversity
Horizontal separation (gain depends on azimuth)
Vertical separation
Polarization diversity
Coverage gain on UL about 3 dB (less Eb/No and SIR target needed)
2-3 m
space
diversity
polarization
diversity
4Rx Diversity - Idea
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4 Rx diversity
Enhanced compensation of fast fading on the UL by usage of four receive paths
Combined space and polarization diversity (two cross-polarized antennas)
Pure space diversity (four single-polarized antennas)
Additional coverage gain against 2 Rx diversity around 1-3 dB (again less Eb/No and SIR target needed)
Combined space and polarization
diversity
Pure space
diversity
4Rx Diversity - Idea
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4 Rx diversity can be realized together with the following features, defined by the following implementation phases
Phase 1 MIMO
Phase 2 + Frequency domain equalizer
Phase 3 + HSUPA Interference cancellation receiver
4Rx Diversity - Interoperability
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4Rx Diversity Impact on HW
RA
KE
At least two additional strong
signals on RAKE input
2 additional antennas (one in case dual beam antenna)
2 times more fibers and jumpers or feeders
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Consider UE transmission power during drive test
2Rx diversity average UE power 4.4 dBm
4Rx diversity average UE power 1.6 dBm
Gain = 4.4 dBm 1.6 dBm = 2.8 dB
Source
Antti Tlli and Harri Holma
Comparison of WCDMA UL antenna solutions with 4Rx branches
In: Proceedings of the CDMA International Conference (CIC), South Korea, 25-28 October 2000, pp. 57-61
4Rx Diversity Example
UE transmission power during drive test
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Coverage enhancement
3dB gain in UL
Area size 1000 km2
Clutter type urban
Output power 40W
32% less sites
2 Rx Diversity 4 Rx Diversity
Cell Range [km] 1.341 1.631
Site-to-Site Distance [sqkm] 2.011 2.447
Number of sites 857 579
Number of sites reduction could be reached only in UL
limited scenarios
Total Network Cost
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
2Rx Diversity 4Rx Diversity
-27%
Include:
Lower number of sites
2x more number of antennas
4Rx Diversity Example
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Without feature With feature
Mean HSUPA throughput [kbps]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2Rx Diversity 4Rx Diversity
28%
Active Users: 53
Mean throughput: 248.7
UL Power Outage: 4.79
Active Users: 68
Mean throughput: 318.5
UL Power Outage: 4.44
Capacity enhancement
4Rx Diversity Example
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R99 Features
Network load reduction features in RU40:
Fast Cell_PCH Switching
Fast Dormancy Profiling
HSDPA
HSUPA
HSDPA+
HSUPA+
Capacity Enhancement
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Fast Cell_PCH Switching 1/2
Faster Cell_PCH to Cell_DCH transition time State transition time: 350ms
Reduced signaling messages (UE RNC) lowered network signaling load
RNC resources reserved faster Improved end user experience
RNC overload handling enhanced automatic change of transition timers in dependence of the load
RRC: Cell Update
RRC: Cell Update Confirm
RNC processing
Cell_FACH/Cell_DCH
Waiting for RNC resources reservation
RRC Cell Update Confirm
ready to send
UE RNC Cell_PCH
RRC Cell Update Confirm sent +
RNC resources reservation
RRC: Cell Update
RNC
RRC: Cell Update Confirm
RNC processing
Cell_FACH/Cell_DCH
RNC resources reservation
UE Cell_PCH
Without Fast Cell_PCH Switching With Fast Cell_PCH Switching
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Fast Cell_PCH Switching 2/2
High RNC resources availability
through timer scaling
Exceptional handling for
ul_dl_activation_timer higher than 10s
Reso
urc
es
ava
ilab
ility
High
RNC resources utilization
0 %
75 %
90 % Low
Med
100 %
Reso
urc
es
Occu
pa
tio
n
No activity detected
IDLE_Mode
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
Cell_PCH
UL_DL_activation_timer
No activity detected
IDLE_Mode
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
Cell_PCH
UL_DL_activation_timer x 0.7
No activity detected
IDLE_Mode
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
Cell_PCH
UL_DL_activation_timer x 0.4
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Fast Dormancy Profiling General Description 1/2 Fast Dormancy:
UE informs network that it would like to go to low battery consumption mode
UE goes to Cell_PCH state instead of idle_mode
Fast Dormancy Profiling:
Identify Legacy Fast Dormancy (LFD) phones which cause unnecessary signaling load
Less signaling load because LFD Phones are prevented from going to Idle_mode
Better network resources utilization (due to shorter inactivity timers
Gain: Signaling load reduction: On Iub, UU and Iu interfaces in RNC
Longer UE battery life
SCRI: UE requested
PS data session end SIB1 contains info
about T323
UE detects Fast Dormancy functionality via System Information Block Type 1 (if T323 supported in RAN)
SCRI - Signaling Connection Release Indication
SCRI signaling Connection Release Indication;
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Fast Dormancy Profiling General Description 2/2 Legacy Fast Dormancy (LFD) phone identification:
based on the signaling connection release triggered by the UE
UE sends SCRI to RNC without any cause then this UE is treated as LFD phone
UE is moved to Cell_PCH/URA_PCH state
if UEs do not accept the Cell_PCH/URA_PCH state transition command after SCRI message Idle
IMSI is stored
If the UE creates new RRC connection while the IMSI is still stored UE is LFD phone
LFD phone handling:
RNC uses shorter inactivity/idle timers for LFD and reacts faster than UE:
when this idle timer expires, RNC moves the UE to Cell_PCH/URA_PCH state
aim is to move these UEs to Cell_PCH/URA_PCH state before UE sends connection release
Based on LFD inactivity timer:
go to Cell_PCH/URA_PCH!
Before UE sends SCRI
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Fast Dormancy Profiling LFD phone handling 1/2
shorter inactivity timers are used for moving smartphones & LFD Phones to Cell_PCH state
Name Default
Value Name
Default
Value
SmartHSPATputAveWin 1s MACdflowthroughputAveWin 3s
SmartHSPATimeToTrigger 0.2s MACdflowutilTimetoTrigger 0s
SmartHSPATputAveWin 1s EDCHMACdFlowThroughputAveWin 3s
SmartHSPATimeToTrigger 0.2s EDCHMACdFlowThroughputTimetoTrigger 5s
InactivityTimerDownlinkDCH 5s
InactivityTimerUplinkDCH 5s
Rel-99 FACH
inactivity SmartInactivityTimerFACH 1s UL_DL_activation_timer 2s
SmartInactivityTimerDCH 0.2s
New shorter inactivity timers Legacy inactivity timers
HS-DSCH
Inactivity
E-DCH
Inactivity
DCH
Inactivity
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Stored IMSI gives possibility to faster usage of higher traffic volume thresholds
Higher traffic volume thresholds are used to move smart phones & LFD Phones to Cell_DCH state
To avoid unnecessary movement to Cell_DCH only for sending keep-alive message
Fast Dormancy Profiling LFD phone handling 2/2
Name Default
Value Name
Default
Value
Rel-99 FACH
& RACH UL SmartTrafVolThrUL 256 bytes TrafVolThresholdULLow 128 bytes
Rel-99 FACH
& RACH DL SmartTrafVolThrDL 256 bytes TrafVolThresholdDLLow 128bytes
HS-FACH &
Rel-99 RACH SmartTrafVolThrUL 256 bytes TrafVolThresholdULLow 128 bytes
New higher traffic volume thresholds Legacy traffic volume thresholds
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Am
ou
nt
of
data
to
se
nd
UE
in
Cell
_D
CH
UE has no more data to
send
Empty SCRI is sent
UE in IDLE_Mode
TrafVolThresholdULLo
w
128bytes
UE in
Cell_DCH
UE has to be moved to Cell_DCH
If UE was in IDLE_Mode then new
connection has to be established higher amunt of signaling
Am
ou
nt
of
data
to
se
nd
UE
in
Cell
_D
CH
Cell
Resources
are released
UE in Cell_PCH UE in Cell_FACH
SmartTrafVolThrUL
256bytes
Without
feature
With feature
2 3
UE has to be moved to Cell_FACH
Cell
Resources
are released
Fast Dormancy Profiling Network Performance 1/3
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Am
ou
nt
of
data
to
se
nd
UE in
Cell_DCH
UE has no more data to send
UE has been recognised as
LFD Phone - SCRI is not sent
No PDUs in
MACdflowthroughputAve
Win (3s)
MACdflowThroughputTime
toTrigger start (0s)
UE in
Cell_FACH
UL_DL_activation_
timer start (2s)
UE in Cell_PCH or
IDLE_Mode
TrafVolThresholdULLow
128bytes
UE in
Cell_DCH
UE has to be moved to Cell_DCH
If UE was in IDLE_Mode then new
connection has to be established higher amunt of signaling
Am
ou
nt
of
data
to
se
nd
UE
in
Cell
_D
CH
No PDUs in
SmartHSPATputAveWi
n(1s)
SmartHSPATimeToT
rigger start (0.2s)
Cell
Resources
are released
UE in Cell_PCH UE in Cell_FACH
SmartTrafVolThrUL
256bytes
Without
feature
With feature 1 2 3
UE has to be moved to Cell_FACH
Cell
Resources
are released
Fast Dormancy Profiling Network Performance 2/3
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Benefits:
is faster moved from Cell_DCH to Cell_PCH state lower utilization of cell resources and lower UE power consumption (i.e. SmartHSPATimeToTrigger, SmartInactivityTimerDCH)
is kept in Cell_PCH instead of goes to IDLE_mode less signaling is required for moving to Cell_FACH or Cell_DCH
higher amount of data could be sent in Cell_FACH/HS-Cell_FACH state (i.e. SmartTrafVolThrUL threshold)
Value of timers and thresholds can be used for network performance optimisation
Shorter values of timers could be applied if we would like to release cell resources faster - it will be useful in case with many smart phones application in network. In other cases it
could caused higher number of RRC States transitions
Value of traffic volume thresholds should allow to send small pieces of data via Cell_FACH (i.e. Keep-alive messages)
1
2
3
Fast Dormancy Profiling Network Performance 3/3
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R99 Features
HSDPA
Fractional DPCH
Dynamic BLER
72 HSPA users per cell
HSPA 128 Users per Cell
HSUPA
HSDPA+
HSUPA+
Capacity Enhancement
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Fractional DPCH - Idea
Available since RU20
Mapping of SRB on HS-DSCH, not on associated DCH
DPCH than needed for UL power control only reduced to F-DPCH
Node B
RNC Iub
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Fractional DPCH - Mechanism
Data block 1 TPC TFCI optional
Data block 2 Pilot Data block 1 TPC TFCI optional
Data block 2 Pilot
1 Slot = 2/3 ms = 2560 chip
TPC F-DPCH slot: power control commands only
DPCH slot: full configuration
TX OFF TX OFF
SRB on associated DCH
Full configuration of DPCH needed
Dedicated to single user
SRB on HS-DSCH
No data on DPCH any more
TFCI field not needed any more
TPC used not only for power control, but also SIR measurements
pilot field not needed any more
Can be shared by 10 users by time multiplex
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Fractional DPCH - Limitations
Fractional DPCH requires good performance on air interface
CPICH coverage better than CPICHRSCPThreSRBHSDPA (Default -103 dBm)
CPICH quality better than CPICHECNOSRBHSPA (Default -6 dB)
Due to strict quality requirements fractional DPCH available only if
Low DL traffic
Little adjacent cell interference (UE close to BTS)
BTS
UE F-DPCH
Normal
DPCH
distance
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Fractional DPCH - Limitations
Further restriction if F-DPCH shall be setup in SHO area
Ec/Io of non serving cell must not exceed Ec/Io of serving cell by HSDPASRBWindow (Default 1 dB)
CPICH 1 =
server
CPICH 2 =
non server
EC/I0
time
HSDPASRBWindow
F-DPCH setup allowed Normal DPCH only
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Fractional DPCH - DL Power Consumption
Consider radio link power for SRB on associated DCH
Total power = 8 Watt (low DL power, as otherwise Ec/Io = -6 dB not fulfilled)
CPICH power = 2 Watt
Ec/Io = -6 dB
Orthogonality = 0.6
R = 13.6 Kbit/s
Eb/No = 8 dB
RL power = 0.071 W = 18.5 dBm
rtotal_powerCPICH_powe
0
01
__I
E
NE
c
b
W
RpowerRLInitial
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Fractional DPCH DL Power Consumption static
Consider radio link power for F-DPCH
No power control
Static power set relative to CPICH with PtxFDPCHMax (Default 9 dB)
In SHO area more power allocated according PtxOffsetFDPCHSHO (Default 1 dB)
RL power = 24 / 25 dBm outside / within SHO area
But shared among up to 10 users
Effectively 14 / 15 dBm per user gain of about 3-4 dB per user
PtxFDPCHMax (Default 9 dB)
PtxPrimaryCPICH (Default 33 dBm)
F-DPCH power outside SHO area (Default 24 dBm)
PtxOffsetFDPCHSHO (Default 1 dB)
F-DPCH power within SHO area (Default 25 dBm)
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1. Inner loop algorithm, based on HS-DPCCH feedback information (CQI) when F-DPCH
is configured. DL TPC is used in case of non F-DPCH.
2. Outer loop algorithm, based on Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
acknowledgements (ACK/NACK), for adjusting the L1 BLER target.
This feature adjusts the transmit powers according to the required power level at the UE for
the following HSUPA downlink control channels:
E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH) E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (E-RGCH) E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (E-HICH) adapts the transmit power of the Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel (F-DPCH) for each UE
The E-DCH serving BTS adjusts the downlink control channel transmit powers.
The control is achieved with:
Fractional DPCH Impact of RAN971: HSUPA Downlink Physical Channel Power Control - dynamic
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Fractional DPCH - Code and CE Consumption
Associated DCH (13.6 Kbit/s)
One SF128 per user 72 x SF128 for 72 users 9 codes with SF16 lost
One CE per user 72 CE for 72 users
F-DPCH
One SF256 per 10 users 8 x SF256 for 72 users 1 code with SF16 lost
One CE per 10 users 8 CE for 72 users
But in reality only few users get F-DPCH due to limitation Ec/Io -6 dB !
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72 users
72 users 72 users
72 HSPA Users per Cell - Idea
HSPA cells have high capacity of several Mbit/s
But for RT services often low data rate per user
AMR voice 4.75 - 12.2 Kbit/s
Streaming e.g. 64 Kbit/s
Many users can have HSPA session simultaneously
Feature available since RU20
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36 users
12 users
24 users
72 HSPA Users per Cell - Limitations Role of scheduler
72 HSPA users per cell requires Either RU20 dedicated scheduler (full baseband)
Or RU30 scheduler
Otherwise 72 HSPA users per shared scheduler only
Logical and physical connection
72 HSPA users referred to logical connection (MAC-d flow)
Number of users served with packets simultaneously restricted by MaxNbrOfHSSCCHCodes ( 4)
Shared scheduler with 72 users
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72 HSPA Users per Cell - HS-SCCH 1/2 72 HSPA cells per user usually combined with code multiplexing
Up to 4 HS-SCCH running simultaneously
Some 0.01 to 0.1 W needed per HS-SCCH in dependence on CQI
total loss of power about 0.1 to 1 W (0.5 to 5 % of capacity of 20 W cell)
Code with SF128 needed per HS-SCCH
maximum of 14 codes for HSDPA
SF 16
SF 32
SF 64
SF 128
SF 256
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
HS-SCCH2
HS-SCCH3
HS-SCCH4
SF16,0 SF16,1
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The code space of HS-SCCH# 2, 3 and 4 code can be dynamically used for the 15th
HS-PDSCH if not needed for HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH# 2, 3, and 4 are mapped to the same code tree branch as the last HS-DSCH
SF16 code
If this SF16 code branch is not needed for any other channels, the BTS may use it for
HS-DSCH transmissions therefore allowing the full use of the DL HSDPA bandwidth
72 HSPA Users per Cell - HS-SCCH 2/2
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72 HSPA Users per Cell - E-RGCH and E-HICH For each HSUPA user individual E-RGCH and E-HICH signature needed
One channelization code can be shared by 40 signatures, i.e. 20 users
With 72 users 4 codes running simultaneously
By default 22 dBm = 0.158 W needed per E-RGCH and E-HICH
with 4 codes 0.634 W needed for E-RGCH and E-HICH
altogether 1.268 W needed (6.3 % of capacity of 20 W cell)
Code of SF128 needed for E-RGCH/E-HICH
still fits into second tree above SF16
SF 16
SF 32
SF 64
SF 128
SF 256
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
HS-SCCH2
HS-SCCH3
HS-SCCH4
SF16,0 SF16,1
E-RGCH / E-HICH2 E-RGCH /
E-HICH3 E-RGCH / E-HICH4
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128 HSPA Users per Cell
provides support of high number of always on users on HSPA
creates pre-conditions for support for high number of voice users over HSPA
increased quality of experience for more HSPA end users
nnumber of users in other states remains unchanged
RU40:
maximum number of HSPA users per cell is 128
(both HSUPA and HSDPA).
the limit of E-RGCH/ E-HICH codes is removed
only serving HSUPA users are taken for the limit
(in RU10&RU20 serving and non-serving HSUPA
users are taken to the user limit)
128 users
128 users
128 users
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128 HSPA Users per Cell
Recommended features to achieve maximum number of HSPA users:
RAN971 - HSUPA Downlink Physical Channel Power Control
RAN1201 - Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH)
RAN1644 - Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC)
RAN1308 - HSUPA Interference Cancellation Receiver (beneficial)
if the CPC is enabled, then the CPC for 128 HSPA Users license key must be On to have both features effective
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R99 Features
HSDPA
HSUPA
2ms TTI
5.8 Mbit/s
HSDPA+
HSUPA+
Capacity Enhancement
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2ms TTI - Idea Since RU20 HSUPA data channel E-DPDCH can operate on two time scales
10 ms TTI
Re-transmission after 40 ms
Peak data rate of 3.84 Mbit/s supported
2 ms TTI
Re-transmission after 16 ms (i.e. less re-transmission delay)
Peak data rate of 5.76 Mbit/s supported (i.e. higher peak data rate)
Node B
associated DCH Associated DCH
E - DPCCH E-DPCCH
E - DPDCH E-DPDCH
2 or 10 ms TTI
E - HICH E-HICH
E - RGCH E-RGCH
E-AGCH
UE
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2ms TTI - UE Classes
E- DCH
Category
max.
E-DCH
Codes
min.
SF
2 & 10 ms
TTI E-DCH
support
max. #. of
E-DCH Bits* /
10 ms TTI
max. # of
E-DCH Bits* /
2 ms TTI
Modu-
lation
Reference
combination
Class
1 1 4 10 ms only 7296 - QPSK 0.73 Mbps
2 2 4 10 & 2 ms 14592 2919 QPSK 1.46 Mbps
3 2 4 10 ms only 14592 - QPSK 1.46 Mbps
4 2 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 5772 QPSK 2.92 Mbps
5 2 2 10 ms only 20000 - QPSK 2.0 Mbps
6 4 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 11484 QPSK 5.76 Mbps
7 4 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 22996 QPSK & 16QAM
11.5 Mbps
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E-DPDCH packet 2 or 10 ms time scale
Layer 1 signaling information always 2 ms time scale
10 ms TTI
Signaling content can be repeated 5 time per E-DPCH packet
Reliable signaling even at cell edge
2 ms TTI
Signaling content can be transmitted just once per E-DPCH packet
Reliable signaling at cell centre only
2ms TTI - Limitations
1
1 1 1 1 1
E-DPDCH packet
Signaling information
1 2 3 4 5
E-DPDCH packets
Signaling information
1 2 3 4 5
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UE coming from Cell_DCH state
Check of coverage
Path loss must remain below CPICHRSCPThreEDCH2MS (Default 136 dB)
Check includes following corrections Cable loss (if MHA used)
UE power class P_MAX (if lower than maximum allowed UE power in cell UETxPowerMaxRef)
With PtxPrimaryCPICH = 33 dBm, CableLoss = 3 dB and UE of high power class
RSCP = -106 dBm needed by default
2ms TTI - Limitations
PtxPrimaryCPICH - CableLoss - measured CPICH RSCP <
CPICHRSCPThreEDCH2MS + MAX(0, UETxPowerMaxRef P_MAX)
BTS
UE 2 ms TTI
UE from Cell_DCH
10 ms TTI
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UE coming from Cell_FACH state
Check of quality
CPICH Ec/Io must be better than CPICHECNOThreEDCH2MS (Default -6 dB)
In practise stricter limitation than for user coming from Cell_DCH
2ms TTI - Limitations
BTS
UE
2 ms TTI
UE from Cell_DCH
10 ms TTI
2 ms TTI
UE from Cell_FACH
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2ms TTI - Example
Simulation performed by Qualcomm based on 3GPP TR 25.896 specifications
Network assumptions
Network with hexagonal cells of inter-site distance of 1000 m
Users uniformly distributed
Receiver assumptions
Rake receiver and 2Rx diversity at Node B
Rake receiver or equalizer at UE, without or with 2Rx diversity
Voice transmission assumptions
12.2 Kbit/s
VoIP with robust header compression
DTX cycle of 8 TTIs for TTI = 2 ms and of 2 TTIs for TTI = 10 ms
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2ms TTI - Example
Capacity results (UE per cell)
95 UE 103 UE
10 ms TTI 2 ms TTI
106 UE
136 UE
10 ms TTI 2 ms TTI
No DTX
(CPC not used)
DTX
(CPC used)
Without CPC about 10% gain with 2ms TTI due to lower re-transmission delay;
With CPC about 30% gain with 2ms TTI mainly due to DTX;
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5.8 Mbit/s - Mechanism With 2ms TTI maximum HSUPA configuration available
2 codes SF2 + 2 codes SF4
1 code SF2 + 1 code SF4 on each branch of QPSK modulator
According 3GPP than no DPDCH
Thus SRB mapped onto E-DPDCH
SF2 SF4 SF8
Cch,2,0
Cch,2,1
Cch,4,0
Cch,4,1
Cch,4,2
Cch,4,3
E-DPDCH (on I- and Q-branch
2SF2 + 2SF4)
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5.8 Mbit/s - Load per User Consider load factor for 5.8 Mbit/s user under different conditions
Macro cell i = 0.6
Micro cell i = 0.2
Pico cell i = 0
User profile
R = 5.76 Mbit/s
Eb/No about 1.3 dB according NSN EXCEL network planning sheet
Activity factor = 1
Results
Macro cell L = 1.07 > 1 service not available
Micro cell L = 0.80 close to 1 service just available
Pico cell L = 0.67 < 1 service clearly available
jjbj
j
NE
RW
iDPDCHEL
1
/
/1
1)(
0
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R99 Features
HSDPA
HSUPA
HSDPA+
Flexible RLC
64QAM and MIMO
Dual cell HSDPA
Dual cell HSDPA with MIMO and 64QAM
HS Cell_FACH
CS voice over HSPA
Continuous packet connectivity
HSUPA+
Capacity Enhancement
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Prior to RU20 one IP packet segmented into many small RLC packets of fixed size
Two options configurable by operator
336 bit RLC PDU (16 bit header + 320 bit user data)
656 bit RLC PDU (16 bit header + 640 bit user data)
Than several RLC packets concatenated into one HSDPA packet
Number of concatenated RLC packets depends on CQI
Loss of capacity by following overheads
RLC header
Granularity
Example
Actual CQI = 8
Corresponds to HSDPA packet of 792 bit
Can be filled with 2 RLC PDUs of 336 bit = 672 bit
Remaining 792 - 672 = 120 bit remain unused
RLC - Static Handling
Segmentation
RNC
Node B
Concatenation / Padding
MAC-hs Header
Good air interface
Bad air interface
Padding
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With RU20 size of RLC PDU adapted to size of IP packet
Than in dependence on CQI
If low one IP packet segmented into several HSDPA packets
If high several IP packets concatenated into one HSDPA packet
Much less loss of capacity
Just one RLC header per IP packet
Much less padding, as most HSDPA packets filled up to the end with IP content
RLC - Flexible Handling
RNC
Segmentation / Concatenation
Node B
Maximum 1500 byte
Padding
MAC-hs Header
Example for segmentation of IP packet
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RLC - Flexible Handling
Example for concatenation of IP packets
RNC
Segmentation / Concatenation
Node B
Maximum 1500 byte
Padding MAC-hs Header
Maximum 1500 byte
Maximum 1500 byte Maximum 1500 byte
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Rel. 6 with RLC PDU Size of 336 bits
Rel. 6 with RLC PDU Size of 656 bits
Rel. 7 Flexible RLC
overhead
HSDPA packet size in byte
RLC - Flexible Handling
RLC overhead almost negligible with big HSDPA packet size (high CQI)
Very high gain especially for small HSDPA packet size (low CQI) due to much less padding
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QPSK 2 bits/symbol
16QAM 4 bits/symbol
64QAM 6 bits/symbol
R5/R6 HSDPA modulation
QPSK and 16QAM
R7 HSDPA modulation
QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM
64QAM - Principles
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Modulation
QPSK
Coding rate
1/4
2/4
3/4
15 codes
1.8 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
5.4 Mbps
16QAM
2/4
3/4
4/4
7.2 Mbps
10.8 Mbps
14.4 Mbps
64QAM
3/4
5/6
4/4
16.2 Mbps
18.0 Mbps
21.6 Mbps
HS-
DSCH
category
max. HS-
DSCH
Codes
min. *
Inter-TTI
interval
Modulation MIMO
support
Peak
Rate
13 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM
No 17.4 Mbps
14 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM
No 21.1 Mbps
17 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM or Dual-Stream MIMO
17.4 or 23.4 Mbps
18 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM or Dual-Stream MIMO
21.1 or 28 Mbps
HSDPA peak rate up to 21.1 Mbps
UE categories 13,14,17 and 18 supported
Available since RU20
64QAM - Principles
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Good channel conditions required to apply / take benefit of 64QAM CQI 26 !
64QAM requires 10 dB higher SINR than 16QAM
Average CQI typically 20 in the commercial networks
21 Mbps 0 Mbps 10 Mbps 14 Mbps
no gain from 64QAM some gain from 64QAM
only available with 64QAM
64QAM QPSK 16QAM
1/4 2/4 2/4
1/6 2/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 5/6 4/4
CQI > 15 CQI > 25
64QAM - CQI Requirements
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1 136 1 QPSK 0
2 176 1 QPSK 0
3 232 1 QPSK 0
4 320 1 QPSK 0
5 376 1 QPSK 0
6 464 1 QPSK 0
7 648 2 QPSK 0
8 792 2 QPSK 0
9 928 2 QPSK 0
10 1264 3 QPSK 0
11 1488 3 QPSK 0
12 1744 3 QPSK 0
13 2288 4 QPSK 0
14 2592 4 QPSK 0
15 3328 5 QPSK 0
CQI TB Size # codes Modulation Power Offset
64QAM - CQI Requirements
Example
UE of category 13
3GPP 25.214 Annex Table 7F
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16 3576 5 16-QAM 0
17 4200 5 16-QAM 0
18 4672 5 16-QAM 0
19 5296 5 16-QAM 0
20 5896 5 16-QAM 0
21 6568 5 16-QAM 0
22 7184 5 16-QAM 0
23 9736 7 16-QAM 0
24 11432 8 16-QAM 0
25 14424 10 16-QAM 0
26 15776 10 64-QAM 0
27 21768 12 64-QAM 0
28 26504 13 64-QAM 0
29 32264 14 64-QAM 0
30 32264 14 64-QAM -2
64QAM - CQI Requirements
CQI TB Size # codes Modulation Power Offset
Example
UE of category 13
3GPP 25.214 Annex Table 7F
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-10 0 10 20 30 40 500
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20UE Cat.14 (64QAM) Throughput, Flex. RLC, Flat030 channel
Average HSDPA SINR / dB
Thro
ughput
/ M
bps
UE Cat. 10 (ref.)
UE Cat. 14
64QAM benefits starts at 10 Mbps
UE category 10
UE category 14
Min SINR of 28 dB required for 64QAM
64QAM - Throughput
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64QAM - Usage
64QAM usage
In macro cell negligible
In micro cell significant
Usage improved, if UE supports Rx diversity
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Tm
T2
T1
Rn
R2
R1
Input
M x N
MIMO system
Output MIMO
Processor
M transmit antennas and N receive antennas form MxN MIMO system
Huge data stream (input) distributed towards M spatial distributed antennas (M parallel input bit streams 1..M)
Spatial multiplexing generate parallel virtual data pipes
MIMO uses multi-path effects instead of mitigating them
MIMO - Principles
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HS-
DSCH
category
max. HS-
DSCH
Codes
min. *
Inter-TTI
interval
Modulation MIMO
support
Peak
Rate
15 15 1 QPSK/16QAM Yes 23.4 Mbps
16 15 1 QPSK/16QAM Yes 28 Mbps
17 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM or Dual-Stream MIMO
17.4 or 23.4 Mbps
18 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM or Dual-Stream MIMO
21.1 or 28 Mbps
UE: 2 Rx
antennas
WBTS: 2 Tx
antennas
RU20 (3GPP R7) introduces 2x2 MIMO with 2 Tx / 2 Rx
Double transmit on BTS side, 2 receive antennas on UE side
System can operate in dual stream (MIMO) or single (SISO, non-MIMO) mode
MIMO 2x2 enables 28 Mbps peak data rate in HSDPA
28 Mbps peak rate in combination with 16QAM
No simultaneous support of 64QAM and MIMO with RU20, but with RU30
Not possible to enable MIMO and DC-HSDPA in parallel with RU20, but with RU30
UE categories for MIMO support are 15, 16, 17 and 18
MIMO - Principles
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When using Spatial Diversity (single stream) only primary TB is sent
Weights w1 and w2 applicable
When using Spatial Multiplexing (dual stream) primary and secondary TB are sent
Weights w1, w2, w3 and w4 applicable
Contributions from both transport blocks sent via both antennas
MIMO - NSN Implementation
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With MIMO two CPICH are required
2nd CPICH orthogonal to first one
2nd CPICH has to operate with same power as first one
UE measures CQI for each CPICH individually
Both values reported via single HS-DPCCH
MIMO offered only, if CQI difference does not exceed mimoDeltaCQIThreshold (hardcoded to 2)
UE consideres sum of both CPICH at both Rx antennas
Should be zero due to orthogonality
But in reality at each Rx antenna non zero amplitude and phase due to multi-path
Preferred weights w1, w3 and w4 fixed
Only w2 has to be estimated by UE on basis of downgraded orthogonality
w2 reported via HS-DPCCH
MIMO - NSN Implementation
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MIMO - Throughput
Source
Christian Mehlfhrer, Sebastian Caban and Markus Rupp
MIMO HSDPA Throughput Measurement Results in an Urban Scenario
In: Proceedings of the IEEE, Anchorage, USA, September 2009
2Tx 2Rx 2Tx+ 2Rx
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO+2Tx
2x2 MIMO +2Rx
4x4 MIMO
Urban cell with radius = 400 m
HSDPA power = 30 dBm
Hardly any gain with 2Tx
But about 100% gain with 2x2 MIMO
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Peak throughput
MIMO alone with 16QAM 2 * 14 Mbps = 28 Mbps 64QAM alone without MIMO 6 / 4 * 14 Mbps = 21 Mbps MIMO with 64QAM 2 * 21 Mbps = 42 Mpbs
UE categories
MIMO alone Category 15 + 16 64QAM alone Category 13 + 14 64 QAM OR MIMO Category 17 + 18 64 QAM AND MIMO Category 19 + 20
HS- DSCH
category
max. HS-
DSCH Codes Modulation
MIMO
support
Peak
Rate
19 15 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM
Yes 35.3 Mbps
20 15 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM
Yes 42.2 Mbps
64QAM AND MIMO - Principles
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Selection of MIMO mode and modulation
Both the MIMO mode and the modulation are offered in dependence on the air interface
Bad conditions Single stream Good conditions Dual stream Excellent conditions Dual stream + 64QAM
If both MIMO AND 64QAM is not possible, but either MIMO OR 64QAM, then MIMO is preferred
Dual stream + 64QAM
Dual stream
Single stream
64QAM AND MIMO - Feature Selection
-
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MIMO + 64QAM requires
Very high SINR > 25 dB
Uncorrelated multi-path
components
From Landre et al., realistic performance
of HSDPA MIMO in macro cell
environment, Orange 2009
64QAM AND MIMO - Throughput
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5 MHz 5 MHz
F1 F2
MIMO (28 Mbps) or 64QAM (21 Mbps)
10 MHz
DC-HSDPA and 64QAM (42 Mbps)
2 UE, each using 5 MHz RF Channel
Peak Connection Throughput = 28 Mbps
1 UE, using 2 5 MHz RF Channels
Peak Connection Throughput = 42 Mbps
F1 F2
Dual Cell Approach Basic Approach
Prior to 3GPP R8 HSDPA channel bandwidth limited to 5 MHz
3GPP R8 allows 2 adjacent channels to be combined effective HSDPA channel bandwidth of 10 MHz
3GPP R8 dual cell HSDPA (RU20) can be combined with 64QAM but not with MIMO 42 Mbps HSDPA peak rate
3GPP R9 (RU40) allows combination with both 64QAM and MIMO
Dual Cell HSDPA - Principles
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F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2
UE on top of ranking list on both RF carriers
UE on top of ranking list on RF carrier 1
UE on top of ranking list on RF carrier 2
UEx UEx UE1 UE1 UE1
Dual cell HSDPA provides greater flexibility to HSDPA Scheduler (can allocated resources in the frequency domain as well as in the code and time domains)
UE categories for dual cell HSDPA support are 21, 22, 23 and 24
HS-
DSCH
category
max. HS-
DSCH
Codes
Modulation MIMO
support
Peak
Rate
21 15 QPSK/16QAM No 23.4
Mbps
22 15 QPSK/16QAM No 28 Mbps
23 15 QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM No
35.3 Mbps
24 15 QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM No
42.2 Mbps
Dual Cell HSDPA - Principles
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Cells paired for dual cell HSDPA must obey the following rules
Belong to same sector
Have same Tcell value
Thus belong to same logical cell group
Dual cell HSDPA cells belonging to different sectors must fulfil the following rules
Belong to different logical cell groups
Thus have different Tcell value
SectorID = 1
Tcell = 0
RF Carrier 2
SectorID = 2
Tcell = 3
SectorID = 3
Tcell = 6
SectorID = 1
Tcell = 0 SectorID = 2
Tcell = 3
SectorID = 3
Tcell = 6
RF Carrier 1
Dual Cell HSDPA - Sector Configuration
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Serving cell (primary carrier) provides full set of physical channels
Inner loop power control driven by serving cell by F-DPCH
HARQ ACK/NACK and CQI for both carriers reported to serving cell
Uplink data sent to serving cell
Secondary carrier provides only HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH
The return channel must be HSUPA
HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH HS-DPCCH DPCCH
F-DPCH
E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
Downlink Channels
Uplink Channels
Primary RF Carrier
Serving cell
Secondary RF Carrier
Dual Cell HSDPA - Physical Channel Configuration
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Scheduling metric calculated for each RF carrier individually
Same schedulers available as for single carrier HSDPA
Instantaneous Transport Block Size TBS generated for each carrier individually by link adaptation
Average TBS based upon previously allocated TBS in both cells belonging to the DC-HSDPA cell pair, i.e. the total average throughput allocated to the UE
An UE which is scheduled high throughput in cell 1 will have a reduced scheduling metric for being allocated resources in cell 2
UE served by both carriers at the same time, if it has highest scheduling metric for both simultaneously
Cell2Cell1
Cell1Cell1
TBS Average
TBS Metric
Cell2Cell1
Cell2Cell2
TBS Average
TBS Metric
Shared Scheduler per
DC-HSDPA cell pair DC-HSDPA UE
Dual Cell HSDPA - Packet Scheduling
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Peak throughput
Dual cell HSDPA alone 2 * 14 Mbps = 28 Mbps Dual cell HSDPA with 64QAM 6 / 4 * 28 Mbps = 42 Mbps Dual cell HSDPA with MIMO 2 * 28 Mbps = 56 Mbps Dual cell HSDPA with 64QAM + MIMO 2 * 42 Mbps = 84 Mbps
UE categories
Dual cell HSDPA alone Category 21 + 22 Dual cell HSDPA with 64QAM alone Category 23 + 24 Dual cell HSDPA with MIMO Category 25 + 26 Dual cell HSDPA with 64 QAM + MIMO Category 27 + 28
Dual Cell HSDPA - Combination with MIMO
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HS- DSCH
category
max. HS-
DSCH Codes Modulation
MIMO
support
DC-
HSDPA
support
Peak
Rate
19 15 QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM Yes No
35.3 Mbps
20 15 QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM Yes No
42.2 Mbps
21 15 QPSK/16QAM No Yes 23.4 Mbps
22 15 QPSK/16QAM No Yes 28 Mbps
23 15 QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM No Yes 35.3 Mbps
24 15 QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM No Yes 42.2 Mbps
25 15 QPSK/16QAM Yes Yes 46.7 Mbps
26 15 QPSK/16QAM Yes Yes 56 Mbps
27 15 QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM Yes Yes 70.6 Mbps
28 15 QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM Yes Yes 84.4 Mbps
Single cell
Dual cell
Dual Cell HSDPA - Combination with MIMO
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HS-DPCCH
Other common channels like
E-AGCH, E-RGCH, F-DPCH
Other common channels like
E-AGCH, E-RGCH, F-DPCH UE
BTS
HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH
HS-DSCH
TBS3
TBS4 HS-DSCH
TBS1
TBS2
Primary Cell
Secondary Cell
Dual Cell HSDPA - Combination with MIMO With RU30 dual cell HSDPA can be combined with MIMO for NRT services
4 HSDPA packets can be transmitted simultaneously to one UE
ACK/NACK for all of them transmitted to serving cell via single HS-DPCCH
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Huge impact on cell coverage as compared to normal HSDPA mode (r = 1)
Small Overhead on HS-DPCCH
S-CPICH needed for MIMO
Dual Cell HSDPA - Throughput
About 100% gain of throughput with dual cell HSDPA;
About 50% additional gain of throughput with MIMO;
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Gains
With RAN1907 DC HSDPA and MIMO 64QAM single user maximum peak data rate of 84
Mbps can be provided (de facto in RU40)
Dual cell HSDPA
Provides network level capacity gain from 20*% to 100% depending on network load
MIMO
In PedA environment compared to normal 2RX terminals is giving a gain from 20% to 40%
MIMO and Dual Cell
Gains are expected to be mostly additive, resulting to a combined gain of 40% to 140%
*) Percentage values are with respect to Single Carrier HSDPA with 64QAM (21Mbps)
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RU20
Very low capacity available in Cell_FACH state only 32 kbps on DL (FACH, S-CCPCH) 16 kbps on UL (RACH, PRACH)
Causes problems in case of applications requiring frequent transmission of small amount of data
High signaling load due to frequent state transitions High battery power consumption for UE Strong occupation of dedicated resources for low total throughput
RU30 - RAN1637
HSDPA available in Cell_FACH state, thus much higher capacity of 1.8 Mbps on DL UEs downloading small amount of data need not to enter Cell_DCH any more
HSUPA in Cell_FACH NOT available yet
HS Cell_FACH - Principles
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All logical channels up to now mapped onto FACH now can be mapped onto HS-DSCH
Even broadcast and paging information can be transmitted via HS-DSCH (to UEs in Cell_PCH or URA_PCH)
HS Cell_FACH - Channel Mapping
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HS Cell_FACH on DL, but not on UL (RAN1637)
Low UL performance (RACH used) No ACK/NACK and CQI sending Blind repetition for HARQ Default CQI value for link adaptation
Mobility based on cell reselection as usual in Cell_FACH
HS-DPSCH
Example:
4 retransmissions
Original transmissions
HS Cell_FACH - Air Interface Transmission RU30
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Like for R99 One can select for which RRC establishment cause HS Cell_FACH or HS Cell_DCH is
preferred
Transition Cell_FACH to Cell_DCH triggered by high activity, i.e. huge amount of data in DL RLC buffer
In contradiction to R99 Cell_FACH can be offered, until no resource available in this state any more Thresholds FachLoadThresholdCCH and PtxThresholdCCH are ignored
HS Cell_FACH - Channel Type Selection
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HS Cell_FACH RAN1913 in RU40
Utilizes the 3GPP enhanced Cell_FACH state for the downlink (Rel7) and uplink (Rel8)
More users can be supported in Cell FACH state
Smooth data transmission can be provided for users not requiring large data volumes.
Services for sending frequent but small packets are handled more efficiently.
Fast Cell_PCH to Cell_FACH switch
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High Speed Cell_FACH in RU40 DL
No feedback information (RAN1637) With feedback information (RAN1913)
RACH channel not used for feedback information
Commissioning parameters:
Number of blind repetitions of MAC-ehs PDUs in HS Cell_FACH state
Default CQI value for HS Cell_FACH state
For 2 retransmissions max achievable is
1.8Mbps / 2 = 900kbps
If IE ACK/NACK support on HS-DPCCH == TRUE
ACKs and NACKs are sent on HS-DPCCH
If IE Measurement Feedback info == TRUE
CQIs are sent on HS-DPCCH
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Rel99 UL RACH procedure E-DCH procedure (RAN1913)
10 ms 10 ms
AICH response
DL
UL
Collision probability
Common E-DCH resources exclusively used by this UE
Collision probability
Collision probability
Common E-DCH resource assigned
UE specific E-RNTI on E-AGCH
AICH response
AICH response
PRACH PRACH PRACH
AICH AICH AICH E-AGCH
E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
PRACH PRACH
High Speed Cell_FACH in RU40 UL
RACH procedure performed before every data block Possibility of collision during transmission
RACH procedure performed once for data block sequence Possibility of collision only in initial transmissions phase
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CCCH DCCH DTCH
RACH
PRACH
E-DPDCH
3GPP Rel8
E-DCH
Logical channels
Transport channels
Physical channels
In the uplink direction, the E-DCH can be used in the Cell_FACH state:
High Speed Cell_FACH in RU40 Channel mapping UL
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With HS Cell_FACH DL:
Cell_DCH H-RNTI assigned for HS-DSCH user
E-RNTI assigned for E-DCH user
Up to 128 HSPA users per cell (RU40)
Cell_FACH H-RNTI assigned for HS-DSCH user
E-RNTI assigned for E-DCH user (RAN1913)
All (active and inactive) users
No practical limitation
Verified values
Up to 1000 HS Cell_FACH users per cell
Up to 1024 HS Cell_FACH users per BTS
Up to 50.000 HS Cell_FACH users per RNC
Active users
Up to 10 HS Cell_FACH users per cell
Up to 160 HS Cell_FACH users per BTS
RRC connected Up to 800.000 users per RNC in RRC connected state
High Speed Cell_FACH in RU40 RNTI
RNTI = Radio Network Temporary Identifier;
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[REF. WCDMA for UMTS HSPA Evolution and LTE, HH AT]
Assumed IP Header Compression
Two different voice transmission scenarios are being considered with HSPA
VoIP
UE connects with network as for standard packed data transmission
Connection is established by using web communicators
Hard to establish appropriate charging schemes
CS voice over HSPA
AMR voice frames being carried by HSPA transport channels transparent for the user
CS Voice over HSPA - Principles
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for voice, SRB and other services
SRB must be mapped to HSPA
Supported RAB combinations:
Speech CS RAB
Speech CS RAB + PS streaming RAB
Speech CS RAB + 1...3 PS interactive / background RABs
Speech CS RAB + PS Streaming RAB + 1...3 PS interactive / background RABs
Codecs supported for CS voice over HSPA
AMR FR set (12.2, 7.95, 5.9, 4.75), AMR HR set (5.9, 4.75), AMR with 12.2 alone
AMR-WB set (12.65, 8.85, 6.6)
Load based AMR selection algorithm not used while CS Voice is mapped on HSPA
Priority class of CS voice over HSPA = 14
Lower than SRB (15)
Higher than streaming 13)
CS Voice over HSPA - Principles
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PtxTargetTotMin (40 dBm)
CS Voice over HSPA - DL Admission Control
Common channels
DCH voice + SRB
DCH streaming
DCH NRT
HSDPA voice + SRB
HSDPA streaming
HSDPA NRT
PtxCellMax (43 dBm)
PtxTargetTotMax (41 dBm)
PtxTarget (40 dBm)
PtxNCDCH
PtxNCHSDPA
Power
New load target for total non controllable traffic PtxTargetTot
Adjusted in dependence on DCH non controllable traffic PtxNCDCH
Adjusted within configurable limits PtxTargetTotMin and PtxTargetTotMax
Limitations
Lower threshold PtxTargetTotMin PtxTarget
Upper threshold PtxTargetTotMax PtxCellMax
Available capacity for total NCT
Available capacity for DCH NCT
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CS Voice over HSPA - DL Admission Control PtxTargetTot depends on
Actual DCH non controllable traffic PtxNCDCH (e.g. 38/39dBm = 6.3/7.9 W)
Setting of maximum allowed target PtxTargetTotMax (e.g. 41 dBm = 12.6 W)
Setting of classical DCH load target PtxTarget (e.g. 40 dBm = 10 W)
Example
PtxNCDCH = 6.3 W PtxTargetTot = 12.6 W 6.3 W (12.6 W / 10 W 1) = 11.0 W = 40.4 dBm
PtxNCDCH = 7.9 W PtxTargetTot = 12.6 W 7.9 W (12.6 W / 10 W 1) = 10.5 W = 40.2 dBm
Conclusions
The higher the DCH non controllable traffic, the lower PtxTargetTot
PtxNCDCH = PtxTarget PtxTargetTot = PtxTarget
no capacity for CS voice over HSPA at all
PtxNCDCH = 0 PtxTargetTot = PtxTargetTotMax
maximum capacity for CS voice over HSPA
PtxTargetTot = PtxTargetTotMax - PtxNCDCH PtxTargetTotMax
PtxTarget -1 ( )
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PtxNCDCH + PtxNCHSDPA + Pnew < PtxTargetTot
PtxNCHSDPA + Pnew < PtxMaxHSDPA
Pnew = (GBR Activity Factor) Existing HSDPA Power
Existing Throughput
CS Voice over HSPA - DL Admission Control To admit CS voice over HSPA, the following conditions must be fulfilled
Like for DCH voice, RT over NRT can be applied in case of lack of resources
The power Pnew needed for the new user is estimated as follows
Activity factor
Initial value set by parameter RRMULDCHActivityFactorCSAMR (Default 50 %)
Than measured on running connection
Example
GBR = 12.2 Kbit/s, activity factor = 0.5, HSDPA power = 6 W, throughput = 1 Mbit/s
Pnew = 12.2 Kbit/s * 0.5 * (6 W / 1000 Kbit/s) = 0.037 W = 16 dBm
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CS Voice over HSPA - UL Admission Control
DCH voice + SRB
DCH streaming
DCH NRT
HSUPA voice + SRB
HSUPA streaming
HSUPA NRT
PrxMaxTargetBTS (e.g. 6 dB)
PtxTargetMax (e.g. 4 dB)
PrxTarget (e.g. 3 dB)
PrxNCDCH
PrxNCHSUPA
RTWP
Analogue to DL new load target for total non controllable traffic PtxTargetAMR
Adjusted in dependence on DCH non controllable traffic PrxNCDCH
Adjusted within configurable limits PtxTarget and PtxTargetMax
Limitations
Lower threshold given by classical DCH load target PrxTarget
Upper threshold PtxTargetMax PtxMaxTargetBTS
Available capacity for total NCT
Available capacity for DCH NCT
PrxNoise (e.g. -106 dBm)
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CS Voice over HSPA - UL Admission Control According NSN documentation for PtxTargetAMR complex dependency on
Power situation
Throughput situation
Rearrangement of original NSN formulas gives, however, relationship analogue to DL
Actual DCH non controllable traffic PrxNCDCH (e.g. 1/2 dB = 1.26/1.58)
Setting of maximum allowed target PrxTargetMax (e.g. 4 dB = 2.51)
Setting of classical DCH load target PrxTarget (e.g. 3 dB = 2.00)
Example
PrxNCDCH = 1 dB = 1.26 PtxTargetAMR = 2.51 1.26 (2.51 / 2.00 1) = 2.19 = 3.4 dB
PrxNCDCH = 2 dB = 1.58 PtxTargetAMR = 2.51 1.58 (2.51 / 2.00 1) = 2.11 = 3.2 dB
Same conclusions as for DL
PrxTargetAMR = PrxTargetMax - PrxNCDCH PrxTargetMax
PrxTarget -1 ( )
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Load factor () [0..1]
Noise Rise [dB]
Noise floor e.g. -106 dBm
PrxTarget -103 dBm
PrxTargetMax -102 dBm PrxTargetMax e.g. 4 dB
PrxNCDCH e.g. 2 dB PrxNCDCH -104 dBm
PrxTargetAMR -102.8 dBm
PrxTarget e.g. 3 dB
CS Voice over HSPA - UL Admission Control
PrxTargetAMR 3.2 dB
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CPC Sub-features:
UL DPCCH Gating (UL DTX)
CQI Reporting reduction
Discontinuous UL Reception (MAC DTX)
Discontinuous DL Reception (DL DRX)
Discontinuous UL DPCCH transmission and reception during UE UL traffic inactivity (UL DPCCH gating + DRX at BTS)
CQI reporting reduction (switched from periodical to synchronized with DPCCH burst)
Stopping E-DPCCH detection at NodeB during DPCCH inactivity
Discontinuous DL Reception (DRX at UE)
Stop receiving HS-SCCH, E-AGCH and E-RGCH when not needed
Faster response times
Increased number of low activity packet users in CELL_DCH state
Motivation and Benefits
Increased capacity for low data rate applications
Longer battery life
Continuous Packet Connectivity - Principles
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CPC eliminates the requirement for continuous transmission and reception during periods when data is not transferred
Exploits discontinuities in packet data services
Designed to work with VoIP
UE Power Saving Inactive HSPA UE require less resource
Increased talk time
USER GAIN SYSTEM GAIN
Reduced delay for re-starting data transfer
Increased Capacity
Potential to keep more inactive UE
in CELL_DCH
Uplink DTX
Downlink DRX
Reduced CQI Reporting
Uplink DRX
Continuous Packet Connectivity - Principles
HS-SCCH Less Operation
New Uplink DPCCH Slot Format
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DPDCH
DPCCH
E-DPDCH
DPCCH
E-DPDCH
DPCCH
R99 service Voice (20ms)
R6 Voice 2ms (R6 VoIP)
R7 Voice 2ms (R7 VoIP) UL DPCCH Gating
UL Gating (UL DTX) reduces UL control channel (DPCCH) overhead
If no data to sent on E-DPDCH or HS-DPCCH UE switches off UL DPCCH
DPCCH Gating precondition for other CPC sub-features
Continuous Packet Connectivity - UL Gating
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E-DCH 2ms TTI example: CPCNRT2msTTI
10ms Radio Frame 10ms Radio Frame
2ms subframe
CFN
UE_DTX_Cycle_1
UE_DTX_Cycle_2
Inactivity Threshold for UE cycle 2
10ms Radio Frame
UE_DTX_Cycle_2
switch to UE cycle 2
cycle 1 cycle 2
E-DPDCH
Tx, 2ms TTI
DPCCH
pattern
DPCCH with
E-DCH, 2ms TTI
synch reference
CFN = Connection Frame Number
Used for any synchronized procedure in UTRAN
Pre/Postambles not shown here
no data on E-DPDCH
N2msUEDPCCHburst1
RNC; 1, 2, 5; 1 subframe
N2msUEDTXCycle1
RNC; 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20; 8 subframes
N2msInacThrUEDTXCycl2
RNC; 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256; 64 TTIs
N2msUEDPCCHburst2
RNC; 1, 2, 5; 1 subframe
N2msUEDTXCycle2
RNC; 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40,
64, 80, 128, 160; 16 subframes
Continuous Packet Connectivity - UL Gating
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Reduced CQI reporting takes
place only if the CQI reporting
pattern defined by the last
HS-DSCH transmission and
CQI cycle overlaps the UL
DPCCH burst of the UE DTX
pattern
CQI Reporting Reduction reduces the CQI reporting when there are no data transmitted on HS-DSCH for a longer period of time
ACK/NACK
transmission
CQI period 2ms
CQI period 4ms
CQI period 8ms
CQI transmission time defined by CQI period, but not overlapping with DPCCH transmission
no CQI transmission
CQI Transmission
DPCCH
pattern
UE_DTX_cycle_1 UE_DTX_cycle_1
UE_DTX_cycle_2 UE_DTX_cycle_2
7.5 slots
HS-DSCH reception CQI_DTX_TIMER
UE_DTX_cycle_2
CQI_DTX_Priority set to 1
CQI_DTX_Priority set to 0
N2msCQIFeedbackCPC
CQI feedback cycle (when CQI reporting not reduced)
RNC; 0, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 ; 10 ms
N2msCQIDTXTimer
RNC; 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128,
256, 512, infinity; 64 subframes
Continuous Packet Connectivity - Reduced CQI Reporting
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UE can transmit E-DPDCH data only at predefined time instances
N2msMACInacThr
RNC; infinity, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128,
256, 512; infinity subframes
N2msMACDTXCycle
length of MAC DTX Cycle
RNC; infinity, 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20; 8 subframes
DTX
Continuous Packet Connectivity - Discontinuous UL Reception
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UE battery power consumption
Cell_DCH No CPC
Cell_DCH With CPC
Cell_FACH
Cell_PCH
optimization for RTT measurements OR
CPC currently not active for UE
No delayed transition, as with Cell_PCH lowest power consumption
optimization for battery power consumption AND
UE can power down in Cell_PCH
Moderate delay for transition
Cell_DCH with CPC better than Cell_FACH
But worse than Cell_PCH for power consumption
optimization for battery power consumption AND
UE can NOT power down in Cell_PCH
Strong delay for transition
Cell_DCH with CPC better than Cell_FACH
Continuous Packet Connectivity - Battery Power Optimization
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R99 Features
HSDPA
HSUPA
HSDPA+
HSUPA+
Interference cancellation receiver
Frequency domain equalizer
Flexible RLC in UL
HSUPA 16QAM
Dynamic HSUPA BLER
Capacity Usage Optimization
Capacity Enhancement
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RU20
Users with low level services (usually with 10ms TTI) strongly interfered by users with high level services (usually with 2ms TTI)
RU30
Interference contribution of 2ms TTI users subtracted from total signal arriving at BTS before demodulating and decoding the signals of 10ms TTI users
Less power needed by 10ms TTI users due to cancelled interference of 2ms TTI users
2ms TTI users less interfered by 10ms TTI users due to lower power
Optionally interference contribution of individual 2ms TTI users subtracted before demodulating and decoding other 2ms TTI users
Interference Cancellation - Principles
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Types of users
IC users Users whose interference contribution is cancelled from the total signal Users mapped on E-DCH with 2ms TTI (usually those with highest power) Do not get any direct benefit from interference cancellation
Non-IC users Users for which interference is reduced, as the contribution of the non IC users is cancelled from the total
signal
Remaining users mapped on E-DCH with 2ms TTI (usually such ones with lower power) All 10ms TTI E-DCH users All DCH users
RTWP
Time
IC Users = interferers to be cancelled
Non IC Users = users for which interference is reduced
Interference Cancellation - Principles
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