03 microwave principles

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Microwave Principles

Microwave Product Customer Service Dept.

2009-1


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Contents

Microwave Equipments Application

PART 2

PART 3

PART 1

Microwave Communication Principles

Network Planning


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Microwave Equipment Application

Ethernet Application

Mobile Network Application

Cellular Network Application

Application/Solution


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Application/Solution

Point to Point Digital Microwave transmission system

MUX

Satellite

Fiber optic cable

Microwave link

Coaxial cable

MUX


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Mobile Network Application

BSC

MSCPSTNBSC

.....

MSC

SDH

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTSBTS

BTS BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS PDH

PDH

BTS

PDHBTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

SDH

SDH

SDH

SDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

SDH SDH

SDH Microwave

PDH Microwave

PSTN: Public Switched

Telephone Network

MSC:Mobile Switching Center

BSC: Base Station ControllerBTS: Base Transceiver Station


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Cellular Network Application1

UMTS: Universal Mobile

Telecommunication System


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Cellular Network Application2

RNC: Regional Network Centre

ADM: Add/Drop Multiplexer

MUX: Multiplexer

STM: Synchronous Transport Module


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Ethernet Application(1)LAN to LAN Bridge


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Ethernet Application(2)


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Ethernet Application(3)


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Review

What are the main transmission methods nowadays? What are the main applications for microwave

equipments?


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Microwave Communication Principles

System Structure

Introduction to Microwave Principles


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Introduction to Microwave Principles

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization

Features of Radio Transmission

Microwave Frequency

Different Transmission Systems

Microwave Radio Link

Fading

Interference

Radio Wave Propagation

Relay station (Passive)


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Different Transmission Systems

MUX

Satellite

Fiber optic cable

Microwave link

Coaxial cable

MUX


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Microwave Frequency

10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm

f 30kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz

LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

microwave

Frequency: 300MHZ 300GHZ Wavelength: 1mm~1m

Frequency band: UHF: 0.3-1.12G X: 8.2-12.4G L: 1.12-1.7G

KU: 12.4-18G LS: 1.7-2.6 G K: 18-26G

S: 2.6-3.95 G Ka: 26.5-40G C: 3.95-5.85G

U: 40-60G XC: 5.85-8.2G


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Features of Radio transmission

Wavelength is short while frequency is high.

Wide frequency band

Line of sight propagation, reflection, diffraction and scattering

Free space loss

Fading caused by other types of path loss.

Interference

1

2

3

4

5

6


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Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization1

85432 10 201 30 40 50

1.5 2.5

Regional network

National backbone network

Regional and local network

2

8

34Mbit/s

34

140

155

Mbit/s

28

34140155

Mbit/s

3.3 11 GHz

GHz


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Radio Wave Propagation1

The radio link propagation follows the line of sight: it requires a perfect clearing between

transmitting and receiving antennas. The propagation medium is made of the lower layers

of the atmosphere (a few meters to a few hundred of meters above ground)

The non homogeneity of the atmosphere influences the waves propagation:

1. Path curvature

2. Reflecting, diverging, focusing intermittent events

Free space loss (Lfs)=92.4+20log(fd) (dB)

f:GHz, d:km


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AbsorptionPartial reflection

Almost horizontal

DiffusionRefraction

Atmosphere influence

i.1

i.2

n1

n2

n1

n2

Diffusion

volume

500km

n1sin i.1 = n2sin i.2

Gaz and water vapor

Freq. < 15GHz : insignificant

20 GHz : 0.1 dB / km

Rain

Freq. > 10GHz


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Ground influence

Reflection

Diffraction

Spherical diffraction

Diffraction on a ridge


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Anti-Fading Measures

H

Frequency Diversity

1

2

3

Techniques without diversity

Diversity techniques

Space Diversity

Reduce ground reflection

Increase path consistency

Various equalizers

1

2

10.2/F0/2


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Interference

Types

Anti-Interference Measures


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Sort

A

B

Co-channel interference

Adjacent channel interference


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Anti-Interference Measures

A

B

Increase transmit power

Improve band pass filter performance


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Microwave Radio Link

TX/R

x

HopNO.1

Or

TX/Rx

HopNO.2

HopNo.n

TX/Rx TX/R

x

Distance between the transmitter and the receiver, a few km < D < 100km

Availability and quality depends on the distance recommended by ITU-R.

Terminal

Station

Cable

Relay station

(Passive)

Terminal

StationRelay station

(Active)

CableRadio Link


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Relay station (Passive)

Parabolic reflectorsPlane reflectors


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Choose Equipments

PASOLINK AppearancePASO+ Appearance

PASOLINK NEO/c Appearance

ZXMW PR10 Appearance

ZXMW SR10 Appearance

Network Configuration of One Hop System

Network Configuration of Multi-Hops System

Network Configuration of Ring System

Network Configuration of Multi-branches System


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PASOLINK Appearance

0.6m Antenna

Outdoor unit (ODU)

Installation pole

Indoor unit (IDU)


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PASOLINK NEO/c Appearance

HYB


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03 microwave principles

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