02 chemistry, water and buffers - oregon state...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chemistry, Water, and Buffers
BB 450 / 550
Dr. Kevin Ahern
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BasicChemistry
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GeometryofCarbon
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GeometryofCarbon
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GeometryofCarbon
Tetrahedral
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GeometryofCarbon
TetrahedralHandedness & Stereochemistry
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GeometryofCarbon
TetrahedralHandedness & Stereochemistry
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BasicChemistry
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BasicChemistry
Electronegativity
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BasicChemistry
ElectronegativityRelative “pull” of nuclei for outer shell electrons
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BasicChemistry
ElectronegativityRelative “pull” of nuclei for outer shell electrons
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HydrogenBonds
Partial Negative & Partial Positive Charges Arise From Different Electronegativities
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Reduction/Oxidation
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Reduction/Oxidation
Reduction - Gain of electrons
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Reduction/Oxidation
Reduction - Gain of electronsOxidation - Loss of electrons
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Reduction/Oxidation
Reduction - Gain of electronsOxidation - Loss of electrons
H3CHC=O + NADH + H+<=> H3CH2COH + NAD+
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GibbsFreeEnergy
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ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
aA + bB <=> cC + dD Keq = {[C]ceq[D]deq]} / {[A]aeq[B]beq}
ΔG = ΔG°’ + RTln {[C]ceq[D]deq]} / {[A]aeq[B]beq}
ΔG°’ = -RTlnKeq
GibbsFreeEnergy
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Water&Buffers
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Water&Buffers
Uneven Charge Distribution
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Water&Buffers
Uneven Charge DistributionDipolar
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Water&Buffers
Uneven Charge DistributionDipolarHydrogen Bonds
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Water&Buffers
Uneven Charge DistributionDipolarHydrogen Bonds
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HydrophilicvsHydrophobic
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HydrophilicvsHydrophobic
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HydrophilicvsHydrophobic
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Amphiphilic
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Amphiphilic
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Amphiphilic
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OtherAmphiphilicSubstances
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OtherAmphiphilicSubstances
Membrane Lipids
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OtherAmphiphilicSubstances
Membrane Lipids
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OtherAmphiphilicSubstances
Membrane Lipids
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OtherAmphiphilicSubstances
Membrane LipidsGlycerophospholipids
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OtherAmphiphilicSubstances
Membrane LipidsGlycerophospholipidsSphingolipids
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OtherAmphiphilicSubstances
Membrane Lipids Glycerophospholipids Sphingolipids
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OtherAmphiphilicSubstances
Membrane Lipids Glycerophospholipids Sphingolipids
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LipidBilayers
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ProteinFolding
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ProteinFolding
UNFOLDED
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ProteinFolding
UNFOLDED FOLDED
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ProteinFolding
Hydrophobic
UNFOLDED FOLDED
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ProteinFolding
HydrophobicHydrophilic
UNFOLDED FOLDED
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ProteinFolding
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Outside
UNFOLDED FOLDED
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ProteinFolding
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Outside Inside
UNFOLDED FOLDED
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ProteinFolding
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Outside Inside
UNFOLDED FOLDED
Water’s Chemistry Affects Molecules
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HydrogenBondingBetweenWaterMolecules
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HydrogenBondingBetweenWaterandOtherMolecules
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HydrogenBondingBetweenWaterandOtherMolecules
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HydrogenBondingBetweenWaterandOtherMolecules
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HydrogenBondingintheCell
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BondStrength
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BondStrength
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IonizationandAcidStrength
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AcidMeasurement
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AcidMeasurement
pH = -Log[H+]
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AcidMeasurement
pH = -Log[H+]
pOH = -Log[OH-]
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AcidMeasurement
pH = -Log[H+]
pOH = -Log[OH-]
pKevinAhern = -Log[KevinAhern]
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AcidMeasurement
pH = -Log[H+]
pOH = -Log[OH-]
pKevinAhern = -Log[KevinAhern]
pH + pOH = 14
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WeakAcidDissociation
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WeakAcidDissociation
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WeakAcidDissociation
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HendersonHasselbalchEquation
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HendersonHasselbalchEquation
pH = pKa + log ([HCO3-]/[H2CO3])
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HendersonHasselbalchEquation
pH = pKa + log ([HCO3-]/[H2CO3])
pH = pKa + log ([Ac-]/[HAc])
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HendersonHasselbalchEquation
pH = pKa + log ([HCO3-]/[H2CO3])
pH = pKa + log ([Ac-]/[HAc])
In General,
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HendersonHasselbalchEquation
pH = pKa + log ([HCO3-]/[H2CO3])
pH = pKa + log ([Ac-]/[HAc])
In General,
pH = pKa + Log([Salt]/[Acid])
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pKaandAcidStrength
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StrongAcids,likeHCl,essentiallyhavenopKavalue
pKaandAcidStrength
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StrongAcids,likeHCl,essentiallyhavenopKavalueLowpKa-StrongerWeakAcid
pKaandAcidStrength
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StrongAcids,likeHCl,essentiallyhavenopKavalueLowpKa-StrongerWeakAcidHighpKa-WeakerWeakAcid
pKaandAcidStrength
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StrongAcids,likeHCl,essentiallyhavenopKavalueLowpKa-StrongerWeakAcidHighpKa-WeakerWeakAcid
FormicAcid(pKa=3.75)vsAceticAcid(pKa=4.76)
pKaandAcidStrength
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Buffers
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Buffers
Resist Changes in pH
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Buffers
Resist Changes in pH
Weak Acid Systems
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Buffers
Resist Changes in pH
Weak Acid Systems
Buffering Capacity
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Buffers
Resist Changes in pH
Weak Acid Systems
Buffering Capacity
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Buffers
Resist Changes in pH
Weak Acid Systems
Buffering Capacity
Rapid pH Change
Rapid pH Change
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Buffers
Resist Changes in pH
Weak Acid Systems
Buffering Capacity
Rapid pH Change
Rapid pH Change
Limited pH Change
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AcidsWithMultiplepKaValues
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AcidsWithMultiplepKaValues
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AcidsWithMultiplepKaValues
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AcidsWithMultiplepKaValues
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AcidsWithMultiplepKaValues
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AcidsWithMultiplepKaValues
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AcidsWithMultiplepKaValues
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AcidsWithMultiplepKaValues
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AcidsWithMultiplepKaValues
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EstimatingWeakAcidCharge
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1.IfpH>pKabyoneormorepHunits-ProtonOFF
EstimatingWeakAcidCharge
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1.IfpH>pKabyoneormorepHunits-ProtonOFF2.IfpH<pKabyoneormorepHunits-ProtonON
EstimatingWeakAcidCharge
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1.IfpH>pKabyoneormorepHunits-ProtonOFF2.IfpH<pKabyoneormorepHunits-ProtonON
-COOHvs-COO-
EstimatingWeakAcidCharge
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1.IfpH>pKabyoneormorepHunits-ProtonOFF2.IfpH<pKabyoneormorepHunits-ProtonON
-COOHvs-COO-
-NH3+vs-NH2
EstimatingWeakAcidCharge
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MetabolicMelody
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Henderson Hasselbalch(To the tune of "My Country 'Tis of Thee")
Copyright © Kevin Ahern
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Henderson HasselbalchYou put my brain in shock
Oh woe is meThe pKa’s can makeMe lie in bed awake
They give me really bad headachesOh hear my plea
Salt - acid RA-ti-os
Help keep the pH frozeBy buf-fer-ING
They show tenacityComplete audacity
If used within capacityTo maintain things
Henderson Hasselbalch(To the tune of "My Country 'Tis of Thee")
Copyright © Kevin Ahern
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Henderson HasselbalchYou put my brain in shock
Oh woe is meThe pKa’s can makeMe lie in bed awake
They give me really bad headachesOh hear my plea
Salt - acid RA-ti-os
Help keep the pH frozeBy buf-fer-ING
They show tenacityComplete audacity
If used within capacityTo maintain things
I know when H’s flyA buffer will defy
Them activelyThose protons cannot waltz
When they get bound to saltsWith this the change in pH halts
All praise to thee
Thus now that I’ve addressedThis topic for the testI’ve got know-howThe pH I can sayEquals the pKA
In sum with log of S o’er AI know it now
Henderson Hasselbalch(To the tune of "My Country 'Tis of Thee")
Copyright © Kevin Ahern
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MetabolicMelody
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The Number Song(to the tune of “Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime”)
Copyright © Kevin Ahern
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Avogadro’s number is a huge oneBoltzmann's constant's rather miniscule
Values differing enormouslyAs WE learned in school
Science numbers need to have dimensions
Size is not the most important thingUnits give the yardsticks needed
For under-STAN-ding
BridgeIt’s taught in the ivory towers
By professors it's so ballyhooedValues can have such diff’rent powers
That to know them we must have their magnitudes
The Number Song(to the tune of “Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime”)
Copyright © Kevin Ahern
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Avogadro’s number is a huge oneBoltzmann's constant's rather miniscule
Values differing enormouslyAs WE learned in school
Science numbers need to have dimensions
Size is not the most important thingUnits give the yardsticks needed
For under-STAN-ding
BridgeIt’s taught in the ivory towers
By professors it's so ballyhooedValues can have such diff’rent powers
That to know them we must have their magnitudes
One light year’s a really lengthy distanceGrams define the masses high and lowThe ohm can measure the resistance
If current should flow
BridgeOne set of factors you SHOULD know
The roots of seven and of three et alCannot be expressed as a ratio
Oh these numbers all are quite irration-al
Three point one four one five nine two six fiveNo end to Pi’s digits it’s absurd
Endlessly reminding me that I’veBEEN SO OUT-num-bered
The Number Song(to the tune of “Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime”)
Copyright © Kevin Ahern