training managers for 21st century fisheries - oregon state...

Training Managers for 21st Century FisheriesQueenstown, New Zealand

December 5-7, 2001

Education and Training Overview: Are we Education and Training Overview: Are we responding to the challenge?responding to the challenge?

Laura W. Jodice Marine Resource Management

College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences

Gil SylviaCoastal Oregon Marine Experiment

StationHatfield Marine Science Center

&

Section 1- IntroductionSection 1- Introduction• What is a fisheries managerfisheries manager?• Major demandsMajor demands on training and education in the 21st

Century• ResponseResponse in past - workshops

Section 2 - Fisheries Management Programs Section 2 - Fisheries Management Programs ReviewReview• MethodsMethods – w/ website intro• AnalysisAnalysis – summary of features, case examples• ComparisonComparison with other management disciplines

Section 3Section 3 - - ConclusionConclusion• FindingsFindings• Questions for considerationQuestions for consideration

Specialist or Generalist ?

Section 1 - IntroductionSection 1 - IntroductionWhat is a fisheries manager?What is a fisheries manager?

Generalist understands the broad complexity of the system

Specialist supports generalists

Specialist with some generalist knowledge

Generalist with some specialty

Breadth or depth?

Section 1 - IntroductionSection 1 - Introduction What is a fisheries manager?What is a fisheries manager?

Different management niches and levels of responsibility

Top level

Mid-level

leading change innovation, adaptationpolicy-making strategic planning evaluation of outcomesdecisions about implementationimplementation

Ac c

oun t

a bi li

t y


Range of Institutional models

Institutional model

Scientific centralized

Pluralistic

Rights-based

Manager

Scientifically trained federal manager makes management decisions for national or regional fisheriesResources are federally owned but regionally appointed representatives develop management policies -- significant public participation

Owners of user rights/property rights charged with management responsibilities subject to regional and federal oversight


Focus/ObjectivesBiologically oriented • public and legal mandates • sustainability • regional or national welfare

Private industry organization • maximizing profits or quota value• improving stability• obtaining user rights/privileges• meeting regulatory requirements

Environmentally related• stock preservation• habitat protection• ecosystem management

Management Sector?Public sector

Private sector

Non profit-based

Section 1 - IntroductionSection 1 - Introduction Major demands on training and Major demands on training and education in the 21st Centuryeducation in the 21st Century

Increasing complexity and dynamic change

Greater need for variety of skills and knowledge, critical thinking, systems thinking, problem solving, conflict resolution, ability to learn, adaptability, leadership

More than basic fisheries science or undergraduate

More urban?• less in touch w/ commercial fishing, rural economy, recreational hunting/

fishing

• grew up playing at the beach and in love with marine mammals

Male:Female ratio - more females?• MRM 2001 - Fall 2001 = 7F:1M Fall 2000 = 8F:5M Fall 1999 8F:1M

Descendents of Environmental Movement?• focus on conservation, preservation, sustainability; managing humans

Section 1 - IntroductionSection 1 - Introduction Students Population in the 21st CenturyStudents Population in the 21st Century

U.S. perspective

1968 The Future of the Fishing Industry of the United States - University of Washington College of Fisheries

1978 Fisheries Education in the 1980's - series of fisheries education papers, American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting in Rhode Island

1980 UNESCO/FAO Workshop on university curricula in fishery science, Paris,

1980 Fisheries Education in Alaska: Creating a Program of Excellence, Anchorage, Alaska (ONLINE)

1986 California Sea Grant Workshop, Educating Fisheries Managers, University of California Davis (ONLINE)

1990 55th North American Wildlife & Natural Resources Conference; Educational Content of University Fish and Wildlife Programs Based on Expressed Needs of Federal and State Agency Employers.

1991 2020 Vision - Meeting the Fish & Wildlife Conservation Challenges of the 21st Century, symposium at the 53rd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference in Des Moines, Iowa.

Section 1 - IntroductionSection 1 - Introduction Response: Past workshops

1880 Modernization - modern fishing technology from advanced countries -1900

1888 Fisheries Institute founded in Tokyo - fishing techniques, fish-farming, processing, train technical experts in the fishing industry.

1897 Imperial Fisheries Institute in Agriculture and Commerce Ministry - technology transfer and development, practical use of large-

scale fishing boats, deep-sea fishing; fisheries food-processing; aquaculture.

1949 Tokyo University of Fisheries - scientific and technological education, and research.

1964 Masters Degree program started - Marine Science and Technology, Aquatic Biosciences, Food Science and Technology. 1987 Doctoral program started - Marine Science and Technology, Aquatic

Biosciences, and Food Science and Technology.

1991 Masters degree - Fisheries Resource Management

1993 Doctoral program - Fisheries Resource Management

Historical Overview Tokyo University of Fisheries

How have we responded in the past?How have we responded in the past?

Section 2Section 2Fisheries Management Programs Fisheries Management Programs

ReviewReview

•MethodsMethods – w/ website intro•AnalysisAnalysis – summary of features, case examples•ComparisonComparison with other management disciplines

Fisheries Management Programs ReviewFisheries Management Programs ReviewMethodsMethods

Step 1 - Search for programs:Step 1 - Search for programs:•Reviewed lists of programs

–fisheries –other marine–other natural resource management–other management (top business, public administration)

•Web literature only (in English)•Focused on...

–Graduate programs–Advanced continuing education–Some undergraduate

Step 2 - Created web indexStep 2 - Created web index - online report

WEB SITE DEMO on hard drive

WEB SITE DEMO onlinewww.coas.oregonstate.edu/mrm/curriculum/TFM21.html

Fisheries Management Programs ReviewFisheries Management Programs ReviewWeb IndexWeb Index

http://www.coas.oregonstate.edu/mrm/curriculum/TFM21.html

Fisheries Management Programs ReviewFisheries Management Programs ReviewAnalysisAnalysis

Data setData set • Programs claiming to train for fisheries

management • First section of web index• 85 programs (47 institutions)

ResultsResults• Part 1 - Organization • Part 2 - Curriculum Content • Part 3 - Program Quality

Fisheries Management Program ReviewFisheries Management Program Review

Global Distribution Global Distribution Location of Fisheries Training Programs in AnalysisLocation of Fisheries Training Programs in Analysis

Australia (6)(3)

China(1)

Japan(5)(4)Indonesia(1)

Norway(1)

Netherlands(1)Portugal(1)

Ireland(2)(1)Scotland (1) UK (9)(4)

Canada(8)(4)

US(50)(25)

Total programs = 86Total institutions = 48

Fisheries Management ProgramsFisheries Management Programs

Distribution of US Fisheries Management Programs Distribution of US Fisheries Management Programs in Analysis in Analysis

Humboldt State (2)

Oregon State (4)

Auburn (5)

Cornell(4)

Colorado State (2)

Florida State

U of Alaska Fairbanks & Auke Bay Texas A&M

U of Arizona (2)

U of Florida (2)

U of Georgia

U of Washington (4)

Utah State (2)

VIMS (2)

U of Maine Orono

U of Maryland

UMASSURI (2)

U of Miami (2)

U of Missouri

Virginia Tech

U of Vermont (3)

Total institutions = 25

Ohio State (2)UDEL

Fisheries Management Programs ReviewFisheries Management Programs ReviewAnalysis, part 1 - OrganizationAnalysis, part 1 - Organization

•Variation in organization - eg. major, minor, concentration

•Title of degree - eg. Fisheries Science, Natural Resources

•Degree level - eg. MS, PhD, Postgrad. Diploma

SpecialistSpecialist

Fisheries Management Programs Review - Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 1Analysis - part 1 Variation in Organization of Academic ProgramsVariation in Organization of Academic Programs

ManagementManagement• Fisheries and/or Wildlife Management

• Marine or Natural Resource Management w/ concentration or emphasis in fisheries

• Marine Affairs/Policy with emphasis in fisheries (UW; Maine)

• Dual or joint degree - w/ business or public admin

ScienceScience• Fisheries, Aquatic or Marine Science

• Fisheries Science w/ certificate in management or policy

• Fisheries Economics or Resource Economics w/ focus on fisheries

• Ocean and Coastal Law w/ focus on fisheries

GeneralistGeneralist

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other management

Marine Science

Fisheries Economics

Aquaculture

Marine Mgt or Policy

Fisheries Management

Natural ResourceManagement

Fisheries Science

% of 85 programs

Fisheries Management Programs Review - Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 1Analysis - part 1 Title of DegreeTitle of Degree

Total Fisheries = 71%

Fisheries Management Programs Review - Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 1Analysis - part 1 Degree Level in sampleDegree Level in sample

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vocational

Continuing Ed

Undergrad - research

Undergrad - professional

Postgrad certificate or diploma

PhD

Masters - professional

Masters - research

% of 85 programs

Minimum # indicates only those undergraduate programs of

significance

•Mission/goalsMission/goals - key words

•StrategyStrategy:–Disciplinary foundation - e.g. oceanography, fish & wildlife–Science:Management ratio in required coursework

•Science coreScience core - key words

•Management coreManagement core - key words

•SkillsSkills - key words

Fisheries Management Programs ReviewFisheries Management Programs ReviewAnalysis, part 2- Analysis, part 2- Curriculum contentCurriculum content

Fisheries Management Programs Review - Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Analysis - part 2

Range in Mission/GoalsRange in Mission/Goals

University of Florida, Dept. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

“train graduate students for entry-level, professional positions in areas of fisheries biology, aquatic resource management, and/or aquaculture and provide a solid, scientific foundation for further graduate work leading to the Ph.D. degree. “

University of Georgia Warnell School of Forest Resources

“development of scientists and professional resource managers capable of leadership in the identification, analysis, and solution of resource-related problems through understanding and application of biological, economic, social, and analytical principles.”


Mission/Goal Key WordsMission/Goal Key Words

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

adaptabilitycritical thinking

resolutioncollaborate

changevalues

conflict or consensusstakeholders

synthesisleadershipinnovation

decision-makingsustainable

% of 85 programs

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Economics

Fisheries Technology

Seafood Technology

Policy

Wildlife Science

Marine Sci/Oceanography

Aquaculture

Fisheries Management

Other Nat Res Management

Fisheries Science

% of 85 programs


Strategy - Disciplinary FoundationStrategy - Disciplinary Foundation


Strategy - Science : Management RatioStrategy - Science : Management Ratio

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0:100

5-10:90-95

25:75

50:50

75:25

90-95:5-10

100:0

% of 85 programs

Science

Management


Science Core (course & emphasis)Science Core (course & emphasis)(key words came from literature review)(key words came from literature review)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Seafood technology

Stock assessment

Math, Statistics, Calculus

Fishing technology

Oceanography

Pop dynamics

Aquaculture

Aquatic Science

Fish Ecology

Fisheries biology

% of 85 programs

Fisheries Management Programs Review - Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Analysis - part 2 Management Core (courses & emphasis)Management Core (courses & emphasis)

(key words came from literature review)(key words came from literature review)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Decision science

Ethics/Philosophy

Marine/Enviro. Management

Business

Law

Sociology

Policy

Economics

Fishery management

% of 85 programs

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Strategic/LR plan

Systems thinking

Policy analysis

Critical thinking

Risk/Impact Assess

problem-solving

Decision-making

Conflict Resolution

Monitoring

Geog/Map skills

Research

Exp design/statistic sampling

Employee superv & manage.

Team work

Budget Preparation

Administration

Public Relations

Technical assistance

Extension

Public Speaking

Writing

% of 85 programs

Fisheries Management Fisheries Management Programs Review - Programs Review -

Analysis - part 2Analysis - part 2 Skills Skills

““Team work is Team work is very low”very low”

Noah JodiceNoah JodiceAge 7Age 7

Communications

Administrative

Research

Problem-Solving

Fisheries Management Programs Review -Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Analysis - part 2 Courses w/ skill training - Example #1Courses w/ skill training - Example #1

Forest Administration and Organization.Forest Administration and Organization. (3) Three hour lecture. Hierarchy and land structuring of forest organizations. Legal aspects of administering forest and holdings.

Course Objectives:Course Objectives:1. Understand and appreciate who owns forest land, the kinds and structure offorestry organizations that administer forest properties, forms of ownership andhow properties are financed.

2. Learn about organization theory including leadership, motivation, workerincluding leadership, motivation, workerempowerment and communicationempowerment and communication.

3. Learn and develop skills in negotiation, team building, group processes, skills in negotiation, team building, group processes, Total Quality Management and professional protocolTotal Quality Management and professional protocol.

Department of Forestry

Fisheries Management Programs Review -Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Analysis - part 2 Courses w/ skill training - Example #2Courses w/ skill training - Example #2

Principles of ManagementPrinciples of Management (3) Basic theories, concepts, principles, and functions of modern management and administration. Planning, organizing, Planning, organizing, staffing, and human resources management, directing and supervising, staffing, and human resources management, directing and supervising, communication, controlling, evaluating and budgetingcommunication, controlling, evaluating and budgeting responsibilities in public agencies and private industries, and social and ethical considerations, are among the principal topics emphasized.

Papers:Papers:

1)1) 2 Memos2 Memos

2)2) Leadership Leadership - “gap analysis of the distance between you and your leadership role model”

3)3) Problem SolvingProblem Solving - apply the decision-making framework to a problem you may or have encountered in your professional

career

Fisheries Management Programs Review -Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Analysis - part 2 Skill Training - Example #3Skill Training - Example #3

Continuing Education - Leadership ProgramContinuing Education - Leadership Program

Features:Features: •Enhance the productivity and effectiveness

•Two levels:Level I -Level I - Technical LeadershipTechnical Leadership - GS 5-11 and entry level• various courses focusing on technical skillsLevel II - Program LeadershipLevel II - Program Leadership - mid - level managers• Leadership and CommunicationLeadership and Communication• Natural Resource PolicyNatural Resource Policy• Values and EconomicsValues and Economics• Program ManagementProgram Management • ProjectProject necessary to graduate from Level II = Program Plan

Fisheries Management Programs ReviewFisheries Management Programs ReviewAnalysis, part 3 - Program QualityAnalysis, part 3 - Program Quality

• Training Capacity –facilities–partnerships–independence

• Flexibility –required vs. elective courses–degree options (dual degree, flexible -learning, continuing education)

• Capstone–courses - integrated courses that for systems thinking–opportunities - leadership, team work, decision-making

# Institutions = 47

Fisheries Management Programs - Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Analysis - part 3 Training CapacityTraining Capacity

FacilitiesFacilities

Associated Marine Lab 27 (57%)

Research or training vessel 25 (53%)

Access to Fishing Industry 24(51%)

Tokyo Univ. Fisheries

OSU RV Wecoma

OSU HMSC - Newport

Coos Bay, Oregon

Government PartnershipGovernment Partnership

Florida State University/NMFS Florida State University/NMFS Institute for Fishery Resource Institute for Fishery Resource EcologyEcology

• vehicle to combine university and agency expertise

• address marine resource issues of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico that affect Florida, the southeastern United States, and the rest of the nation.


Partnerships - Example #1Partnerships - Example #1

University of Tromso, NORWEGIAN COLLEGE OF FISHERY SCIENCEUniversity of Tromso, NORWEGIAN COLLEGE OF FISHERY SCIENCE M.Sc. in International Fisheries ManagementM.Sc. in International Fisheries Management (2 yr)(2 yr)

Features:Features:• interdisciplinary education - practical aim• economics and biology, technology, principles of organization, and law• dissertation related to home country

Focus on international students - scholarshipsFocus on international students - scholarships• English Taught Quota Program - certain number of student places for study

programmes specially designed for applicants from certain countries (developing countries and some Eastern European countries).

• NORAD (Norwegian Agency For Development Cooperation) assist developing countries; lasting improvements in political, economic and social conditions for the entire population within the limits imposed by the natural environment and the natural resource base.


Partnerships - Example #2Partnerships - Example #2Government & InternationalGovernment & International


Independence (or dependence on other departments)Independence (or dependence on other departments)

13%

33%

39%

15%

primarily dependenton other depts.some dependence onother depts.no dependence onother depts.no information

Fisheries Management Programs - Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Analysis - part 3 Exclusive Fisheries University Model - ChinaExclusive Fisheries University Model - China

Shanghai Fisheries University, China •Multi-discipline, multi-level, fisheries, marine and food sciences•Evolved from Jiangsu Provincial Fishery School founded in 1912.

Also, for the basics: College of Computer ScienceCollege of Human and Basic Sciences

College of MarineCollege of Marine •Fishing technology, •International Fisheries and Policy•Fishery Resources and Environment•Fishery Engineering Facilities

College of Economics and TradeCollege of Economics and Trade •Fishery economics and management(672 UG, 5 masters)

College of FisheryCollege of Fishery •Aquaculture Science•Water Environment Science•Biological technology (500 UG, 40 masters)

College of Food ScienceCollege of Food Science •processing & utilization (765 UG, 35 masters)

ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

Fisheries Management Programs - Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Analysis - part 3 Curriculum FlexibilityCurriculum Flexibility

(Required vs Elective Courses)(Required vs Elective Courses)

%high (1/3 or less required) 21.18

medium (about 1/2 required) 29.41low (2/3 or more required) 34.12

not enough information 15.29

Level of Flexibility

TERM 1TERM 1Graduate Certificate in Fisheries Management Economic Applications Fisheries Management Fisheries Biology and Ecology + 1 Elective

Fisheries Management Programs - Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Analysis - part 3 Degree Option Flexibility - Example #1Degree Option Flexibility - Example #1

Australian Maritime College -“MBA in Marine Resource Management”Australian Maritime College -“MBA in Marine Resource Management”

Distance/Accelerated CoursesDistance/Accelerated Courses•Administrative Law •Coastal Zone Management•Conflict, Environment & Social Impact•Economic Applications •Environmental Management Systems •Environmental Policy

TERM 2TERM 2Graduate Diploma in Fisheries Management Recreational Fisheries Management Information Processing Introduction to Law + 1 Elective

TERM 3 = 1 year totalTERM 3 = 1 year totalMasters (Coursework) + Research Project

Marine Policy

FishEcology

22ndnd Year YearMasters (Research) + Thesis

• Working professionalWorking professional

• Model for Stakeholder training or Model for Stakeholder training or continuing educationcontinuing education

Fisheries Management Programs -Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Analysis - part 3 Degree Option Flexibility - Example #2Degree Option Flexibility - Example #2

Dual DegreeDual Degree

Features:Features:• M.B.A. and M.S. in Natural Resources/Environment.

• Highly selective 3-year dual degree program

• develops future private and public leadersprivate and public leaders possessing the requisite mix of scientific literacy, global vision, entrepreneurial creativity, and management skills needed to achieve sustainable commerce and governance.

• trained to deal with complex social, ecological and economic complex social, ecological and economic interdependenciesinterdependencies via an emphasis on transdisciplinary approaches, systems thinking, public-private partnerships, and experiential learning in the field.

• Rated by World Resources Institute as "Cutting Edge"Rated by World Resources Institute as "Cutting Edge"

Corporate Environmental Management Program

Fisheries Management Programs - Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Analysis - part 3 Capstone OpportunitiesCapstone Opportunities

0 20 40 60 80 100

team project

leadership experience or training

inservice work

case studies

student association

international opportunity

field trip

internship

capstone course

practicuum or field course

research project

thesis

% of 85 programs

Fisheries Management Programs - Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Analysis - part 3 Capstone OpportunitiesCapstone Opportunities - Example

Synthesis team project

MSPPM Systems Synthesis ProjectsMSPPM Systems Synthesis Projects capstone experiencecapstone experience • Working in a group for a Working in a group for a realreal client client

• students will tackle a tackle a realreal issue issue that "synthesizes" their first year coursework"synthesizes" their first year coursework in economics, statistics, management science, financial analysis, professional writing and speaking.

• guided-and challenged-by a faculty advisor and an advisory board of professionals in the field.

• Students propose a project, frame the problem, conduct the analysispropose a project, frame the problem, conduct the analysis, make make recommendations and present their findingsrecommendations and present their findings-just like they'll do in every job they have after graduating from the Heinz School.

• Students will find systems stimulating, frustrating, edifying, and excitingstimulating, frustrating, edifying, and exciting. It will be the best professional preparationbest professional preparation they could hope for.

Fisheries Management Programs - Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Analysis - part 3

Learning from other top management programsLearning from other top management programs

The Learning ModelThe Learning Model Success in business comes from experience and knowledge, from the ability to analyze and reflectability to analyze and reflect, from observing and interactingobserving and interacting with others, and learning from these encounterslearning from these encounters.

It's a process of inductive learning that goes beyond facts and inductive learning that goes beyond facts and theoriestheories—a process that teaches individuals not only how to how to manage organizations, but also how to continually grow and learn manage organizations, but also how to continually grow and learn throughout life. throughout life. A process that empowers our students to be architects of their own future.architects of their own future.


Comparison with other Management ProgramsComparison with other Management Programs Learning from other top management programs

The Case Method at HBSThe Case Method at HBS • Bringing real-life business problemsBringing real-life business problems into the classroom: this is at the heart of the Harvard Business School experience and the essence of the case method.

•primary form of instruction

•presents the greatest challenges confronting leading companiesgreatest challenges confronting leading companies today

•complete with the constraints and incomplete informationconstraints and incomplete information found in a real business situation

•places the student in the role of the decision makerstudent in the role of the decision maker


Comparison with other Management ProgramsComparison with other Management Programs Learning from other top management programs

Social Enterprise optionSocial Enterprise option:Leadership roles in nonprofit organizations and other social enterprises.

Electives:Electives:•Entrepreneurship in the Social Sector

•Business Leadership in the Social Sector •Effective Leadership of Social EnterprisesEffective Leadership of Social Enterprises - exploring the key determinants of superior performance and sustainability in established social enterprises through cases, lectures, and class visitors; four modules: Mission, Strategy and Structure; Leadership and Management of Human Resources; Governance, Financial Management and Performance Measurement; Leading Change in Social Enterprise Institutions; build skills in leading and reinventing institutions

•Field Studies in Social Enterprise

Summary and Findings

We Reviewed:• Eighty five “Fishery Management” Programs

• Thirty “Management” Programs in other fields

We found (in the fishery management programs):• Significant diversity in structure

• Strong foundation in traditional fishery science

• Courses in varied fields

• Relatively little integrative experience

• Not ambitious: less emphasis on critical thinking, leadership, systems approaches, decision science

Remaining Questions • If we are devolving from highly centralized

management, are we providing the right curriculum/training for managers and stakeholders?

• Reviewed many programs with many courses, but are they:

• Integrated with effective capstone experiences?

• High quality and rigor or a hodge-podge curriculum?

• Teaching skills emphasized in leading MBA, Forestry and and Public Administration programs: problem solving, leadership, strategic behavior, lifelong learning, systems thinking, institutional analysis and design?

• Significant variety of structures and alternative approaches? Is that variety ideal -- or does it represent inadequate understanding of effective educational needs?

• Are programs developing intellectual leaders and policy entrepreneurs who can “break out” of institutional barriers?

• Are these programs effectively educating managers for creating, accessing and analyzing the most vital information, knowledge, and ideas?

Remaining Questions

• Should programs and curriculum focus more on ocean management issues?

• Relatively few PhD programs – Is there a need? What about dual degree programs?

• Should these programs teach “internal” organization management parallel with “external” resource management?

Remaining Questions

training managers for 21st century fisheries - oregon state...

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