02 1250.king climate.03 climate change and design …

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ARCH 1250APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

CLASS TWO - CLIMATEMacroclimate and Microclimate

Part 2: Climate Change & Design Strategies

John Seitz, RA, LEED APAssistant Adjunct Professor

Professor Paul C. King, RA, AIA, ARAAssistant Professor

LECTURE TWOCLIMATE

ARCH 1250SITE PLANNING

NYC COLLEGEOF TECHNOLOGY

SUN CHART

READING THE CHART

• PATH/DATE

• TIME

• ALTITUDE

• BEARING

TRACKING THE PATH

• 5 AM

• 7 AM

• 9 AM

• 12 NOON

• 3 PM

• 5 PM

• 7 PM

REVIT TUTORIAL

• STILL VIEW

• SOLAR STUDY

EXERCISES

• NEW MONTH

• NEW LOCATION

• Q & A

The Sun and Climate - Charting the Sun

Reading the Sun Chart

Revit Step by Step – Still View

Revit Step by Step – Solar Study Animation

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Climate Change

Climate Change generally refers to a broad spectrum of changes over time to our macroclimate

•These include rising surface temperatures (global warming)• Changing patterns to precipitation and winds• and an increase in frequency and strength of storm activity.

These changes have a range of extended indirect effects, including:

• rising sea levels (from melting glacial and polar land ice)• habitat loss and species extinctions• water availability & agricultural productivity• disease prevalence• and destruction of the built environment.

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE

CLIMATE and BUILDING FORM

BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

LECTURE TWOCLIMATE



Greenhouse effect

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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Increase in Global Temperature and CO2 Concentration

Data per Berkeley Earth © 2012

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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Increase in Global Temperature and CO2 Concentration

Data per Berkeley Earth © 2012

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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Greenhouse Gases as regulated by Kyoto

Carbon dioxide (CO2) From the decay of materials, respiration of plant and animal life, volcanic and thermal venting, and the natural and human-induced combustion of materials and fuels. It is removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and ocean absorption.

Methane (CH4) From the anaerobic (without oxygen) decay of matter. Primary sources include wetlands, rice paddies, animal digestive processes, fossil fuel extraction, pulp and paper processing and decaying garbage.

Nitrous oxide (N20) Soils and oceans are the primary natural source of nitrous oxide. Humans contribute through soil cultivation and use of nitrogen fertilizers, nylon production, and the burning of organic material and fossil fuels.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Halocarbons are human-produced chemical compounds containing members of the halogen family (bromine, chlorine, and fluorine) and carbon.

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) From electric power industry circuit breakers, gas-insulated substations and switchgear.

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

LECTURE TWOCLIMATE



Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)

All of Earth’s ecosystems have been significantly transformed through human actions and the pace of change is accelerating. This change is resulting in a net loss of ecosystem services (as demand increases).

Up to 30% of mammal, bird, and amphibian species are currently threatened with a medium to high certainty of extinction.

Since industrial fishing began, the total mass of commercially exploited marine species has been reduced by 90% in much of the world.

The assessment shows that with appropriate actions it is possible to reverse the degradation of many ecosystem services over the next 50 years, but the changes in policy and practice required are substantial and not currently underway.

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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Rising Storm Damage

A study by Munich Re recently concluded that rising casualty losses from disasters is primarily a result of rising investments in vulnerable areas. A trend that could be reversed with better site planning and land-use decisions.

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

LECTURE TWOCLIMATE



Urban Heat Islands

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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Acid Rain

Rainwater has a normal acidity level of 6.0-6.9. In the northeast US these levels change dramatically based on the concentration of atmospheric pollutants, primarily SO2, which combines with moisture in the air to create Sulfuric Acid. The increased acidity of rainwater also affects buildings, corroding plumbing systems and eroding stone facades.

LECTURE TWOCLIMATE



Acid Rain

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NYC COLLEGEOF TECHNOLOGY Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, NM

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

LECTURE TWOCLIMATE



Wind and site planning

Trees and site plantings may be used to deflect winds, sheltering both outdoor spaces and buildings.

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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Trees and site plantings may also be used to increase wind speeds and channel breezes.

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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Seasonal wind shifts provide opportunities for creating comfortable outdoor spaces through the year.

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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Bioclimatic Chart

BioClimatic Chart, from Victor Olgyay’s, Design With Climate, 1963

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Miami, FL

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

THE SUN and CLIMATE

CLIMATECHANGE


BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

New York, NY

Phoenix, AZ

Bioclimatic Chart & Design

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How do the four (4) climate zones differ?

Image Source:http://www.alpine-charms.com/mure_ext_2.jpg

Cold

Temperate

Hot – Humid

Hot – Arid

• The Cold Region includes areas with extremely long and cold winters and limited hours of sunlight in winter.

• Alaska, North Dakota, Minnesota, Maine

Climate Inventory:Deep Snow, Strong Winds, High Wind-Chill Factor, Deep Frost, Alternating Freeze-Thaw Cycle, Rapid Spring Melt

Analysis:Need to minimize heat loss and maximize solar radiation. Need to protect from winter winds.

Design Response:Massive low-profile, well insulated structures with limited glass areas, maximum sun exposure, minimum wind exposure and protected entries.

LECTURE TWOCLIMATE




Image Source:http://www.realestatewebmasters.com/blogs/uploads/Image/Nashville%20Images/DSC_0070.JPG

Cold

Temperate

Hot – Humid

Hot – Arid

• Variable temperatures from warm to hot in the summer to cold in the winter and moderate in the spring and fall

• Oregon, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York

Climate Inventory:Seasonal and variable temperatures changes throughout the year. Changing wind directions and violent storms. Alternating periods of drought and flood.

Analysis:Construction to withstand the worst of the storms and provision for all-weather durability and maintenance.

Design Response:Minimize need for cooling, heating and ventilation. Orient building to minimize summer heat gain, maximize summer breezes and protect from winter winds.

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Image Source:http://www.deadmentellnotales.com/onlinetexts/potc/images/2bayou.jpg

Cold

Temperate

Hot – Humid

Hot – Arid

• Categorized by consistently high temperatures and low humidity• Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina

Inventory:Temperatures relatively high with high humidity, torrential and sudden rainfall, storm winds of hurricane force

Analysis:Elevate structures above the ground, facing into the breeze, and insect proof critical areas.

Design Response:Cool by all feasible means; open building plans, high ceilings, louvered openings, breezeways and natural ventilation.

LECTURE TWOCLIMATE




Image Source:http://room42.wikispaces.com/file/view/2.jpg/33517415/2.jpg

Cold

Temperate

Hot – Humid

Hot – Arid

• Categorized by consistently high temperatures and high humidity• Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Death Valley & Southern

California

Inventory:Temperatures relatively high and dry. Goes from the extremes of hot during the day to cold at night. Annual rainfall is minimal.

Analysis:Lack of water is a major concern. Provide catchment of spring rainfall from roofs courts and paved areas.

Design Response:Thick walls, high ceilings, wide overhangs, light colored exterior materials and cool compact dim interior spaces.

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Cold Climate Region

Cold

Temperate

Hot – Humid

Hot – Arid

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Temperate Climate Region

Cold

Temperate

Hot – Humid

Hot – Arid

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Hot – Humid Climate Region

Cold

Temperate

Hot – Humid

Hot – Arid

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Hot – Arid Climate Region

Cold

Temperate

Hot – Humid

Hot – Arid

02 1250.king climate.03 climate change and design …

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