HANDBOUNDATTHEUNIVERSITYOF>TRUBNER8 ORIENTAL SERIES."Aknowledgeofthecommonplace,atleast,ofOrientalliterature,philosophy,andreligionis asnecessarytothegeneralreader of thepresentdayasanacquaintancewiththeLatinandGreek classics wasagenerationorsoago.Immense strides havebeenmadewithinthepresent centuryinthesebranchesoflearning;Sanskrithasbeen broughtwithintherangeofaccuratephilology,anditsinvaluableancientliteraturethoroughlyinvestigated;thelanguageandsacredbooksoftheZoroastrianshavebeenlaidbare; Egyptian,Assyrian,andotherrecords of theremotepasthavebeendeciphered,andagroupofscholarsspeakof still more reconditeAccadian and Hittitemonuments;buttheresultsof allthescholarshipthat hasbeendevotedtothesesubjectshavebeenalmost inaccessibletothepublicbecausetheywerecontainedforthemostpartinlearnedorexpensiveworks,orscatteredthroughoutthe numbersofscientificperiodicals.Messrs.TRUBNER &Co.,inaspiritofenterprisewhichdoestheminfinitecredit,havedeterminedtosupplytheconstantly-increasingwant,and togiveinapopular, or,atleast,acomprehensiveform,allthismassofknowledgetothe world." Times.NewEditioninpreparation,Post8vo,withMap,THE INDIAN EMPIRE:ITSHISTORY, PEOPLE,ANDPRODUCTS.Beingarevisedformofthearticle"India,"inthe"Imperial Gazetteer,"remodelledintochapters,broughtuptodate,andincorporatingthegeneralresultsoftheCensusof 1881.BYW. W.HUNTER,, C.I.E., LL.D.,Director-GeneralofStatisticstotheGovernmentofIndia."The articleIndia,in VolumeIV.,is the touchstone of thework,andprovesclearlyenoughthesterlingmetalofwhich it iswrought.Itrepresentstheessenceof theioovolumeswhich contain theresultsof the statisticalsurveyconductedbyDr. Hunterthroughouteachof the240districts of India. Itis, moreover,theonlyattemptthathaseverbeenmadetoshow howtheIndianpeoplehavebeenbuiltup,and theevidencefrom theoriginalmaterials has beenfor thefirsttime sifted andexaminedbythelightof the local research in which the authorwas for solongengaged.Times.TRUBNER SORIENTALSERIES.THE FOLLOWINGWORKSHAVEALREADYAPPEARED:ThirdEdition, post8vo, cloth, pp.xvi.428, pricei6s.ESSAYSONTHESACREDLANGUAGE,WRITINGS,ANDRELIGIONOFTHEPARSIS.BYMARTINHAUG,PH.D.,LuteoftheUniversitiesofTubingen, Gottiugen,andBonn; Superintendentof SanskritStudies,andProfessorofSanskritinthePoonaCollege.EDITEDANDENLARGEDBY DR. E. W.WEST.TowhichisaddedaBiographicalMemoirofthelateDr.HAUGbyProf. E. P. EVANS.I.HistoryoftheResearchesintotheSacredWritingsandReligionof theParsis,fromtheEarliestTimesdowntothePresent.II.LanguagesoftheParsiScriptures.III. TheZend-Avesta,ortheScriptureoftheParsis.IV. TheZoroastriau Religion,astoitsOriginandDevelopment."Essaysonthe SacredLanguage,Writings,andReligionof theParsis, bythelateDr MartinHaug,editedbyDr. E.W.West. Theauthorintended,onhisreturnfrom India,toexpandthe materials contained in thiswork into acomprehensiveaccountof the Zoroastrian religion,but thedesignwas frustratedbyhisuntimelydeathWehave,however,inaconciseandreadableform,ahistoryoftheresearchesintothesacredwritingsand religionof the Parsisfrom the earliest timesdowntothe presenta dissertation on thelanguagesof the ParsiScriptures,a translationof theZend-Avesta,ortheScriptureof theParsis,andadissertationontheZoroastrianreligion,withespecialreferencetoitsoriginanddevelopment."Times.Post8vo, cloth, pp.viii.176, price 75.6d.TEXTSFROMTHE BUDDHIST CANONCOMMONLYKNOWNAS"DHAMMAPADA."WithAccompanyingNarratives.TranslatedfromtheChinesebyS.BEAL,B.A.,ProfessorofChinese,UniversityCollege,London.TheDhammapada,as hithertoknownbythePaliTextEdition,aseditedbyFausboll, byMax MiillersEnglish,and Albrecht Webers Germantranslations,consistsonlyoftwenty-six chaptersorsections,whilst theChinese version,or ratherrecension,as now translatedbyMr.Beal,consists ofthirty-ninesections. The students of PaliwhopossessFausbollstext,oreither of the above-namedtranslations,will therefore needs wantMr. IJealsEnglish renderingof the Chinese version;the thirteen above-namedadditionalsections notbeingaccessibleto them inanyotherform;for,eveniftheyunderstandChinese,the Chineseoriginalwould be unobtainablebythem."Mr. Dealsrenderingof the Chinese translation is a mostvaluable aid to thecritical studyof the work. It contains authentic textsgatheredfrom ancientcanonical books,andgenerallyconnected with some incident in thehistoryofBuddha.Theirgreatinterest,however,consistsin thelightwhichtheythrowuponeverydaylife in India at the remoteperiodatwhichtheywerewritten,anduponthe methodofteaching adopted bythe founder of thereligion.The methodemployedwasprincipallyparable,andthesimplicityof thetalesandtheexcellenceofthe "morals inculcated,aswellanthestrangeholdwhichtheyhave retaineduponthemindsofmillionsofpeople,makethemaveryremarkablestudy."Times."Mr. Heal,bymakingit accessible inanEnglishdress,hasadded tothegreatseriousalreadyrendered to thecomparative study ofreligioushistory." Academy.: tblt: asexhibitingthe doctrine of the Buddhists in itspurest,leastadulterated f,,nn,itbringsth.imod.Tiireaderfacetofacewiththatsimple creedandruleofconductwhichwonitsway over themind ofmyriads,andwhichis nownominallydby 145millions,whohaveoverlaidits austeresimplicitywithinnumerablein itsmaxims,perverteditsteaching,andsoinverteditsleadingpriuciulethat areligionwhosefounderdenied aGod,nowworshipsthat founderasai4->dhimself." Scottman.TRUBNER SORIENTALSERIES.SecondEdition,post8vo, cloth, pp.xxiv.360, pricelos. 6d.THEHISTORYOFINDIANLITERATURE.BYALBRECHTWEBER.TranslatedfromtheSecondGermanEditionbyJOHNMANN,M.A.,andTHEODOEZACHARIAE,Ph.D.,withthesanctionoftheAuthor.Dr.BUHLER,Inspectorof SchoolsinIndia,writes: "When IwasProfessorof OrientalLanguagesinElphinstone College,Ifrequentlyfelt thewantofsuchaworktowhichI couldreferthestudents."ProfessorCOWELL,ofCambridge,writes : "It will beespeciallyusefulto the students in our Indiancollegesand universities. Iused tolongforsuchabookwhenIwasteachingin Calcutta. Hindu studentsareintenselyinterestedinthehistoryof Sanskritliterature,and thisvolumewillsupplythemwithalltheywantonthesubject."ProfessorWHITNEY,YaleCollege, Newhaven, Conn.,U.S.A.,writes :"Iwasoneof theclasstowhomtheworkwasoriginallygivenin the formof academic lectures. Attheir firstappearance theywerebyfar the mostlearnedandabletreatmentof theirsubject;andwiththeirrecentadditionstheystillmaintaindecidedlythesamerank.""Isperhapsthe mostcomprehensiveand lucidsurveyof Sanskrit literatureextant. Theessayscontainedinthevolume wereoriginallydelivered as academiclectures,and at the timeof their firstpublicationwereacknowledgedtobebyfarthemostlearnedandable treatment of thesubject. Theyhavenowbeenbroughtuptodatebythe addition of all the mostimportantresultsof recentresearch."Times.Post8vo, cloth, pp.xii.198,accompaniedbyTwoLanguageMaps,price123.ASKETCHOFTHEMODERNLANGUAGESOFTHEEASTINDIES.BYROBERTN. CUST.The Author hasattemptedto fillupavacuum,the inconvenience ofwhichpresseditself on his notice. Much had been written about thelanguagesoftheEastIndies,but the extent of ourpresent knowledgehadnot even beenbroughtto a focus. Itoccurred to himthatitmightbe ofusetootherstopublishinanarrangedformthenoteswhichhehadcollectedfor hisownedification."Suppliesadeficiencywhichhaslongbeenfelt." Times."The book before us is then a valuable contribution tophilologicalscience. Itpassesunderreviewavastnumberoflanguages,anditgives,orprofessestogive,ineverycasethesumandsubstanceoftheopinionsandjudgmentsofthe best-informedwriters."SaturdayReview.SecondCorrectedEdition,post8vo,pp.xii.116, cloth, price55.THEBIRTHOFTHEWAR-GOD.APoem. BYKALIDASA.TranslatedfromtheSanskritintoEnglishVersebyRALPHT. H.GRIFFITH,M.A."Avery spirited renderingof theKumdrasambhava,whichwas firstpublishedtwenty-six years ago,and whichwearegladto see madeoncemoreaccessible."2i mes."Mr. Griffithsvery spirited renderingis well known to most who are at allinterested in Indianliterature,orenjoythe tenderness offeelingandrichcreativeimaginationofits author." IndianAntiquary."Weareverygladtowelcome a second edition of Professor Griffithsadmirabletranslation. Few translationsdeserveasecondeditionbetter." Athenaum.TRUBNER SORIENTALSERIES.Post8vo, pp. 432,cloth, pricei6s.ACLASSICAL DICTIONARYOFHINDUMYTHOLOGYANDRELIGION,GEOGRAPHY,HISTORY,ANDLITERATURE.BYJOHNDOWSON, M.R.A.S.,LateProfessorofHindustani,StaffCollege."This notonlyforms anindispensablebookof reference to studentsof Indianliterature,but is alsoofgreat general interest,as itgivesin a concise andeasilyaccessibleform all that need beknownabout thepersonagesofHindumythologywhosenames are sofamiliar,but ofwhomso little is knownoutside the limitedcircleofsavants." Times."Itisnoslight gainwhensuchsubjectsaretreatedfairlyandfullyinamoderatespace;andweneedonlyaddthatthefewwantswhichwemayhopeto seesuppliedinneweditionsdetractbutlittlefromthegeneralexcellence ofMr.Dowsons work."SaturdayReview.Post8vo,withViewofMecca,pp.cxii.172, cloth, pricegs.SELECTIONSFROMTHEKORAN.BYEDWARDWILLIAMLANE,Translatorof"TheThousandandOneNights;"&c.,&c.A NewEdition,RevisedandEnlarged,withanIntroductionbySTANLEYLANEPOOLE."... Hasbeenlongesteemed in thiscoxmtryas thecompilationof one of thegreatestArabicscholarsofthetime,thelate Mr.Lane,thewell-knowntranslatorofthe ArabianNights."... Thepresenteditor has enhanced the value of hisrelativesworkbydivestingthetextofagreatdeal ofextraneousmatterintroducedby wayofcomment,andprefixinganintroduction." Times."Mr. Poole is both agenerousanda learnedbiographer.. . . Mr. Pooletellsusthe facts ... sofaras it ispossibleforindustryand criticism to ascertainthem,andforliteraryskill topresenttheminacondensedand readable form."English-man,Calcutta.Post8vo, pp.vi.368, cloth, price 143.MODERNINDIAANDTHEINDIANS,BEINGASERIESOFIMPRESSIONS, NOTES,ANDESSAYS.BYMONIERWILLIAMS, D.C.L.,Hon.LL.D.oftheUniversityofCalcutta,Hon.MemberoftheBombayAsiaticSociety,BodeiiProfessorofSanskritintheUniversityofOxford.ThirdEdition,revisedandaugmentedbyconsiderableAdditions,withIllustrationsandaMap."Inthisvolumewehavethethoughtfulimpressionsofathoughtfulmanonsomeof the mostimportantquestionsconnected with our IndianEmpire.. . . Anenlightenedobservantman,travelling among anenlightenedobservant people,ProfessorMonierWilliamshasbroughtbeforethepublicinapleasant form moreofthemannersandcustomsof theQueensIndiansubjectsthanweeverrememberto have seeninanyonework. Henotonlydeserves the thanksofeveryEnglishmanforthisablecontribution to thestudyof Modern India asubjectwith which weshould bespeciallvfamiliar but he deserves the thanks ofevery Indian,Parsee orHindu,BuddhistandMoslem,for his clearexpositionof theirmanners,theircreeds,andtheirnecessities." Times.Post8vo, pp.xliv.376,cloth,price 143.METRICALTRANSLATIONSFROMSANSKRITWRITERS.WithanIntroduction,manyProseVersions,andParallelPassagesfromClassicalAuthors.BYJ.MUIR,C.I.E., D.C.L., LL.D.,Ph.D."... AnagreeableintroductiontoHindupoetrv."Times."... Avolumewhichmaybetaken .is ; i fair illustration alike of thereligiousand moral sentiments and of thelegendarylore of the best Sanskrit writers."Edinburgh DailyReview.TRUBNER SORIENTALSERIES.SecondEdition, post8vo, pp.xxvi.244, cloth, pricelos. 6d.THE GULISTAN;OR,KOSE GARDEN OFSHEKHMTJSHLIUD-DINSADIOFSHIRAZ.Translated for the First Time into ProseandVerse,with anIntroductoryPreface,andaLifeoftheAuthor,fromtheAtishKadah,BYEDWARD B.EASTWICK,C.B., M.A., F.R.S.,M.R.A.S."Itisaveryfairrenderingoftheoriginal."Times."The newedition haslongbeen desired,and will bewelcomed byall whotakeanyinterestinOrientalpoetry.TheGulistanisatypicalPersianverse-bookof thehighestorder. Mr.Eastwicksrhymedtranslation... haslongestablisheditself inasecurepositionasthebestversionofSadisfinestwork."Academy."Itisbothfaithfullyandgracefullyexecuted." Tablet.InTwoVolumes,post8vo,pp.viii.408andviii.348, cloth, price289.MISCELLANEOUSESSAYS RELATING TO INDIANSUBJECTS.BYBRIANHOUGHTONHODGSON,ESQ., F.R.S.,LateoftheBengalCivilService; Corresponding Memberof theInstitute;ChevalieroftheLegionof Honour;lateBritishMinisterattheCourtofNepal, &c.,&c.CONTENTSOt< VOL. I.SECTIONI. On theKocch, B6do,and Dhimal Tribes. Part I.Vocabulary.PartII. Grammar. Part III. TheirOrigin, Location, Numbers, Creed, Customs,Character,andCondition,with a GeneralDescriptionof theClimatetheydwellin.Appendix.SECTION II. OnHimalayan Ethnology.I.Comparative Vocabularyof the LanguagesoftheBrokenTribesofNepal.II.VocabularyoftheDialectsoftheKiraiitLanguageIII. GrammaticalAnalysisoftheVayuLanguage.TheVayuGrammar.IVAnalysisof theBahingDialect of the KirantiLanguage.TheBalingGrammar. V. OntheVayuorHayuTribe of theCentralHimalaya.VI. OntneKirantiTribeoftheCentralHimalaya.CONTENTSOFVOL. II.SECTIONIII. OntheAboriginesofNorth-EasternIndia.ComparativeVocabularyoftheTibetan,Bodo,andGaroTongues.SECTIONIV.AboriginesoftheNorth-EasternFrontier.SECTIONV.AboriginesoftheEasternFrontier.SECTIONVI. The Indo-Chinese Borderers,and their connection with the Hima-layansandTibetans.ComparativeVocabularyofIndo-ChineseBorderersinArakan.ComparativeVocabularyofIndo-ChineseBorderersinTenasserim.SECTIONVII. TheMongolianAffinities ofthe Caucasians.ComparisonandAnalysisofCaucasianandMongolianWords.SECTIONVIII.PhysicalTypeof Tibetans.SK.CTIONIX. TheAboriginesof Central India.ComparativeVocabularyof theAboriginalLanguagesofCentralIndia.Aboriginesof theEasternGhats. Vocabularyof someoftheDialectsof theHillandWanderingTribesintheNorthern Sircars.Aborigines of theNilgiris,with Remarks on theirAffinities.SupplementtotheNilgirianVocabularies. TheAboriginesofSouthernIndiaandCeylon.SECTION X. Route ofNepaleseMission toPekin,with Remarkson the Water-ShedandPlateauofTibet.SECTION XL Route fromKathmandu,theCapitalofNepal,toDarjeelinginSikim. Memorandumrelative to theSevenCosisofNepal.SECTIONXII. SomeAccounts of theSystemsofLawandPoliceasrecognisedintheStateofNepal.SECTIONXIII. TheNativeMethod ofmakingthePaperdenominatedHindustan,Nepalese.SECTION XIV. Pre-eminence of theVernaculars; or,theAnglicistsAnswered;BeingLettersontheEducationofthePeopleofIndia."Forthestudyoftheless-knownracesofIndiaMr. BrianHodgsons MiscellaneousEssayswill befoundveryvaluablebothtotuephilologistandtheethnologist."Tima.TRUBNER SORIENTALSERIES.ThirdEdition,TwoVols., post 8vo, pp.viii. 268andviii.326, cloth,price2is.THELIFEORLEGENDOFGAUDAMA,THEBUDDHAOFTHEBURMESE. WithAnnotations.TheWaystoNeibban,andNoticeonthePhongyiesorBurmeseMonks.BYTHE EIGHTKEV. P.BIGANDET,BishopofRamatha,Vicar-Apostolicof AvaandPegu."Theworkisfurnishedwithcopiousnotes,whichnotonlyillustrate thesubject-matter,but formaperfectencyclopaediaofBuddhistlore." Times."A workwhichwillfurnishEuropeanstudentsof Buddhismwitha mostvaluablehelpintheprosecutionoftheirinvestigations." Edinburgh DailyReview."BishopBigandetsinvaluablework." IndianAntiquary."Viewedinthislight,itsimportanceissufficienttoplacestudentsof thesubjectunderadeepobligationtoits author." CalcuttaRevieio."ThisworkisoneofthegreatestauthoritiesuponBuddhism." DublinRe-view.Post8vo, pp.xxiv.420, cloth, price183.CHINESEBUDDHISM.AVOLUMEOFSKETCHES,HISTORICALANDCRITICAL.BYJ.EDKINS,D.D.Authorof"ChinasPlaceinPhilology," "ReligioninChina,"&c., &c."It containsavastdeal ofimportantinformation on thesubject,suchasisonlytobegainedbylong-continuedstudyonthespot."Athenceum."Uponthewhole,weknowof noworkcomparableto it for the extent of itsoriginal research,and thesimplicitywith which thiscomplicatedsystemofphilosophy,religion, literature,andritualis set forth." BritishQuarterlyReview."Thewholevolumeisrepletewithlearning.... It deservesmost carefulstudyfromallinterestedinthehistoryofthereligionsoftheworld,andexpresslyofthosewhoareconcernedinthepropagationofChristianity.Dr.Edkinsnoticesintermsofjustcondemnation theexaggerated praisebestoweduponBuddhismbyrecentEnglishwriters." Record.Post8vo, pp. 496, cloth, price183.LINGUISTIC ANDORIENTAL ESSAYS.WRITTENFROMTHEYEAR1846TO1878.BYROBERTNEEDHAMCUST,Late Member of HerMajestys Indian Civil Service;Hon.SecretarytotheRoyalAsiaticSociety;andAuthorof"TheModernLanguagesoftheEast Indies.""Weknownonewho lias described Indianlife, especiallythelifeofthenatives,withsomuchlearning, sympathy,andliterarytalent."Academy."They seemtousto befullofsuggestive andoriginalremarks." St.JamessGazette."Hisbookcontainsavastamountof information. Theresultofthirty-fiveyearsofinquiry,reflection,andspeculation,andthatonsubjects;is full offascinationasoffoodforthought."Tablet."Exhibit suchathorough acquaintancewiththehistoryandantiquitiesof Indiaastoentitlehimtospeakasonehavingauthority." EdinburghDailyRevieio."Theauthorspeakswith theauthorityofpersonalexperience It is thisconstant associationwith thecountryand thepeoplewhichgivessuchavividnesstomanyofthepages."Athenaeum.TR UBNEKSORIENTALSERIES.Post8vo, pp.civ.348, cloth, pricei8s.BUDDHISTBIRTHSTORIES; or,JatakaTales.TheOldestCollectionofFolk-loreExtant:BEINGTHE JATAKATTHAVANNANA,ForthefirattimeEditedintheoriginalPali.ByV. FAUSBOLL;AndTranslatedbyT. W. RHYSDAVIDS.Translation.Volume I."Thesearetalessupposedtohavebeentold bythe Buddhaof whatheJiadseenand heard in hispreviousbirths. Theyareprobablythe""**&- well sand Heard in nispreviousuuruw. wIT^11 T *of theoriginalAryanstories fromwhichsprangthe folk-lore ofIndia Theintroductioncontainsamostinterestingdisquisitiononthemigration,ofthesefables, tracingtheirreappearanceinthevariousgroupsoftolk-lore^egeiids.Amongotheroldfriends,we meet with aversionoftheJudgmentofSolomon.1 tmet."It isnowsome yearssince Mr.RhysDavids asserted hisrightto be heard othissubjectbyhisablearticleonBuddhisminthe neweditionoftheEncyclopaediaBritannica."LeedsMercury."Allwhoare interestedin Buddhist literature oughtto feeldeeplyindebtedtoMr RhysD-ivids His well-established reputationas a Pah scholar is a sufficientguaranteefor-thefidelityofhisversion,andthestyleofhistranslationsisdeservingofhighpraise."Academy."NomorecompetentexpositorofBuddhismcouldbe foundthanMr.RhysDavidsIn the Jataka book wehave, then,apricelessrecord of the earliestimaginativeliteratureof ourrace;and ... itpresentsto us anearlycompete pictureof the.social lifeandcustoms andpopularbeliefs of the commonpeopleofAryantribescloselyrelated to ourselves, justastheywerepassingthroughthe firststagesofcivilisation." Si. Jamess Gazette.Post8vo, pp.xxviii.362, cloth, price145.A TALMUDICMISCELLANY;OR ATHOUSANDANDONEEXTRACTSFROMTHETALMUD,THEMIDRASHIM,ANDTHEKABBALAH.Compiledand TranslatedbyPAULISAACHERSHON,Authorof"GenesisAccordingtotheTalmud,"&c.WithNotesandCopiousIndexes."Toobtainin so concise andhandyaformasthisvolume ageneralideaoftheTalmudisaboontoChristiansatleast." Times."Itspeculiarandpopularcharacterwill make it attractivetogeneralreader...Mr Hershonis averycompetentscholar. . . . Containssamplesof thegood, bad,and indiffereilt,andespeciallyextracts that throwlight upontheScriptures."-BritishQuarterlyReview."Will conveytoEnglishreadersa morecompleteand truthful notion of theTalmudthananyotherworkthathasyetappeared." DailyNeics."Without overlookingin theslightestthe severalattractionsof thepreviousvolumesrSthTOrientalSeries.wehavenohesitationinsayingthatthissurpassesthemallin interest." EdinburghDailyReview."Mr.Hershonhas ... thusgivenEnglishreaderswhatis webelieve,a fair setofspecimenswhichtheycantest for themselves.-TheRecord."^t7,^^^^^of thewonderful miscellanywhich canonlybetrulyunderstoodsoJewishprideasserts bythelife-longdevotionofscholarsoftheChosen1eopie. inquirer.^lajfeSfcAniKrsr^^^a^ttScriptureswh^harethecommonheritageof JewandChristianahke."-/oAnBull."It is acapitalspecimenofHebrewscholarship;amonumentoflearned, loving,li;ht-givinglabour." JewishHerald.TRUBNEK SORIENTALSERIES.Post8vo, rp. xii.228, cloth, price 73.6d.THECLASSICALPOETRYOFTHEJAPANESE.BYBASILHALLCHAMBERLAIN,Authorof"YeigoHenkakuShiran."kVfnHCU-ri UtlVOlUnf-e-, r!16authorrhasmanifestlydevotedmuchlabourtothe*USS&lSKSiS~^^P ,andrenderingcharacteristicbPPnMn;^hTlbeflain>SfV^lum?iSV8 far Mweareaware>thefirstattemptwhichhasbeenmadetointerprettheliteratureof theJapanesetotheWesternworld. It is totheclassicalpoetryofOldJapanthat wemust turnforindigenous Japanesethought^?^^^-Taller^^aSdeCti0n fr mtLtP-tr?rendered fnto^^^^1^^^^%^literature which hasMr.Chamberlain set himself ;idifficult task when he undertook to renrorhippJapanesepoetryinanEnglishform. But hehasevidentlyiTboured^;o* aXeandhiseffortsaresuccessfultoadegree."LondonandChinaExpress.Post8vo, pp.xii.164, cloth,priceIDS. 6d.THEHISTORYOFESARHADDON(Son ofSennacherib)KINGOFASSYRIA, B.C.681-668.Translated from the CuneiformInscriptionsuponCylindersandTabletsinthe British MuseumCollection; togetherwith aGrammaticalAnalysisOf eachWordExplanationsof theIdeographs byExtracts from theBi-LingualSyllabaries,andListofEponyms,&c.ByERNESTA.BUDGE, B.A., M.R.A.S.,AssyrianExhibitioner,ChristsCollege,Cambridge.Urch8eo10^wil1 alsoappreciatetheHistoryof Esar--" cholar;n thisvolume. Itdoes notpretendtoEJS^SRSSBE;^CSSffl^SS3SSemitic SttTfev ^kJS-f-c u>*rtyaddressed toAssyrian scholars andTheyarenot,it 1S to befeared,averynumerous class. But themorewbiohhehasacquittedljiniselfTost8vo,pp. 448,cloth, price2is.THEMESNEVI(UsuallyknownasTHEMESNEVIYISHERIF,or HOLYMESNEVI)OFMEVLANA(OURLORD)JELALUD-DINMUHAMMEDER-RUMI.BooktheFirst.TogetherwithsomeAccountof theLifeandActsoftheAuthorof hisAncestors,andofhisDescendants.IllustratedbyaSelectionofCharacteristicAnecdotes,asCollectedbytheirHistorian,MEVLANASHEMSU-D-DINAHMED,ELEFLAKI,ELARIFI.Translated,andthePoetryVersified,inEnglish,BYJAMES W.REDHOUSE,M.R.A.S.,&c.liuryofoccultOriental Inre."SaturdayReview.aVCry-V 1U-ab*lehelpt0 the reader VnorantofPersia,whoistheliteratureTRUBNERSORIENTALSERIES.Post8vo, pp.xvi.280, cloth, price6s.EASTERN PROVERBS ANDEMBLEMSILLUSTRATINGOLDTRUTHS.BYREV. J.LONG,MemberoftheBengalAsiaticSociety,F.R.G.S."Weregardthebookasvaluable,andwishforitawide circulationand attentivereading."Record."Altogether,it isquiteafeastofgoodthings."Globe."Itis fullofinterestingmatter."Antiquary.Post8vo, pp.viii.270, cloth, priceys.6d.INDIAN POETRY;ContainingaNewEditionofthe "IndianSongofSongs,"fromtheSanscritof the "Gita Govinda" ofJayadeva;TwoBooks from "The Iliad ofIndia"(Mahabharata),"ProverbialWisdom"from the Shlokasof theHitopadesa,andotherOrientalPoems.BYEDWINAENOLD, C.S.L,Authorof "TheLightofAsia.""InthisnewvolumeofMessrs. Trtibners OrientalSeries,Mr. EdwinArnolddoesgoodservicebyillustrating,throughthe mediumof his musicalEnglish melodies,thepowerofIndianpoetrytostirEuropeanemotions. The IndianSongofSongsis not unknownto scholars. Mr. Arnold will have introduced itamong popularEnglishpoems. Nothingcould be moregracefuland delicate than the shadesbywhichKrishnaisportrayedinthegradualprocessofbeingweanedbytheloveof1BeautifulRadha,jasmine-bosomed Radha,"fromtheallurements of theforestnymphs,in whomthefivesensesaretypified.""NootherEnglishpoetbaseverthrownhisgeniusandbisartsothoroughlyintotheworkoftranslatingEasternideasasMr. Arnold has done in hissplendid paraphrasesoflanguagecontainedinthesemighty epics." Daily Telegraph."ThepoemaboundswithimageryofEasternluxuriousnessandsensuousntss;theairseemsladenwiththespicyodoursofthetropics,andtheversehasarichnessandamelodysufficienttocaptivatethesensesofthedullest." Staiviard."Thetranslator,whileproducingaveryenjoyable poem,hasadheredwithtolerablefidelitytotheoriginaltext." OverlandMail."Wecertainlywish Mr. Arnold success in hisattempt,topopulariseIndianclassics,thatbeing,as hisprefacetellsus,thegoaltowardswhich lie bends hisorts." Alltnx IndianMail.Post8vo, pp.xvi.296, cloth, priceIDS. 6d.THEMINDOFMENCIUS;OR,POLITICALECONOMYFOUNDEDUPONMORALPHILOSOPHY.ASYSTEMATICDIGESTorTHEDOCTRINESOFTHECHINESEPHILOSOPHERMENCIUS.TranslatedfromtheOriginalTextandClassified,withCommentsandExplanations,Bythe REV. ERNSTFABER,Rhenish MissionSociety.TranslatedfromtheGerman,withAdditionalNotes,BytheREV. A. B.HUTCHINSON, C.M.S.,ChurchMission,HongKong."Mr. Faberisalreadywellknownin the field of Chinese studiesbyIdsdigestofthe doctrines of Confucius. The value of this work will beperceivedwhen it isrememberedthat at no time since relations commencedbetween China and theWest has the former been sopowerfulwe had almost saidaggressiveas now.For those who willgiveit carefulstudy,Mr. Fabers work is one of the mostvaluableoftheexcellentseries towhichitbelongs."Suture.TRUBNERSORIENTALSERIES.Post8vo,pp. 336, cloth, pricei6s.THE RELIGIONSOF INDIA.BYA. EARTH.TranslatedfromtheFrenchwiththeauthority andassistanceoftheAuthor.The authorhas,at therequestof thepublishers, considerably enlargedthework for thetranslator,and has added theliteratureofthesubjecttodate;thetranslationmay,therefore,be lookeduponas anequivalentof anewandimprovededition oftheoriginal."Is notonlyavaluablemanualof thereligionsofIndia,whichmarksa distinctstepinthetreatmentofthesubject,butalsoausefulworkofreference." Academy."This volume is areproduction,with corrections andadditions,of an articlecontributedbythe learned authortwoyearsagototheEncyclopedicdesSciencesReligieuses.It attracted much notice when it firstappeared,and isgenerallyadmitted topresentthe bestsummaryextant of the vastsubjectwitli which itdeals." Tablet."This is notonlyon the wholethe best but theonlymanualof the reliirionsofIndia, apartfromBuddhism,which wehave inEnglish.Thepresentwork . . .showsnotonlygreatknowledgeof thefactsandpowerof clearexposition,but alsogreat insightintothe innerhistoryandthedeeper meaningof thegreat religion,forit isinrealityonlyone,whichitproposesto describe." ModernReview."Themeritofthe workhasbeenemphaticallyrecognised by themostauthoritativeOrientalists,both in thiscountryand on the continent ofEurope,ButprobablytherearefewIndianists(if wemayusetheword)whowouldnotderiveagooddealofinformationfromit,andespeciallyfrom the extensivebibliographyprovidedinthe notes." DublinReview.11SuchasketchM.Barthhasdrawnwithamaster-hand." Critic(New York).Post8vo, pp.viii.152, cloth, price6s.HINDU PHILOSOPHY.THESANKHYAKARIKAOF IS WARAKRISHNA.AnExpositionoftheSystemofKapila,withanAppendixontheNyayaandVaiseshikaSystems.BYJOHNDAVIES,M.A.(Cantab.),M.R.A.S.ThesystemofKapilacontainsnearlyall thatIndia hasproducedin thedepartmentofpurephilosophy."The non-Orientalist . . . finds in Mr. Davies apatientand learnedguidewholeadshimintotheintricaciesofthephilosophyofIndia,andsupplies himwithaclue,that liemaynot be lost in them. In theprefacehe states that thesystemofKapilais the earliestattempton record togiveananswer,from reasonalone,tothemysteriousquestions whichariseineverythoughtfulmindabouttheoriginoftheworld,thenatureandrelationsof manandhisfuturedestiny,andinhislearnedand able notes lie exhibits theconnectionof theSankhyasystemwith thephilosophyofSpinoza,and theconnectionofthesystemofKapilawiththatofSchopenhauerandVonHartmann.1Fnreir/nChurchChronicle."Mr. Daviessvolumeon HinduPhilosophyis anundoubtedgainto all studentsofthedevelopmentofthought.ThesystemofKapila,whichisheregiveninatranslationfromtheSankhyaKarika,is theonlycontributionof Indiatopurephilosophy.. . . Presentsmany pointsofdeepinterest to the student ofcomparative philosophy,andwithout Mr. Daviess lucidinterpretationitwould be difficult toappreciatethesepointsinanyadequatemanner."Saturdaylicri, n\"We welcome Mr. Daviess book as a valuable addition to ourphilosophic;*!library."Notes andQueries.TRUBNBRSORIENTALSERIES.Post8vo, pp.x.130, cloth, price6s.A MANUALOFHINDU PANTHEISM.VEDANTASARA.Translated,withcopiousAnnotations,byMAJORG. A.JACOB,BombayStaffCorps; InspectorofArmySchools.Thedesignof this little work is toprovideformissionaries,and forotherswho,likethem,have little leisurefororiginalresearch,an accuratesummaryofthedoctrinesoftheVedanta."There can be noquestionthat thereligiousdoctrines mostwidelyheldbythepeopleof IndiaaremainlyPantheistic.Andof HinduPantheism,at all eventsmitsmostmodernphases,itsVedantasarapresentsthebestsummary.Butthenthisworkisameresummary: askeleton,thedrybones of whichrequiretobeclothedwithskinandbones,andto be animatedbyvital breathbeforetheordinaryreaderwill discern in it aliving reality. MajorJacob,therefore,haswiselyaddedtoInstranslationoftheVedantasaracopious notesfromthewritingsofwell-knownOrientalscholars,in whichhehas,wethink,elucidatedall thatrequiredelucidation,bothatthework,asherepresentedtous,presentsnodifficultieswhichavery moderateamountofapplicationwillnotovercome." Tablet."Themodesttitle ofMajorJacobsworkconveysbut aninadequateidea of thevastamountofresearch embodiedin his notes to the text of theVedantasara.bcopious,indeed,arethese,and so muchcollateralmatter dotheybringto bear onthesubject,that thediligentstudent will rise from theirperusalwith afairlyadequateviewof Hinduphilosophygenerally.Hiswork ... isoneof thebest ofitskindthatwehaveseen." CalcuttaReview.Post8vo, pp.xii.154, cloth, priceys.6d.TSUNI I I GOAM:THESUPREMEBEINGOP THE KHOI-KHOI.BYTHEOPHILUSHAHN, Ph.D.,CustodianoftheGreyCollection,CapeTown; CorrespondingMemberoftheGeegr. Society,Dresden; CorrespondingMemberot theAnthropologicalSociety,Vienna,&c.,&c."The first instalmentof Dr.Hahns labourswill be of interest,not at theCapeonlybutineveryUniversityofEurope.Itis,infact,amostvaluablecontributioniionandolbyonyut neverynvers., ,tothecomparativestudyofreligionandmythology.Accountsoftheirreligionandmytholo"ywere scatte/ed aboutin various books;these have beencarefullycollatedbvDr Halmandprintedin his secondchapter,enriched andimprovedbywhat he7has been able to collect himself. "-Prof.Max Muller in the SixteenthCe^Vr Halms book is that of a manwho is both aphilologistand believer inphilologicalmethods,andaclosestudentofsavagemannersand cdaytieview."Itis fullofgoodtbings."St. Jamess Gazette.InFourVolumes. Post8vo,Vol.L, pp.xii.392,cloth, priceizs.6d.,Vol.II., pp.vL408, cloth, price12s.6d.,Vol.IIL,pp.cloth,priceACOMPREHENSIVECOMMENTARYTOTHEQURAN.TOWHICHIS PREFIXEDSALESPRELIMINARYDISCOURSE,WITHADDITIONALNOTESANDEMENDATIONS.TogetherwithaCompleteIndextotheText, PreliminaryDiscourse,andNotes.ByRev. E. M.WHE11RY,M.A.,Lodiana."AsMr Wherrys book is intended for missionaries inIndia,it isnodoubtwellth-ittheysho.Udbepreparedtomeet,iftheycan,theordinaryargumentsandinter.pretation*andforthispurposeMr.Wherrysadditionswillproveuseful. "-SaturdayJiti iftP.TRUBNER SORIENTALSERIES.Post8vo, pp.vi.208,cloth, price8s. 6d.THEBHAGAVADGITA.Translated,withIntroduction and NotesBY JOHNDAVIES,M. A.(Cantab.)"Let us add that histranslationof theBhagavadGltAis,as wejudge,thebestofquitePost8vo, pp. 96, cloth, price53.THEQUATRAINSOFOMARKHAYYAM.TranslatedbyE. H.WHINFIELD, M.A.,Earrister-at-Law,lateH.M.BengalCivilService.Post8vo,pp.xxxii.336, cloth, pricelos. 6d.THEQUATRAINS OF OMARKHAYYAM.ThePersianText,withanEnglishVerseTranslation.ByE. H.WHINFIELD,lateoftheBengalCivilService.11Mr. Whinfield has executed a difficult task withconsiderable success and his1 benewto thosewhniyknowMr-There are several editions of theQuatrains,varying greatlyin theirreadingsMr. Whinfieldhasusedthree of these for his excellent translation. Themost prominentfeatures in theQuatrains are theirprofound agnosticism,combinedwithafatalismbasedmoreonphilosophicthanreligious grounds,theirEpicureanismandthespiritofuniversaltoleranceandcharity which animatesthem." CalcuttaReview.Post8vo, pp.xxiv.268, cloth, price93.THEPHILOSOPHYOFTHEUPANISHADSANDANCIENTINDIANMETAPHYSICS.AsexhibitedinaseriesofArticlescontributedtotheCalcuttaReview.ByARCHIBALDEDWARDGOUGH, M.A.,LincolnCollege,OxfordPrincipaloftheCalcuttaMadrasa."Forpracticalpurposesthis isperhapsthemostimportantofthe worksthathavethusfarappearedin Triibners Oriental Series. ... Wecannotdoubt thatforallwhomaytakeituptheworkmustbeoneofprofoundinterest/SaturdayReview.InTwoVolumes. Vol.I., post8vo, pp.xxiv.230, cloth, price73.6d.ACOMPARATIVEHISTORYOFTHEEGYPTIANANDMESOPOTAMIANRELIGIONS.ByDR. C. P. TIELE.Vol. L HISTORY OFTHEEGYPTIANRELIGION.TranslatedfromtheDutchwiththeAssistanceoftheAuthor.ByJAMESBALLINGAL."Itplacesin the hands of theEnglishreaders ahistoryofEgyptian Reliinonwhich isverycomplete,whichis based on the bestmaterials,andwhich h-is beenillustratedbythelatestresults ofresearch. InthisvolumethereisaKre-it deal ofInformation,us well asindependentinvestigation,forthetrustworthiness ofwhichDr. Tieles name is in itself aguarantee; and thedescriptionofthesuccessivereligionunderthe OldKingdom,theMiddleKingdom,and the NewKimrdom isgiveninamannerwhichisscholarlyandminute"ScotsmanTRUBNER SORIENTALSERIES.Post8vo, pp.xii.302, cloth, price8s. 6d.YUSUFANDZULAIKHA.APOEMBYJAMI.TranslatedfromtliePersianintoEnglishVerse.BYRALPHT. H. GRIFFITH."Mr.Griffith,wholiasdonealreadygoodservice as translatorintoversefromtheSanskrit,has done furthergoodworkin this translationfromthePersian,and hehasevidentlyshownnotalittle skill inhisrenderingthequaintandveryorientalstyleof his authorintoour moreprosaic,lessfigurative, language.. . . Thework,besides its intrinsicmerits,is ofimportanceasbeingoneof the mostpopularandfamouspoemsofPersia,andthat whichisreadinalltheindependentnativeschoolsofIndiawherePersianistaught."Scotsman.Post8vo, pp.viii.266, cloth, pricegs.LINGUISTIC ESSAYS.BYCARLABEL."All theseessaysof Dr.Abels are sothoughtful,sofull ofhappyillustrations,and soadmirablyput together,thatwehardlyknowtowhichweshouldspeciallyturntoselectforourreadersasampleofhisworkmanship."Tablet."Anentirelynovel methodofdealingwithphilosophicalquestionsandimpartarealhumaninteresttotheotherwisedrytechnicalitiesofthescience." Standard."Dr. Abel is anopponentfromwhomit ispleasanttodiffer,for lie writeswithenthusiasmandtemper,and hismasteryovertheEnglishlanguagefitshimtobeachampionofunpopulardoctrines." Athenceum."Dr. AbelwritesverygoodEnglish,andmuchofhisbookwillproveentertainingtothegeneralreader. Itmay givesomeusefulhints,andsuggestsomesubjectsforprofitableinvestigation,eventophilologists."Nation(New York).Post8vo,pp.ix.281, cloth, priceIDS. 6d.THE SARVA-DARSANA-SAMGRAHA;OR,REVIEWOFTHEDIFFERENTSYSTEMSOFHINDUPHILOSOPHY.BYMADHAVAACHARYA.TranslatedbyE.B.COWELL,M.A.,ProfessorofSanskritintheUniversityofCambridge,andA. E.GOUGH,M.A.,ProfessorofPhilosophyin thePresidencyCollege,Calcutta.This work is aninteresting specimenof Hindu criticalability.Theauthorsuccessively passesin review the sixteenphilosophical systemscurrentinthefourteenthcenturyintheSouthofIndia;andhegiveswhatappearstohimtobetheirmostimportanttenets."The translation istrustworthy throughout.Aprotracted sojourninIndia,where there is aliving tradition,has familiarised t.ie translators with Indianthought.A th enceum.Post8vo, pp.Ixv.368, cloth, price 143.TIBETANTALESDERIVEDFROMINDIANSOURCES.TranslatedfromtheTibetanoftheKAH-GYUR.BYF. ANTONVONSCHIEFNER.DoneintoEnglishfrom theGerman,with anIntroduction,BYW. R. S.RALSTON,M.A."Mr.Ralston,whose name is so familiar to all lovers of Russianfolk-lore,liassuppliedsomeinterestingWesternanalogiesandparallels, drawn,forthemostpart,fromSlavonicsources,totheEasternfolk-tales,culledfromtheKahgyur,oneofthedivisionsoftheTibetansacredbooks."Academy."Tiietranslation . . . couldscarcelyhavefallenintobetterhands. AnIntroduction . . .givestheleadingfactsinthelivesof those scholarswhohavegiventheirattentiontogainingaknowledgeof the Tibetan literatureandlanguage."CalcuttaReview."Oughttointerest, all whocarefor theEast,foramusingstories,orforcomparativefolk-lore." PallMall Gazette.TRUBNERSORIENTALSERIES.PostSvo, pp.xvi.224, cloth, pricegs.UDANAVARGA.ACOLLECTIONOFVERSESFROMTHEBUDDHISTCANON.Compiledby DHARMATRATA.BEINGTHENORTHERNBUDDHISTVERSIONOFDHAMMAPADA.TranslatedfromtheTibetanofBkah-hgyur,withNotes,andExtractsfromtheCommentaryofPradjuavarman,By W.WOODVILLEROCKHILL."Mr.Rockhillspresentwork is the first from which assistance will begainedfor ji more accurateunderstandingof the Pali text;itis,infact, asyettheonlyterm ofcomparisonavailable to us. TheUdanavarga,the Thibetanversion wasoriginallydiscoveredbythelate M.Schiefner,whopublishedtheTibetantext,andhadintendedaddingatranslation,anintention frustratedbyhisdeath,butwhichhas beencarried outbyMr. Rockhill. ... Mr. Rockhillmaybecongratulatedforhavingwellaccomplishedadifficult task."SaturdayReview."Thereisnoneedtolookfarintothis booktobe assuredofitsvalue." Athenaeum"The Tibetan verses in Mr. Woodville Rockhills translationhaveall thesimpledirectness and forcewhichbelongto thesayingsofGautama,whentheyhavenotbeenadornedandspoiledbyenthusiasticdisciplesandcommentators"S< JamessGazette.IuTwoVolumes,postSvo,pp.xxiv.566, cloth,accompaniedbyaLanguageMap,price253.A SKETCHOFTHEMODERNLANGUAGESOFAFRICA.BYROBERTNEEDHAMCUST,Barrister-at-Law,andlate ofHerMajestys IndianCivilService."Anyoneatall interested in Africanlanguagescannot do better thanget MrCustsbook. Itisencyclopaedicinitsscope,and the readergetsa start clear awivinanyparticular language,and is left free to add to the initial sumofknowledgetherecollected. NatalMercury."Mr. Cust has contrived toproduceawork of value tolinguistic students"Nature."Mr. Castsexperienceinthepreparationof hispreviousworkontheindigenoustonguesoftheLastIndieswas,ofcourse,ofgreathelptohimintheattempttomapoutthe still morethornyandtangledbrake of the AfricanlanguagesHisgreatsupport, however,inwhatmust have beena task of immense labourandcarehasbeentheunflaggingenthusiasm andgustowithwhichhehasflunghimselfintohiasubject."Scotsman.PostSvo, pp.xii.312,withMapsandPlan, cloth, price 143.AHISTORYOFBURMA.IncludingBurmaProper, Pegu, Taungu,Tenasserim,andArakanFromtheEarliestTimetotheEndoftheFirstWarwithBritishIndia.BYLIEUT. -GEN.SIR ARTHURP.PHAYRE,G.C.M.G.,K. C.S.IandCBMembreCorrespondantdelaSocieteAcademiqueIndo-ChinoisedeFrance."Sir ArthurPhayrcscontribution to Trubm>r sOriental Seriessuppliesareco^nisedwant,anditsappearancehas been looked forward to formanyyearsGeneralLPhay.edeservesgreatcredit,for thepatience andindustry whichhasresultedinthisHistoryotBurma.SaturdayReview."A laboriouswork,carefullyperformed,whichsuppliesablankinthelonelistofhistories ofcountries,and records tliannals, unknown toliterature of -i natitwhichislikelytobemoreprominentin thecommerceofthefuture"ScotimanTRUSNER SORIENTALSERIES.ThirdEdition. Post8vo,pp. 276, cloth, price73.6d.RELIGION IN CHINA.ByJOSEPHEDKINS, D.D.,PEKING.Containinga Brief Account of the ThreeReligionsof theChinese,withObservations on theProspectsof Christian ConversionamongstthatPeople."Dr.Edkinshasbeenmostcarefulinnotingthevariedandoftencomplexphasesofopinion,soastogiveanaccountofconsiderablevalueofthesubject."Scotsman."As amissionary,it has beenpartof Dr. EdkinsdutytostudytheexistingreligionsinChina,andhislongresidenceinthecountryhasenabledhimtoacquireanintimateknowledgeofthemastheyatpresentexist."SaturdayReview."Dr. Edkins valuablework,of which this is a second and revisededition, has,fromthetimethatitwaspublished,been the standardauthorityuponthesubjectofwhichit treats."Nonconformist."Dr. Edkins . . .may nowbefairlyregardedasamongthe first authorities onChinesereligionandlanguage."BritishQuarterlyReview.ThirdEdition. Post8vo, pp, xv.-25o, cloth, price73.6d.OUTLINESOFTHEHISTORYOFRELIGIONTOTHESPREADOFTHEUNIVERSALRELIGIONS.BYC. P. TIELE,Doctor ofTheology,Professor of theHistoryofReligionsin theUniversityofLeyden.TranslatedfromtheDutchbyJ. ESTLIXCARPENTER,M.A."Fewbooksofits sizecontaintheresultofsomuchwidethinking,ableandlaboriousstudy,orenablethereadertogainabetterbirds-eyeviewof thelatestresultsofinvestigationsinto thereligious historyof nations. AsProfessorTielemodestlysays,Inthislittle bookareoutlinespencil sketches,Imightsay nothingmore!Hut there are somemenwhose sketchesfrom a thumb-nail areof far moreworththananenormouscanvascoveredwiththecrudepaintingofothers,andit iseasytoseethatthesepages,fullofinformation,thesesentences,cutandperhapsalsodry,shortandclear,condensethefruitsoflongandthoroughresearch." Scotsman.Post8vo, pp. X.-274, cloth, price 93.THELIFEOFTHEBUDDHAANDTHEEARLYHISTORYOFHISORDER.Derived from Tibetan "Works in theBkah-hgyurandBstan-hgyur.FollowedbynoticesontheEarlyHistoryofTibetandKhoten.Translatedby W.W.ROCKHILL,SecondSecretaryU.S.LegationinChina."The volumebearstestimonytothediligenceand fulnesswithwhichtheauthorhasconsulted and tested theancientdocumentsbearing uponhisremarkable subject."Times."Will beappreciated bythose whodevote themselvestothoseBuddhiststudieswhichhaveof lateyearstaken in these Westernregionsso remarkable adevelopment. ItsmatterpossessesaspecialinterestasbeingderivedfromancientTibetanworks,someportionsofwhich,hereanalysedandtranslated,havenotyetattractedtheattention of scholars. Thevolume is rich in ancient storiesbearing upontheworlds renovation and theoriginofcastes,as recorded in these venerable authorities."DailyNews.Third Edition. Post8vo, pp. viii.~464, cloth,pricei6s.THESANKHYAAPHORISMS OFKAPILA,.WithIllustrativeExtractsfromtheCommentaries.TranslatedbyJ. R.BALLANTYNE,LL.D.,latePrincipalof the BenaresCollege.Editedby FITZEDWARDHALL."The workdisplaysa vastexpenditureof labour andscholarship,for whichstudentsof Hindoophilosophyhaveeveryreason to begratefulto Dr. Hallandthepublishers."CalcuttaRtview.TRUBNERSORIENTALSERIES.InTwoVolumes,post8vo, pp. cviii.-242,andviii.-37o, cloth, price243.DedicatedbypermissiontoH.R.H.thePrinceofWales.BUDDHISTRECORDSOF THEWESTERNWORLD,TranslatedfromtheChineseofHiuenTsiang(A.D. 629).BY SAMUELBEAL,B.A.,(Trin.Coll.,Camb.);R.N.(RetiredChaplain andN.I.) ;ProfessorofChinese,UniversityCollege,London;RectorofWark,Northumberland,&c.An eminent Indianauthoritywritesrespectingthis work:"NothingmorecanbedoneinelucidatingtheHistoryof Indiauntil Mr. BealstranslationoftheSi-yu-ki appears.""Itisastrangefreakof historicalpreservationthat the bestaccountofthe conditionof Indiaatthat ancientperiodhascome downto us in the books of travelwrittenbytheChinesepilgrims,ofwhomHwenThsangis thebestknown." Times."Wearecompelledatthisstagetocloseourbrief andinadequatenoticeofabookforeasyaccesstowhichOrientalistswillbedeeplygratefultotheabletranslator."LiteraryWorld."Full ofinterestingrevelations of thereligious feelings, fables,andsuperstitions,manners and habits ofpeoples inhabitinga vastregion, comprisingNorthand North-Western India andcontiguouscountries in that remoteandobscureperiod." DailyNews.Post8vo, pp. xlviii.-398, cloth, price123.THE ORDINANCES OF MANU.TranslatedfromtheSanskrit,withanIntroduction.BythelateA. C.BURNELL,Ph.D.,C.I.E.CompletedandEditedby K"W.HOPKINS,Ph.D.,ofColumbiaCollege,N.Y."Thisworkis fullofinterest;while for the student ofsociologyandthescienceofreligionit is fullofimportance.It, isagreatboon togetsonotableaworkinsoaccessibleaform,admirablyedited, andcompetentlytranslated." Scotsman."Fewmenweremorecompetentthan Burnelltogiveusareallygoodtranslationof this well-known lawbook,first rendered intoEnglish bySir William Jones.ISurnell wasnotonlyanindependentSanskritscholar,but anexperiencedlawyer,andhejoinedtothesetwoimportant qualificationsthe rarefacultyofbeingabletoexpresshisthoughtsin clear and trenchantEnglish.. . . Weoughtto feelverygratefultoDr.Hopkinsforhavinggivenusallthat could bepublishedofthetranslation leftbyBurnell." F. MAXMULLERintheAcademy.Post8vo, pp. xii,-234,cloth, price93.THELIFEANDWORKSOFALEXANDERCSOMADEKOROS,Between1819and1842.WithaShortNoticeof all his PublishedandUnpublishedWorks andEssays.FromOriginaland for mostpartUnpublishedDocuments.By THEODOREDUKA,M.D.,F.R.C.S.(Eng,), Surgeon-MajorH.M.sBengalMedicalService, Retired,&c."Not too soon have Messrs. Triibner added to their valuable Oriental Series ahistoryof the life and works of one of the mostgiftedand devoted of Orientalstudents,Alexander Csomade Koros. It isforty-three yearssince hisdeath,andthoughan accountof his careerwasdemandedsoon after hisdecease,it hasonlynowappearedintheimportantmemoirofhiscompatriot,Dr. Duka."Bookseller.LONDON: TRUBNER&CO., 57AND59LUDGATEHILL.050 22/7/85L.TRUBNERSORIENTAL SERIES.BAI.I.ANTYNE,HANSON ANDCO.EDINBURGHANDLONDONTHE LIFE OR LEGENDOFGAUDAMATHE BUDDHA OF THE BURMESE.2EitfjAnnotations.THEWAYS TONEIBBAN,AND NOTICE ON THEPHONGYIES OR BURMESE MONKS.BY THERIGHT REVEREND P.BIGANDET,BISHOP OFRAMATHA,VICAR APOSTOLIC OF AVAAND PEGU.IN TWO VOLUMES.VOL. I.dEUttioit*LONDON:TRUBNER &CO.,LUDGATE HILL.1880.[Allrightsreserved.]BL/851319VI1055074ADVERTISEMENT TO THIRD EDITION.THEoriginof thepresentworkdatesback to -theyears1852, 1853, 1854,and1855,whenportionsof itappearedin the"Journal of the IndianArchipelagoand EasternAsia,"editedbyJ. E.LoganofPenang (vols.vi., vii.,viii.,andix.).The firstcompleteedition wasprintedatRangoonin Burmah in1858,and asecond,muchenlarged,atthesameplacein 1 866.Veryfewcopiesof either of these editions reachedEurope,andbothareentirelyout ofprint.Thepresentthird edition a faithfulreprintof the secondissued,withBishop Bigandetssanction,for the benefit ofEuropeanandAmerican scholarsandreaders, will,therefore,it ishoped,begladlyreceived.Buddhism andGautama,the faith and itsfounder,whose followers are between four and five hundred millions of the humanrace,werecomparativelyunknowninEuropebutageneration ago,andyetthisgreatfaith hadcontinued for four andtwentycenturies tospreadoverthevastlands of theEast,takingdeepandenduringrootinall,fromBhotan,Xepaul,andCeylon,over Furthervi ADVERTISEMENTTOTHIRDEDITION.India to ChinaProper,Mongolia,Mantchooria,Tibet,andJapan.Buddhism,as it is found inBurmah,has aparticularclaimtotheattentionof adiligentandattentive observer.We there have thatreligiouscreed orsystemaspurefrom adulteration as it can be after alapseof somanycenturies.Philosophynever nourished inBurmah, and,therefore,never modified thereligious systemsof thecountry.Hinduism never exercisedanyinfluence onthebanks of theIrrawaddy.ChineseandBurmesehaveoften met onbattlefields,buttheinfluence ofthe MiddleKingdomhas never established itself in Burmah. Inotherwords,Chinese Buddhism has never been abletopenetrateintothe customsandmannersof thepeople,and has notattemptedto communicate its ownreligionto its southernneighbours.It would seem thatthetrueform of Buddhism is tobefoundinBurmah,and that aknowledgeof thatsystemcanonlybe arrived atbythestudyof thereligiousbooksofBurmah,andbyattentivelyobservingthereligious practicesand ceremonies of thepeople.ThisiswhatBishopBigandethasendeavouredtodothroughouthiswork.Mr.Alabaster,the author of avery popularworkon SiameseBuddhism,testifies to thegreatvalue oftheBishopswork, which,heremarks,is in one sensecomplete,for whereas the Siamesemanuscriptconcludeswith the attainment ofomniscience,theBishophadmaterials which enabled him to continue thestorytothe death of Nirwana(Neibbanin the Burmese Paliform).Hemighthave added that the workmodestlyADVERTISEMENTTOTHIRDEDITION. viientitled"Life of Gaudama is acomplete expositionof thegreat systemof Eastern Asia. Themetaphysicalpart,whichis theveryessence ofthesystem,hasreceiveda dueconsideration,and thepriesthoodhas beenfullydescribed.Moreover,the foot-noteshelptheordinaryreaderinunderstandingclearlythetextoftheLegend.Professor AlbrechtWeberspeaksalso of theBishopsworkinterms ofhighcommendation(see"LiterarischesCentralblatt,"1870,No.29, reprintedin"IndischeStreifen,"vol.iii.),whilst a still furthertestimonyisaccordedto itsimportancein the recentappearanceof aFrenchtranslationbyLieutenantVictorGauvain.LONDON,December1879.PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.WHETHER Buddhismbe viewed in its extent and diffusion,or in thecomplexnature of itsdoctrines,it claimsthe serious attention ofeveryinquiringmind.Inourowndaysitis,under differentforms,the creedprevailinginNepaul,Thibet,Mongolia,Corea, China,theJapaneseArchipelago,Anam,Cambodia, Siam,the ShanStates, Burmah,Arracan,andCeylon.Itsswayextendsovernearlyone-fourth of thehumanrace.Thoughbasedupon capitalandrevoltingerrors,Buddhism teaches asurprisingnumber ofthe finestpreceptsandpurestmoraltruths. Fromtheabyssof its almostunfathomabledarkness itsendsforthraysofthebrightesthue.To thereflectingmind,thestudyof thisreligioussystembecomesthestudyof thehistoryof one of thegreatest religious enterprisesthat has ever been undertaken to elevate our nature above its lowlevel,by uprootingthepassionsofthe heartanddispellingthe errorsof the mind. Aserious observer sees at aglancethedark andhumiliating pictureof the sad and barrenresults of thegreatestandmightiestefforts of humanwisdom,in its endeavours to find out the real cause ofall humanmiseries,andtoprovidethe remedies to curethe moraldistempersto which our nature issubject.The fact of mans wretched and fallen condition wasclearly perceived bythe Buddhistphilosopher,but hex PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION.failed in liisattemptstohelpmanout of the difficultieswhichencompasshimin alldirections,andtobringhimback to thepathof truth and salvation. The effortsbegunon the banks of theGangesat anearly period,andcarried onwiththegreatestardourandperseverance,haveprovedas abortive as those made at alaterperiodthroughoutGreeceandItalybythegreatestandbrightestgeniusesofantiquity.What agrandand irresistibledemonstration bothof the absoluteinabilityof man torescue from evil andattaingood,andoftheindispensablenecessityof divine interference tohelphim in accomplishingthat twofold achievement!Itmaybe said in favour ofBuddhism,that nophilo-sophico-religious systemhas everupheld,to anequaldegree,the notions ofasaviouranddeliverer,andof thenecessityof his mission forprocuringthesalvation,in aBuddhistsense,of man. The role ofBuddha,frombeginningtoend,is that of adeliverer,whopreachesalawdesignedto secure to man deliverance from all themiseries underwhich he islabouring.Butbyaninexplicableanddeplorableeccentricity,thepretendedsaviour,afterhaving taughtman thewayto deliver himselffromthetyrannyofhispassions,onlyleadshim,afterall,intothe bottomlessgulfoftotal annihilation.Buddhism,suchaswefind it inBurmah,appearstohaveretained,to agreatextent,itsoriginalcharacterandprimitive genuineness, exhibiting,as itdoes,the mostcorrect forms and features of that Protean creed. Attheepochthe Burmans left the northernvalleysandsettled in thecountry theynowinhabit, theywere ahalf-civilisedMongoliantribe,with no kind ofworship,excepta sort ofgeniolatry,much similar to what wesee nowexisting amongthe various tribesborderingonBurmah.Theywere in the same condition when thefirst Buddhist missionaries arrivedamongthem. Depositedinthis almostvirginalsoil,the seed ofBuddhismPREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION. xigrew up freelywithoutencountering anyobstacle tocheck itsgrowth.Philosophy,which,in its too often erratic rambles insearch oftruth, changes,corrects,improves, destroys,and,in numberlessways,modifies all that itmeets,neverflourished in theseparts ;and, therefore,did notworkonthereligiousinstitutions,whichaccordinglyhave remainedupto thisday nearlythe same astheywerewhenfirstimportedinto Burmah. The freediscussionofreligiousandmoralsubjects,which constituted theverylife of the Indianschools,andbegatsomanyvarious,incoherent,andcontradictory opinionsonthemostessentialpointsofreligionandphilosophy,is thesignof anadvanced state ofcivilisation,such as does notappeartohave ever existedonthebanks oftheIrrawaddy.Owingto itsgeographical position,andperhaps,also,topoliticalcauses,Burmahhas everremainedout of thereach ofHinduinfluence,whichinNepaulhas colouredBuddhism with Hindumyths,and habited it ingrossforms ofidolatry.InChina,where therealreadysubsistedatthetimeof thearrival ofthepreachersofthe newdoctrine theworshipof heroes andancestors,Buddhism,like animmenseparasitic plant,extended itself all overthe institutions which it covered rather thandestroyed,allowingthe ancientforms to subsist under thedisguiseit afforded them. Butsuchwasnotthestate ofBurmahwhenvisitedbythe first heralds ofBuddhism.Theepochofthe introduction ofBuddhisminBurmahhas hitherto beenamatter ofconjecture. AccordingtoBurmeseannals,Boudha-gautha,at the endof thefourthcenturyofourera,broughtfromCeylonacopyof thescriptures,anddid for BurmahwhatFa-Hian,theChinesepilgrim, accomplisheda fewyearsafterwardsin IndiaandCeylonfor the benefit ofhiscountry.ButBurmansmaintain thattheywerefollowers ofBuddhalongbeforethatepoch.Ifan inferencemaybedrawnfromanalogy,xii PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION.it isprobablethattheyarerightin their assertion.China isfullyas farfromtheancient seat ofBuddhismasBurmah. Yetitappearsfrom the Chinese annals thatthe doctrines of the Indianphilosopherwerealreadypropagatedin somepartsofthatempirein the middleofthefirstcenturyof ourera,andprobablyat an earlier date.There is noimprobabilityinconcludingthat,at least atthe sametime,Buddhistmissionaries hadpenetratedintothiscountrytopropagatetheir tenets.AccordingtoBuddhisticannals,it was after theholdingof the3dCouncil, 236after Gaudamasdeath, 207 B.C.,that twomissionaries carriedreligiontoThaton,the ruinsof whichare still to be seen between the mouths of the Tsitan^oandSalweenrivers,and established Buddhism inPegu.Bethatasitmay,weknow,fromthemagnificentBuddhistmonumentsofPagan,thatthatreligionhadreached,intheeleventhandtwelfthcenturies,adegreeofsplendourthathas neversince beenequalled.The Buddhistscripturesare divided into threegreatparts,the Thoots orinstructions,the Wini ordiscipline,and the Abidama ormetaphysics. Agreeablyto thisdivision,the matter of thefollowing pagesisarrangedunder three heads. TheLife ofBuddha,withsomeportions ofhispreaching,willconveynotions ofhisprincipalteachingsanddoctrines. It isaccompaniedwithcopiousannotations intended toexplainthetext,and toconveydetailed notices of thesystemof Buddhism ingeneral,andparticularlyas it is foundexistingin Burmah. Wehaveaddedafewsmalldzats,or accounts ofsome oftheformerexistences ofGaudama,and thesummaryof twoLargeones.In the Notice on thePhongyieswill be found thechiefpointsofdiscipline fully explainedanddeveloped.Wehaveendeavoured to render ascompleteaspossiblethe account of theBuddhistEeligious,orPhongyies.It isanexpositionandpracticalillustration of thehighestPREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION. xiiiresults that can be obtained under the influence ofthedoctrines ofthe Indianphilosopher.IntheWaysto Neibbananattempthasbeenmadetosetforth andunfoldthechiefpointsofmetaphysicsuponwhichhingesthe wholereligious system.We confessthat thesummaryofmetaphysicsis rather concise. Wewerereluctant toproceedtoo far in thissubject, which,to thegeneralityofreaders,is anuninvitingone.Asuggestion fromCaptain H.Hopkinson,Commissionerof the Martaban andTenasserimProvinces,has inducedus to add afew remarks onthe namesand situations oftheprincipaltowns and countries mentioned in theLegend,with theviewofidentifyingthemwith modernsites andplaces.It ishardly necessaryto state here that thewriter,whenheundertookthiswork,hadno otherobjectinviewthan that ofmerelyexpoundingthereligious systemofBuddhismasitis,explainingitsdoctrines andpracticesascorrectlyas it wasin hispowertodo,regardlessof theirmeritsand demerits. Hisinformationhas beenderivedfrom theperusalof thereligiousbooks of theBurmans,andfromfrequentconversationsonreligion,duringseveralyears,with the best informedamongthelaityand thereligiouswhomhe hashadthe chanceofmeeting.Thesurestwayperhapsofcomingto at leastanexactand accurateknowledgeof thehistoryand doctrines ofBuddhismwould be togiveatranslation of theLegendsofBuddha,suchastheyaretobemetwithin allcountrieswhere Buddhismhas established itssway,and to accompanythese translations withanexpositionof the variousdoctrinalpoints,such astheyareheld, understood,andbelievedbythesevariousnations. ThishasalreadybeendonebyeminentOrientalists,onThibetan, Sanscrit,Cingalese,andChineseoriginals.Asimilarwork,executedbycompetent personsamongtheShans, Siamese,Cambodians,andCochinChinese,wouldconsiderablyhelpthexiv PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION.savans inEurope,whohaveassumedthe difficult task ofexpoundingtheBuddhistsysteminitscomplex andmultifariousforms,togiveafull,general,andcomprehensiveviewofthatgreat religiouscreedwith all its variations.The bestwayto undermine the foundations ofa falsecreed andsuccessfullyattackit,is tolayitopento theeyesof all and exhibit it as itreallyis. Error neverretains its hold over themindexceptunderthemask oftruthwhichit contrivestoassume. Whendeprivedofthemask that has covered itsemptinessandunreality,itvanishesawayas aphantomandanillusion.Wearehappyinhavinganopportunityofreturningpubliclyourthanksto theworthyCommissionerofPegu,MajorA. P.Phayre,for his kind exertions infurtheringthepublicationofthiswork. Notonlyis heaneminentOrientalscholar,andprofoundlyversedin all that hasreferencetoBuddhism,buthisgreatdelightis toencourageeveryeffort that tends to unfold andexplaina creedwhich,despiteall that has beenwritten about it in theseveral countries where itflourishes,still containsmanymysteriesin thepartsrelatingto itshistoryand doctrinesthatrequire clearing up.Wehave,with adeeply-feltdistrust of ourpoorabilities,taken the bestportionout of our limited stockofinformationconcerningtheBuddhistsystemasit existsin theseparts,and,with awillingheart,presentedit tothepublic.Wehopethat ourexample mayinduceothers,whose stores ofknowledgeon thissubjectarefuller and richerthanours,to act in a similarspiritinaid oftheprosecutionof agreat object,viz.,theacquisition of a correctknowledgeof thereligionofnearly300,000,000ofourfellow-men.KANGOON,October1858.PREFACE TO THE SECONDEDITION.THEFirst Edition of the Life of Gaudamabeingout ofprintforthelast five orsixyears,wehave,at therequestofseveralhighly esteemedpersons,cometothedetermination ofpublishinga secondandmuch-enlargededition ofthesameWork. Incarryingontheplanofimprovementwhich wehadincontemplation, wehavebeenfavouredbyahappycircumstance. Wehave,aftermuchlabour,foundandprocured,in the Burmesecapital,averyrarepalm-leafmanuscript,the contents ofwhich havesupplieduswithcopiousandinterestingdetailsrespectingthesayingsanddoingsofGaudama.Thebookis knownunderthePalinameofTatha-gatha-oudana,themeaningof which isJoyfulUtterance,orPraises,of theTatha-gatha.Thelatterexpressionis oneof themanytitlesgivento Gaudama: itmeans,hewhohas come like all hispredecessors.In theopinionofBuddhists,theBuddhaswhoappearthroughouttheduration of aworld,or in the various series ofsucceedingworlds,haveallthesamemissiontoaccomplish;theyaregiftedwith the sameperfect science,and are filledwithsimilarfeelingsofcompassionfor and benevolence towards allbeings.HencethedenominationwhichisfitlygiventoGaudama,thelast ofthem.Inthecourseof theWorkwillbefoundsomeparticularsxvi PREFACETOTHESECONDEDITION.concerningthe author of themanuscriptreferredto,and theplacewhereitwascomposed.Wehaveonlytostatehere that we havegatheredtherefrom much information onthe condition ofGaudama,previoustohislastexistence,ontheoriginof theKapilawot country,wherehe wasborn,and on thekingshe has descended from.Wehavealsometwithmanynewdetails onthegreatintellectualworkingof Gaudamasmind,duringtheforty-ninedayshespentin meditation around theBodi-tree,particularlyontheimportanttheoryofthetwelveMdanas,orcausesandeffects,which,with thefour sublimetruths,constitutestheveryessenceofthesystem.Wehavealsofoundmanyimportant particulars concerningthewhereabouts of Gaudamaduringthe firsttwentyyearsof hispubliclife,andtheconversionsheeffectedwhilstengagedin thework of anitinerantpreacher.Here,too,wehavegleanedandselectedafewoftheinstructionshedeliveredto thepeoplethat crowded about him. ThestoryofDewadat is narratedatgreat length.Wehavecarefullywritten down what is said of the threeAssemblies,orCouncils,heldatEadzagio,Wethalie,andPataliputra,andwhat is mentioned of thekingswhoreignedinMagathafrom Adzatathat to Dammathoka. Wehave mentionedthegreatfact of thespreadof Buddhismbeyondtheboundaries ofMagathaafter theholdingof the thirdCouncil,takingcareto relatewhat we have found statedconcerningits diffusioninPeguandBurmah.Numerousnoteshavebeenadded to those of the FirstEdition,forthepurposeofelucidatingandexplaining,asfarasweareable,theprinciplesof Buddhismandwhateveris connectedwiththatreligious system.RANGOON,May1 866.CONTENTS.LEGENDORLIFEOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA,CALLEDGAUDAMA.CHAPTER I.Invocation of the Burmese translator SlowbutsteadyprogressofPhialaongtowards theBuddhashipPromisemade to himbythe BuddhaDeipinkara Originandbeginningof theKapilawot countryandof its rulersBirthof Thoodaudana Hismarriagewith the PrincessMaia Rumourof thecomingbirth ofaBuddha Phra-luongintheseats of Nuts Dreamof MaiaConceptionofPhralaongWondersattendingthatevent .. . iCHAPTER II.Birth of Buddha in a forestRejoicingson that occasionKaladewila Predictionof the Pounhas Vainefforts ofThoodaudauatothwartthe effectofthePrediction .34.CHAPTERIII.Aname isgivento the child Prediction of the Pounhasrespectingthe child Deathof Maia Miraculousoccurrenceat thechilds cradle AdolescenceofthePhralaongHeseesthefoursignsReturnfrom thegardentotheroyalcity 45VOL. I. bxviii CONTENTS.CHAPTERIVPAGEPhralaongleaves hispalace,theroyal city,and retires intosolitude amidst theplauditsof the Nats He cuts hisfine hair with a stroke of hissword,andputson thehabit of Rahan Hebegshis food atRadzagioHisinterview withtherulerofthatplaceHisstudiesundertwo Rathees His fast andpenancesin the solitude ofOorouweladuringsixyears60CHAPTERV.ThoodzatasofferingtoPhralaongHis five dreams Heshapeshiscourse towardstheGniaongtree MiraculousappearanceofathroneVictoryofPhralaongoverManh,Nat His meditationsduring forty-nine daysnear theBodi tree He at last obtains theperfectscience Heovercomes thetemptationsdirectedagainsthimbythedaughtersof Manh Buddhapreachesthe law to aPounhaandtotwomerchants77CHAPTERVI.Buddha hesitates to undertakethe taskofpreachingthelawThegreatBrahma entreats him topreachthelawtoallbeingsHisassenttotheentreatiesJourneytowardsMigadawonHemeetsOuppakaHisfirstpreachingsConversionof ayoungnoblemannamedRatha,followedbythat of hisfather andother relatives Conversion ofseveral other noblemen Instructions to the RahansConversionofthethreeKathabas ,1 1 1CHAPTERVII.Buddhassermononthe mountain InterviewofBuddhaandKingPimpatharain thevicinityof thecityofRadzagioAnswer of Kathaba to BuddhasinterrogationInstructions delivered to thekingand his attendantsCONTENTS. xixPAGESolemnentryofBuddhaintoRadzagioDonationofthe"WeloowonmonasterytoBuddha Conversion of Thari-putraand Maukalan The Rahans arekeenlytauntedbythepeopleofRadzagio 146CHAPTERVIII.+ ,Thoodaudana,desirous to see hisson,sendsmessengerstohimThey becomeconvertsKaludari,alastmessenger,prevailsonBuddhatogotoKapilawotHisreceptionConversionofthekingand ofYathaudara NandaandRaoulaputonthereligioushabit Conversionof Anandaandofseveralof hisrelativesTemptationof AnandaConversionofEggidatta StoryofTsampooka. .165CHAPTERIX.Arich manofThawattie,namedAnatapein,becomes a convertStoryof Dzewaka HecuresBuddhaof apainfuldistemperThepeopleof WethaliesendadeputationtoBuddhaDigressionon themannerBuddhadailyspenthis timeSettlingof aquarrelbetween theinhabitantsof Kaulia and those ofKapilawotNew converts arestrengthenedintheirfaith Thoodaudanas deathinthearmsofhis sonQueenPatzapatiandmanynobleladiesare elevated to the rank of Rahaness Conversion ofKema,the firstqueenofKing PimpatharaHereticsnearThawattieareconfoundedbythedisplayofmiraculouspowersBuddhagoestotheseatofTawadeintha,topreachthelawto hismother . . . . ..194CHAPTERX.Buddhasproceedingsin the seat of Tawadeintha His triumphantreturn totheseat ofmen,inthecityof Thin-ka-tha He is calumniatedbythehereticsofThawattieEighthseasonspentin theforestofTesakala Subse-xx CONTENTS.PACKquentpreachingsHemeetswithabadreceptionintheKothamby countryDissensionamongthedisciplesReconciliation Travels of BuddhaPreachingto aPounhawhotilled a field . . . . ..223CHAPTERXLVoyageto Tsalia Instructions toMeggiaRasula is madeaprofessed religiousManahansquestionsto BuddhaMisbehaviour ofThouppabuda Questionsproposed byNatsin theD/etawonmonasteryConversionofaBilooEpisodeof ThirimaatRadzagioAttentionpaidto apoor pounhaand toaweaversdaughter,on account oftheir faith In the twentiethseason,appointmentofAnanda to thestewardshipConversion of a famousrobber-iTCHAPTERXII.Buddhais slandered inThawattieQuestionsputtohimbyapounha StoryofAnatapeinsdaughterConversionofapounhawhosenavelemittedraysoflightBlankin agreat partof Buddhas lifeStoryof Dewadat Hisjealousytowards Buddha HisfriendshipwithPrinceAdzatathat Hisambition Hisattempttokill BuddhaHismiserableend256LEGEND OFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA,CALLEDGAUDAMACHAPTEE I.Invocationofthe Burmese translatorSlow butsteadyprogress of Phralaongtowards theBuddhashipPromise made to himbytheBuddhaDeipinkaraOriginandbeginning oftheKapilawotcountry andofitsRulers BirthofThoodandana Hismarriagewith the PrincessMaia RumourofthecomingbirthofaBuddhaPhralaongin theseatofNats DreamofMaiaConception ofPhralaongWondersattendingthatevent.I ADORE1Buddhawho hasgloriously emergedfrom thebottomlesswhirlpoolofendlessexistences,whohasextinguishedtheburningfire ofangerandotherpassions,who1All Buddhisticcompositionsareinvariably prefacedwith one of thefollowingformulas ofworship,alwaysusedbywritersonreligious subjects.TheonerelatestoBuddhaalone,andtheothertothethreemost excellentthings,everdeservingthehighestveneration. Thefirst,alwayswritteninPali,beginningwith the wordsNamautassa, maybe translatedasfollows : Iadorethee,or rather adorationto,theblessed, perfect,andmostintelligent.Hereareproposedto thefaith, admiration,andveneration of a trueBuddhist,the threegreat characteristics of the founderofhisreligion,hisgoodness andbenevolence,hissupreme perfection,andhisboundlessknowledge. Theyformtheessentialqualificationsof abeingVOL. I.whohasassumed tohimself thetaskofbringingmenout of theabyssofdarkness andignorance,andleadingthem to deliverance.Benevolencepromptshimtoundertakethatgreatwork, perfectionfits him for suchahigh calling,andsupremescienceenables him to follow itupwith acompletesuccess.Theyarealwaysheld out to Buddhists as the threebrightattributes andtranscendentqualities inherentin thatexaltedpersonage,whichareevertoattractandconcentrateuponhim therespect,love,andadmirationofallhissincerefollowers.The second formulamaybe considered asa short act of faith oftenrepeated byBuddhists. It consistsinsayingI takerefugeinBuddha,A2 LEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA.hasopenedandilluminated thefathomlessabyssof darkignorance,andwhois thegreatestand most excellent ofallbeings.theLaw,and theAssembly.Thisshortprofessionof faith is oftenmuchenlarged bythereligiouszealof writers and the ferventpietyofdevotees. Fromtheinstance of thislegendwemayremarkhowthe compiler,witha soul warmedbyfervour,ispassing highencomiumsuponeachof thethreesacredobjectsofveneration,or the sacredasylumswhereinaBuddhistdelightstodwell. Thereisnodoubtthatthis formulaisaveryancientone, probablycoevalwiththefirstageof Buddhism. Thetext ofthislegendbears out thecorrectnessofthisassertion. Itappearsthattherepetitionof this short sentencewasthemarkthatdistinguishedconverts.OrdinaryhearersofthepreachingsofBuddhaandhisdisciplesevincedtheiradhesionto allthatwas delivered tothem by repeating thesacredformula.It wasthen,and even nowit is toBuddhists,what the celebrated Ma-homedan declaration of faith thereisbut oneGod,andMahomed is hisprophetis to the followers of theArabianProphet.It isextremelyimportanttohaveanaccurateideaofthethreesacred abodes inwhichthebelieverexpectstofind asureshelteragainstallerrors,doubts,andfears,andaresting-placewherehissoulmaysecurely enjoytheundisturbedpossessionof truth.Theyconstitutewhatisemphaticallycalled the threepreciousthings.Phra andBuddha are twoexpressionswhich, thoughnothavingthesamemeaning,are used indiscriminatelytodesignatethealmost divinebeing,whoafterhaving gone,duringmyriadsof successiveexistences,throughthepracticeof all sorts ofvirtues, particularlyself-denial andcomplete abnegationof allthings,atlastreaches tosuchaheightofintellectualattainment that hismindbecomesgiftedwith aperfectanduniversalintelligenceorknowledgeofallthings.Heis thusenabledtoseeandfathom themiseryandwants ofallmortalbeings, andtodevise meansforrelieving andfilling themup.Thelaw thathepreachesis the wholesomebalmdesignedto cure all moraldistempers.Hepreachesitwithunremittingzealduringacertainnumberofyears,andcommissionshischosendisciplestocarryon the same benevolentandusefulundertaking.Havinglaid on afirm basis hisreligiousinstitution,hearrivesat the stateofNeibban. Buddha meanswise,intelligent.Phraisanexpressionconveyingthehighestsense ofrespect,which wasapplied originallyonlytothe author ofBuddhism,butnow,throughaservileadulation,it isappliedto theking,hisministers,allgreat personages,and oftenbyinferiorstothelowestmenialsofGovernment. ThewordPhra,coupledwiththat ofThaking,which meansLord,is usedbyChristians in Burmah toexpresstheideaofGod,thesupremebeing.Fromtheforegoinglinesthe readermay easilyinfer that the author ofBuddhismis amereman, superiortoallotherbeings,notinnature,butinscience andperfection.Helaysnoclaimwhatever toanykind ofsuperiorityinnature;heexhibitshimselftotheeyesof hisdisciplesas oneofthe children ofmen,who has beenbornandis doomed to die. He carries hispretensionsno farther. Theidea of asupreme beingis nowherementionedbyhim. Inthecourseofhisreligious disputationswith theBrahmins,he combats the notionofagod, coolly establishingthe mostcrude atheism. Noone,it istrue,LEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA.3T adoretheLawwhich the most excellentBuddhahaspublished,whichisinfinitelyhighandincomparablyprofound,exceedinglyacceptable,andmostearnestlywished-candenythat in certain BuddhisticcountriesthenotionofanAdibudha,orsupreme being,is to be found inwritingsaswell aspopular opinions,but weknowthat thesewritingsareof acomparativelyrecentdate,andcontainmanydoctrinesforeigntogenuineBuddhism. Thissubjectwill, however,receive hereafter furtherdevelopments.TheLaw,the secondobjectofveneration,is thebodyof doctrines deliveredbyBuddha to hisdisciplesduringtheforty-five yearsof hispubliccareer. Hecame to theperfectknowledgeof that lawwhenheattained theBuddhashipunder theshade of the Bodi tree. At thattime his mind becameindefinitelyexpanded;his science embraced allthat exists;hispenetratingandsearching eyereached the farthestlimits of thepast,saw at aglancethepresent,andfathomedthesecretsof thefuture. In thatposition,unclouded truth shone with radianteffulgencebeforehim,and he knewthenatureof allbeingsindividually,their conditionandsituation,aswellasalltherelationssubsistingbetweenthem. He understood at once themiseries auderrorsattendingall rationalbeings,the hidden causesthatgeneratedthem,andthespringstheyissued from. At the same time heperceived distinctlythe means tobeemployedforputtingan end to somanymisfortunes,and the remediestobeusedforthecureof thosenumberless and sad moraldistempers.His omnisciencepointedout to himthecoursethosebeingshadtofollowin order to retrace theirstepsbackfromthewayoferror,andenter theroad that wouldlead to thecomingoutfromthewhirlpoolofmoralmiseries in whichtheyhad hithertowretchedlymovedduringcountlessexistences. All that Gaudama saidtotheforegoingeffectconstitutesthelawuponwhichsomanyhighpraisesarelavishedwithsuchwarmandfervent earnestness. Afull and complete knowledgeof thatlaw,in theopinionofBuddhists, dispelsat oncethecloudsofignorance, which,likeathickmist, encompassallbeings,andshedsbrightraysofpurelightwhichenlightentheunderstanding.Manisthus enabledtoperceivedistinctlythewretchedness of hisposition,and todiscoverthe meanswherewithhemayextricatehimselffrom thetrammelsof thepassionsandfinallyarrive atthe state ofNeibban,whichis,asit shall be hereafterfullyexplained,exemptionfrom all the miseries attendingexistence. Thewholelawisdividedintothreeparts ;the Abida-maormetaphysics,Thouts or moralinstructions,and theWiniordiscipline.Accordingtotheopinionofthebest informedamong Buddhists,thelawiseternal,withoutabeginningoranauthorthatmighthaveframeditsprecepts.No Buddhaever consideredhimself,orhaseverbeenlooked uponbyothers,as the inventor andoriginatorofthelaw. HewhobecomesaBuddha isgiftedwith a boundlesssciencethatenableshimtocometoaperfect knowledgeof all thatconstitutes the law: he is the fortunatediscovererofthingsalreadyexisting,butplacedfarbeyondthe reach ofthehumanmind. Infact,thelawiseternal,but hasbecome,since thedaysof aformerBuddha,obliteratedfrom the minds ofmen,until anewone, byhisomniscience,isenabledtowin it back andpreach it to allbeings.Thethirdobjectof venerationistheThanga,orAssembly.Themeaning4LEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA.forbyXatsandmen,capabletowipeoffthestains ofconcupiscence,andis immutable.I adore theAssemblyof thePerfect,of thepureandillustriousAriahs in theireightsublimestates,whohaveovercomeall thepassionsthat torment othermortals,byeradicatingtheveryroot ofconcupiscence,and who arefamousaboveall otherbeings.Iundertaketo translate fromthePali2textthehistoryof the Pali wordThangaisnearlyequivalentto that of churchor congregation.In the time Gaudamalived theassemblywascomposedofall individualswho, becomingconverts,embracedthemodeoflivingoftheirpreacher,and remained withhim,or ifthey occasionally partedfrom him for awhile,alwayskeptacloseintercoursewithhim,andspentaportionof their timeinhiscompany.Havinglefttheworld,theysubjectedthemselves to certaindisciplinaryregulations,afterwards embodied inthegreat compilationcalled Wini.Themembers of theAssemblyweredivided intotwo classes;theAriahsorvenerables,whobytheirage,greatproficiencyin theknowledgeof thelaw,andremarkable fervour in theassiduouspracticeofallitsordinances,occupied deservedlythe first rankamongstthedisciplesofBuddha,andranked foremost in theAssembly.ThesecondclasswascomposedoftheBickus,orsimplemendicant Religious.It is difficult to assert withanydegreeofprobability whethertheUpasakas,orordinary hearers,haveeverbeenregardedas membersoftheThanga,andformingaportionthereof. TheUpasakas werebelievers, butcontinued to live in theworld,andformed,as itwere,thelaityof theBuddhisticchurch.Accordingtotheopinionof Buddhists in theseparts,thelaityis notconsideredasformingorconstitutingapartof theThanga;thoseonly whoabandonasecularlife,puton theyellowcanonicaldress,and endeavour to tread in the footstepsoftheirgreat teacher,are entitled to thedignityof members oftheAssembly,towhich avenerationispaidsimilar to that offered toBuddhaand the law. TheAriahs,orvenerables,are divided into fourclasses, accordingto theirgreateror lessproficiencyinknowledgeandmoral worth.Theyare called Tho-tapan, Thakadagan, Anagam,andArahat. In the class ofThotapaiiareincludedthe individuals who haveentered intothecurrent,orstream,leadingtodeliverance, or,in otherterms,whohavesteppedintothe wayofperfection.TheThotapanisasyettobebornfour times ere he canobtainthedeliverance. Thosewhobelongtothesecondclassgliderapidlydown thestream, following steadilytheway leadingtoperfection,andaretobe born once more inthecondition ofNat,and once in that ofman. Thoseof thethirdclassaretobebornonceintheconditionofNats.Finally,thoseofthefourthclasshavegoneover the fourth and lastwaytoperfection,reachedthe summit ofscienceandspiritualattainments,andareripefor the state ofNeibban,which they infalliblyobtainafter theirdeath. The Ariahs areagainsubdivided intoeight classes,four ofwhichincludethose whoarefollowingthefourwaysofperfection ;thefourotherscomprehendthose whoenjoythereward of thedutiespractisedinfollowingthewaysofperfection.2The Burmese translator of theLEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA.5of our most excellentPhra,from theperiodhe left Too-cita,3the fourth abode ofNats,to the time heenteredintothestate ofNeibban.Pali textgivesus to understandthathisintention is not togivethehistoryof our Buddhaduringthecountless existences that haveprecededthelastone,whenhe obtainedthesupremeintelligence.Buddhistskeepfive hundred and ten historiesorlegendsofBuddha, purportingtogivean account of asmanyof hisformer existences;and to enhancethe value of suchrecords,the contentsaresupposedtohave been narratedbyBuddhahimself to his disciplesandhearers. Ihavereadmostofthem. Two hundredofthesefabulous narrations arevery short,andgivefewparticulars regardingourPhrawhenhewas asyetinthestateofanimal,man,andNat.Theyare,excepttheheadingand the conclusion,theverysamefables andcontesto be met withamongstall Asiaticnations,which havesuppliedwithinexhaustible stores all ancient andmodernfabulists. The last ten narratives arereally verycompleteandinterestingstories of tenexistencesof Buddhaprecedingthe oneweareabouttodescribe, duringwhichheissupposedto havepractisedthe tengreatvirtues,theacquisitionofwhichis anindispensable qualificationforobtainingtheexalteddignityofPhra.Someoftheselegendsarereallybeautiful, interesting,andwell-composedpiecesofliterature.3Toocita,or thejoyful abode,isone of the seats of the Nats. Butin order to render moreintelligibleseveralpassagesof thiswork,it isalmostindispensabletohavean ideaof thesystem adopted byBuddhistsinassigningto rationalbeingstheirrespectiveseatsorabodes. Therearethirty-oneseatsassignedto all beings,which wemay supposeto bedisposedon an immensescale,extendingfromthebottomoftheearthto anincommensurableheightaboveit. At the foot we find the fourstates ofpunishment, viz.,hell,thestates ofAthourikes,Preithas,andanimals. Next conies the abode ofman. Above it are the six seats ofNats. Theseeleven seats are calledtheseatsofpassion,orconcupiscence,because thebeings residingthereinare stillsubjectto the influence ofthatpassion, thoughnot to anequaldegree.Above the abodes of Natswemeetwiththesixteenseats,calledRupa, disposedperpendicularlyoneabove the other to anincalculableheight.The inhabitants of thosefancifulregionsare calledBrahmas,orperfect. Theyhave freed themselvesfromconcupiscenceandalmostall otherpassions,but still retainsomeaffection for matterandmaterialthings.HencethedenominationofRupa,ormatter, givento theseats. Theremaining portionof thescale isoccupied bythe four seatscalledArupaorimmaterials,for thebeings inhabitingthem areentirelydelivered from allpassions. Theyhave,asitwere,brokenasundereventhe smallest ties that would attachthem to this material world.Theyhavereached the rummit ofperfection;onestep farther,andtheyenter into the stateNeibban,the consummation, accordingtoBuddhists,of allperfection.To sumupallthe above inafewwords: there arefourstatesofpunishment.The seatof man is aplaceofprobationandtrial. The six abodes of Nats areplacesof sensualpleasuresand enjoyments.In the sixteen seats ofRupaare to be met thosebeingswhosedelightsare of a morerefinedand almostpurely spiritual nature,though retainingasyetsomeslight6 LEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA.Previous,however,tocommencingthework,I will relatesuccinctlywhatis foundinour booksrespectingthegreat Beingwho,byaslowbut sureprocess,wasqualifyinghimselffor hisgreatandhigh destiny.It is statedthat all thefollowing particularswere narratedbyGau-damahimselftothegreatdisciple Thariputra.Forseventhingiesofworlds,hewhowasto become aBuddhafelt,duringthat immense numberof revolutionsofnature,athoughtfortheBuddhashipawakeningin hissoul. Thisthoughtwassucceededbyawish,adesire,andalongingfor thatextraordinary calling.Hebegantounderstand thatthepracticeof thevirtues of thehighestorder wasrequisiteto enablehim to attain thegloriousobjectof his ardentwishes,and no less than125,000Budclhasappearedduringthatspaceof time.Whenthe aboveperiodhadatlastcometoanend,theinwardworkingsof his soulpromptedhim to askopenlyfor theBuddhaship.Theperiodofaskinglastedninethingiesof worlds. Itwasbrightenedand illustratedbythesuccessivemanifestation of987,000Buddhas. Inthebeginningof this latterperiod,the future Gaudama was aprinceof the name ofLaukatara,ruler of the Nandacountry.At that time thereappearedin thecountryofKapilawota Buddha called Thakiamuni PauranaGaudama. As hehappenedto travelthroughtheNandacountry,withthe twofoldobjectofpreachingthelawandbeggingforhisfood,therulerLaukataramadegreatofferingsto him.Meanwhile,with a markedearnestness,hesolicited atthe feet of Thakiamuni the favourofbecoming,at some futuretime,a Buddha like himself. Heexpressedthewishto beborn inthe samecountry,fromthe samefatherandmother,tohaveforhiswifetheverysamequeen,to ridethesamehorse,tobeattendedbytheaffections for matter. In the four inthesublimestcontemplation,sonr-seatsofAnipaare located those be-ing,as itwere,in the boundlessin-swhoarewhollydisentangled fromregionsofpurespiritualism,materialaffections,whodelightonlyLEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA.7samecompanionsand thesametwogreatdisciplesontherightand on the left. To thisrequestThakiamuni repliedin theaffirmative,but he added that an immenselengthof time had still toelapseere theobjectsof hispetitioncould befully granted.A similarapplicationwasrepeatedlymadeto alltheothersucceedingBuddhas,andalikepromisewasheldoutto him.Thethirdperiodof fourthingiesof worldswasremarkable forthecompleteabsenceof all that couldenlightenor illustrate the various states of existence. Acompletemoral and intellectual darkness wasspreadover allbeings,andkeptthemwrappedupinutter darkness. NoBuddhas,no Pitzekabuddhasappearedto illuminatebytheir doctrineandsciencethemindsofmen. NoTsekia-wade,orkingof theworld,madehisappearanceto infuselife andenergyinthemidstoftheuniversalslumbering.But the hundred thousand revolutions of nature thatfollowed were more fortunate. There flourished no lessthantwenty-sevenBuddhas,fromTahingara,the first intheseries,toKathaba,thelast oneimmediatelyprecedingGaudama.DuringtheperiodwhentheBuddhanamedDeipinkarawas the teacher of allbeings,our future Gaudama wasborn in thecountryofAmarawatti,from illustrious andrichparentsbelongingto the caste ofPounhas.While still ayouth,he lost both hisparentsand inheritedtheirproperty.In the midst ofpleasureandplentyhe onedaymadethis reflection : The riches that I nowpossessweremyparents property,buttheyhave not been able to savethem from the miseriesattendingdeath.Theywill not?alas ! afford tomeabetterand more secure fate. WhenIgointo thegrave, theywill not comealongwith me.ThisbodilyframeIamcladin is notworthytobepitied.Whyshould I bestowsignsofcompassion uponit ?Filledwithimpurities,burdenedbyrottenness,it has alltheelements of destruction in thecompounded partsofLEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA.itsexistence. Towards NeibbanIwill turnmyregards;uponitmyeyesshall be riveted. There is the tank inwhichall theimpuritiesofpassionmaybewashedaway.NowI willforsakeeverything,andgoforthwithinsearchof ateacherthatwillpointout to methewaythat leadstothestateNeibban.Fullofthesethoughts,theyoungmangaveawaytotheneedyall thathepossessed,reserving nothingto himself.Freed from the trammels ofriches,he withdrew into alonely place,where the Nats hadpreparedbeforehandall thatwasnecessaryto minister to hiswants. Heembraced theprofessionor modeof life ofaEahan,orperfect.Attired in the dress of his newprofession,he lived forsome time on thisspotunder the name ofThoomeda.Displeased, however,with the tooeasymode of life hewasleading,he left thatspot,andcontentedhimself withdwellingunder the shade of trees.He, however,wentforthfromtimetotimeinquestofhis food.Afewyears previousto the retirement ofThoomedaintosolitude,he whowas to be the BuddhaDeipinkaramigratedfrom one of theNatsseats,andwasincarnatedinthewombofthePrincessThoomeda,wife ofThoodewa,kingof theEamawatticountry.Subsequentlyhe wasmarried to thePrincessPadouma,who bore unto him ason, named Oothabakanda. Onthesameyearin whichthechildwasborn,thekingleft hispalaceonanelephantsback,withdrew into somelonely place, practisedduringtenmonths allsorts ofself-inflictedpenances,and,underthe shade of the treeGniaong Kiat,became aBuddha.On that occasion "the earthquiveredwithgreatviolence,butthehermitThoomeda,beinginecstasyatthat moment,knewnothingoftheextraordinaryoccurrence.Onacertainday,Deipinkarawastravellingthroughthecountryforthetwofoldpurposeofpreachingthelawandcollectinghisfood.Arrived nearaplacewhere theroadwasverybad,hestoppedforawhileuntilthe roadshouldbemadepassable.ThepeoplehastenedfromallpartstoLEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA.9come andpreparethe road forDeipinkaraand his followers.Thoomeda,giftedwith theprivilegeof travellingthroughtheair,happenedtopassoverthespotwherecrowds ofpeoplewerebusily engagedinpreparingandlevellinga road. The hermitalightedon thatspot,andinquiredofthepeoplewhatwas the reason of theirbusyexertions.TheytoldhimthatthemostexcellentDeipinkarawasexpectedwith alargeretinue ofdisciples,andthattheystrainedeverynerve to have the roadreadyfor them. Thoomedabeggedto bepermittedto bear apartin thegood work,and asked that a certain extentoftheroadbeassignedto him as his task. Hisrequestwasgranted,and he forthwith set to work with thegreatestdiligence.It was all but finishedwhenBuddhaDeipinkara,followedbyfortythousanddisciples,madehisappearance.Thoomeda,actuatedbyan ardent desire oftestifyinghisrespectto theholy personage,without amoments hesitationflunghimself into the hollow thatwasasyetnotfilled,andlyingon hisbelly,withhisbackupwards,bridgedtheplace,andentreated theBuddhaandhis followers to cross the hollowby tramplingover hisbody.Great and abundant shall be the merits thatI,saidhewithinhimself,shallgainbythisgoodwork. Nodoubt I will receive from the mouth ofDeipinkaratheassurance that Ishall, hereafter,obtain theBuddhaship.TheBuddha,standingoverhim,admired the humble andfervent devotedness of Thoomeda. With oneglanceheperceivedallthatwasgoingonin thehermitsmind,andwithaloudvoice,thatcouldbeheardbyall hisdisciples,he assured himthatfourthingiesand onehundredthousandworldshencehewouldbecomeaBuddha,the fourththat wouldappear duringtheworld,called Badda. Hewent on to describeminutelytheprincipalevents thatwere to illustrate his future career. Nosoonerwas thisrevelationmadetohimthanThoomeda hastened back tohis forest.Sittingat the foot of atree,heencouragedhimselfbyfinecomparisonsto thepracticeof those vir-ioLEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA.tuesthatwerebest suitedto weaken in him theinfluenceofthepassions.In the differentexistences thatfollowed,Thoomeda,atall theperiodsof theappearanceof someBuddhas,received aconfirmation of thepromisehehad hadfrom thelipsofDeipinkara.Thispresentworld weliveinhasbeenfavouredaboveallothers.AlreadythreeBuddhashaveappeared,viz.,Kauk-kasan,Gaunagong,andKathaba. These allbelongedtothecaste ofPounhas,andhewhowasto behereafter ourGaudama,duringthemanyexistences hepassedthrough,at thetimeof themanifestations of those threeBuddhas,wasalwaysborn of the same caste. Kathaba is said tohave lived andpreachedduringthe ninthandrakap.Itwashewho,forthelasttime,assuredthefutureGaudamathat he would obtain theBuddhaship duringthe tenthandrakap.Wewillonlymention his last existence in the seat ofman,previousto the onein which he wasto obtain thegreat prizehehad labouredforwith somuchearnestnessduringinnumerableexistences. He becameprinceunderthenameofWethandra,andpractisedtoaneminent,nayheroic,degreethe virtues ofliberalityandcharity.Tosuchanextentdidheobeythedictatesofhis liberalheart,that,afterhaving given awayall theroyal treasures,hiswhiteelephant, &c.,he did not shrinkfrompartingwithhis ownwife,the PrincessMadi,and his twochildren,Dzali andGahna. He then died andmigratedto theToocitaseat,andenjoyedtheblissfulness andfelicityofNats,under the name ofSaytakaytoo,during fifty-sevenkoudesofyears.Theoriginandbeginningof theKapilawotcountry,aswell as of itsrulers,are to be alluded to asbrieflyaspossible.Inthecountryof themiddle,Mitzimadesa,thekingsthatruledfromthetimeofMahathamadatto thatofOokakaritz,kingofBenares,were252,556innumber. Thelast-named monarch was married to fivewives,andhadLEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA. nchildrenbythem all. Thefirstqueen happeningtodie,theking becamepassionatelyenamouredofayoung woman,whomhe married. She soonpresentedhimwith ason,whomtheking,pressed byhisyoungwifessolicitations,declaredheir-apparent,to theprejudiceof his elder sons.Asmighthave beenexpected,thefourelder sonsloudlycomplainedofthepreference giventotheiryoungerbrother.Toputanendto these domesticdisputes,thekingcalledhis four sons andtheir fivesisters,gavethem alargeretinue,and bade themgoinanortherlydirection,insearchofaspotfavourableforbuildinga newcity. Theyfollowedtheirfathers advice. Afterlong wandering throughtheforests,theycametoaplace wherelivedtheEatheeKapila,who,becoming acquaintedwiththeobjectof theirerrand,desiredthemtostaywithhimandfoundacity.Healsowished that on thevery spotwhere his hut stood thekingspalaceshould be erected. Hepredictedthat thiscitywouldbecomegreat, powerful,andillustrious;thatitwouldbeacityofpeace,sincethe animals in the forestslivedpeaceably,withouteverattemptingto inflictharmoneach other. Theproposalwascheerfully accepted.Allthepeopleset to workwithgreatearnestness. Whentheworkwascompleted,theyoffered thenewcitytoKapila,whowasmadetheir teacher. HencethenameofKapila-wottoo,orKapilawot.The fourprinces, findingthatamongtheir followerstherewerenodaughtersoftheroyalrace whomtheycouldmarry,resolved,inorder tokeep puretheblood-royal,tomarrytheir fouryoungersisters. The eldest one wasraised to thedignityofqueen-mother.Ookamukka,theeldest of thebrothers,was the firstkingofKapilawot.Whilstthesethingsweretakingplace,thekingofBenares,havingbeenattackedwithleprosy,hadleft his throneandretired to a forest north of hiscapital.Therehe foundhiscureundertheshade of the kalau tree. Atthesametimetheeldestsister,namedPeya, whohadbecomequeen-mother,wasseizedwiththesamedistemper,andwentinto12 LEGENDOFTHEBURMESEBUDDHA.thesameforest. Shemetwiththeking,whomshe knewnot.Byhis adviceshesatunder the kalautree,and thebeneficent smell of the leavessoon\vorkedaperfectcure.Theyweresubsequentlymarried,and had a numerousprogeny. Theysettledon thisspot,and built thecityofKaulya.Thesmall riverRohani flowed betweenKaulyaandKapilawot.*FromOokamukka,the firstkingofKapilawot,to Prince"Wethandra,there are but seven successivekings.FromDzali,the son ofWethandra,toDzeyathena,thegreatgrandfatherofGaudama,therewere82,002kings.Letitbe borne inmind, that,duringthatperiodoftime,ourPhralaong,orfuture ofGaudama,wasin one of theNatsseats. TheprincesofKapilawotwere wont togoandsporton thewater of a lake somewhat distant from the*"Whenlayingbeforethereaderashortandconcise account of the he-ingwhowas to become the BuddhacalledGaudama,thewriterdeems itnecessarytomakeageneralobservation, which,hehopes,willgreatlyhelpthe reader to understand correctlyseveralpassagesof thefollowing pages.Gaudamawas aHindu,brought up byHindumasters,andinitiated in all theknowledge possessedbythesociety helivedin. Heacceptedthefabulousgenealogiesofkingssuch astheywerefoundinthewritingsofhisdays.Thesamemaybe said of the erroneousnotions respectingourglobe,the size and motions of the sun and the moonandotherheavenly bodies,theexplana