01 prehistoric architecture(1).pdf
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PREHISTORIC WORLD
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Neolithic: the “new” Stone Age (8,000 – 2300 BCE),which marked the beginnings of monumental (extremelylarge) architecture
corbeled vault: a vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until thetwo walls meet in an arch
post and lintel: one of the earliest methods of architecturalconstruction in which two posts (sometimes called“uprights”) support a lintel (horizontal beam which restsacross the top)
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megalith: a large stone used in the construction of a prehistoric
structure
Cromlech: a circle of megaliths, as at Stonehenge
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Neolithic Jericho was protected by 5-foot-thick walls and at least one
stone tower 30 feet high and 33 feet in diameter. An outstanding
achievement that marks the beginning of monumental architecture.
Great stone tower built
into the settlement wall,
Jericho, ca. 8000-7000
BCE
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Corbeled vault of the mainchamber in the passage
grave, Newgrange, Ireland,ca. 3200-2500 BCE
The Newgrange passage graveis an early example ofcorbeled vaulting . The huge
stones (megaliths ) of thedome of the main burialchamber beneath the tumulusare held in place by their ownweight.
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Aerial view of ruins of Hagar Qim, Malta, ca. 3200- 2500
BCE
One of the earliest stone temples in the world is on the island
of Malta. The 5,000-year-old structure is remarkably
sophisticated for its date, especially in the combination of
rectilinear and curved forms.
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Stonehenge
(3100-2000 BC)
Wiltshire,
England
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Aerial view (looking northwest) of Stonehenge, Salisbury
Plain, England, ca. 2550-1600 BCE. Circle is 97’ in diameter;
trilithons 24’ high.
The circles of trilithons at Stonehenge probably functioned as an
astronomical observatory and solar calendar. The sun rises over
its “heel stone” at the summer solstice. Some of the megaliths
weigh 50 tons.
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Neolithic architecture
Post and lintel construction
Megaliths are 21 to 24 feet tall, including height of lintel, and
buried four feet in the ground
Solar and lunar orientation
Stones dragged from far away to this site
Circle of megaliths embrace structure, enclosing it
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Inside circle of megaliths is a larger horseshoe-shaped group ofmegaliths which frame an “Altar Stone”
Horseshoe-shaped stones face midsummer sunrise over “HeelStone”
“Altar Stone” is a green sandstone taken from a mine in Wales,over 200 miles away
Heaviest stones 50 tons apiece, hauled by sledges (sleds)
Tools for building: ropes, levers, rollers, axes
Built in several phases over hundreds of years on a sacred siteon Salisbury Plain
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Stonehenge_-_Wiltonia_sive_Comitatus_Wiltoniensis%3B_Anglice_Wilshire_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg
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Several
Phases
(stages) ofConstruction
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpg
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Plan of Stonehenge in
2004. Tr ilithon lintels
omitted for clarity.
Holes that no longer, or
never, contained stones
are shown as open
circles. Stones visible
today ar e shown
coloured.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpg
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The lintels (horizontal monoliths) were fitted to one another using a
woodworking method, the “tongue-and-groove joint”
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Each stone had clearly been worked with the
final visual effect in mind; the pillars widen
slightly towards the top, in order that their
perspective remains constant when viewed
from the ground. The lintel stones curve
slightly to continue the circular appearance of
the earlier monument. The inward-facingsurfaces of the stones are smoother and more
finely worked than the outer surfaces.
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Stonehenge
Sarsen
stones
trilithons
bluestones
Lintels
Open end
Facing East
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were probably prototypes of the Pyramids in
Egypt and of the beehive huts in Wales,
Cornwall, Scotland , and Ireland
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BEEHIVE HUT
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Consisted of wooden huts built on piles in the
water for protection against attack
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