01 life cycle assessment - greenco · what is life cycle assessment? source: american center for...

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© Confederation of Indian Industry

Sustainable Recycling Industries

Life Cycle Assessment Conference

June 21st, 2017Pune


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What is Life Cycle Assessment?

Source: American Center for Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method/tool for the estimation of the environmental and human health impacts that are connected with a product / with a service / with a process / with a technology over the whole life cycle from cradle to grave.


What is Life Cycle Assessment?

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Recent Drivers of LCA

o National Voluntary Guidelineso Provide goods and services that contribute to

sustainability throughout their life cycle

o Assure optimal resource use over the life-cycle of the product – from design to disposal

o Ensure that everyone is connected - designers, producers, value chain members, customers and recyclers, and promote sustainable consumption

o Business Responsibility Reporting, SEBI-o Report on products/ services (DfE application) and

reductions in environmental impacts


Recent Drivers of LCA

o Materiality Assessment: o Significant Impacts in supply chain

o International Standard on water footprint- ISO 14046

o IGBC , GreenProo New Credit for conducting building LCA and

development of EPD for building products

o CDP Scope 3 reporting

o ISO 14001:2015

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The Many Uses of LCA

How to compare product A with product B?

What is the product’s carbon footprint?

What is the product’swater footprint?

What are unintended consequences related to this technology?

Where are the biggest opportunities for improvement?

Life Cycle Assessment

Decision Making Drive

InnovationMarketing Design

for Environment

Environment Product Declarations (EPD)

Benchmarking


History of LCA

1969 Coca Cola company employs life cycle approach to compare glass and plastic bottles

1970s US EPA – REPA (Resource & Environmental Profile Analysis) Some applications on packaging materials and waste

1990s Development of impact assessment methods (GHG, acid rain, habitat loss)

1996 ISO 14040: LCA framework

2002 Life Cycle Initiative launched by UNEP and the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)

1996-today Creation of background databases. Refining of methods & development of calculation software. Linkage with Social LCA, Life Cycle Costing (LCC)

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Why?

1. Marketing Does a product have less impact than others?

2. PurchasingWhich product has the least impact?

3. Design What should be changed to make the product more environment friendly?

4. Benchmarking across industry Who is the best/worst? Where does a company stand in comparison?

5. Year to year tracking of environmental performanceIs the company getting better or worse?

6. Policy Where should stricter regulations be implemented to get bigger benefits?


Life Cycle Management

v Volkswagen Environmental Report Ø “The company makes environmentally efficient and

advanced technology available world wide and brings this technology to bear over the full life cycle of its products”

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Types of LCA

v ScreeningsØ need a quick answer, speed or budget is more important

than precision

v Short internal LCA studiesØ don’t want to use LCA report for external communication

but take a decision that has significant impact on product development

v Extensive studies Ø if interested in making detailed environmental claims

v Continuous LCA operationsØ use LCA as continuously maintained Environmental

Lifecycle Management Information System (ELMIS)


Voluntary Environment Performance Labeling

v TYPE I (ISO 14020; ISO 14024) Ø overall environmental preferability

Ø Green Seal (U.S.A), Green Label (Singapore), Green Mark (Republic of China), Korea Eco-labeling Program, Thai Green Label

v TYPE II (ISO 14021) Ø self-declaration

Ø Eco ideas by Panasonic, eco products by Bridgestone Corp, Eco by Toyota Industries Corp

v TYPE III (ISO 14025) Ø pre-set categories

Ø Eco Leaf (Japan), EDP (Republic of Korea), EPD (Sweden)

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Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)

v Provide relevant, verified and comparable information about the environmental impact from goods and services

v Creating an EPD includes the following steps:Ø Consider available Product Category Rules (PCRs) and

prepare PCR documentØ Collect LCA data to be included in the EPDØ Compile environmental information into the EPD reporting

formatØ VerificationØ RegistrationØ Rules for using the logotype


Case Studies

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Design for Environment by Herman Miller

Chemistry RecyclabilityDisassembly Life Cycle Assessment

CO2


Inventory Data

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Life Cycle Assessment by Herman MillerGlobal Warming Potential Setu

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Raw Materials Production Distribution End of Life

Life Cycle Stage

Rel

ativ

e C

ontr

ibut

ion

Primary Energy Demand

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Life Cycle Stage

Rel

ativ

e C

ontr

ibut

ion


Life Cycle Assessment by Herman Miller

Eutrophication Potential Setu

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Life Cycle Stage

Rel

ativ

e C

ontr

ibut

ion

Acidification Potential Setu

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Raw Materials Production Distribution End of LifeLife Cycle Stage

Rel

ativ

e C

ontr

ibut

ion

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v Major Sources of ImpactsØ Product weight significantly affects results

ØMaterial selection accounts for >80% of impact

Ø Energy type is extremely important

v Strategies to Lower ImpactsØ Engage suppliers

Ø Promote renewable energy

Ø Select recyclable materials

Ø Establish a closed-loop recycling system

Ø Eliminate unnecessary packaging

Life Cycle Assessment by Herman Miller


Life Cycle Assessment of carpet tile by InterfaceFLOR

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v Ultrasonic Cutting Ø Cutting waste reduced by 80%

Ø Saves 310 tonnes waste• 750 ton CO2

Ø Product appearance improved


Window waste with die cutting

Window waste with ultrasonic cutting

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v MicrotuftØ Half the normal yarn weight

Ø 13% of sales are microtuft

v Biosfera 1Ø 100% recycled yarn

product

Ø Half the footprint of a normal carpet tile



Environmental Product Declaration by Barilla Spaghetti

Functional Unit- 500g in blue paperboard box

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Environment Product Declaration by Vestas

v 100% of the iron and steel is recycled when the turbine is dismantled

v Generates 118, 000 MWh during 20 year period

v Energy balance of a V82-1.65 MW onshore wind turbineØ 7.2 months


LCA Methodology

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What is your goal?

v “shall unambiguously state the intended application, the reason for carrying out the study and the intended audience.”

v ExamplesØ To understand the environmental impacts of your

product?Ø To understand where those impacts come from (so you

can get better)?Ø To provide information to your customers?Ø To market the environmental virtues of your product?Ø To compare one product to another (or others)Ø To claim that one product is environmentally superior to

another? (this is called a comparative assertion)


Who is your audience?

Internal Designers

Business to Business

Public

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System Boundaries

v Cradle to Gate

v Cradle to Grave

v Cradle to Cradle

v Gate to Grave

v Gate to Gate


Flowchart of Wooden Chairs

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Functional Unit

v Functional Unit Ø depends on goal of study

Ø is a measure of the function of the studied system

Ø provides a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related.

Ø enables comparison of two essential different systems.• For example, the functional unit for a paint system may be

defined as 10 m2 wall surface protected for 10 years. A comparison of the environmental impact of two different paint systems with the same functional unit is therefore possible.


Step 2- Inventory Analysis

v Inventory analysis is the LCA phase involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a given product system throughout its life cycle.

Ø Data collection for all activities in the product system followed by documentation of collected data

Ø Calculation of environmental loads of the system in relation to the functional unit

ProcessInput:

ResourcesEnergy

Output:Emissions to air / water / soil

waste

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Data Sources

v Company’s own processes

v Suppliers

v Customers

v Waste management companies

v Published LCI data

v Publicly available reports or literature

v Technical Experts


Sample Questionnaire for Steel

Unit Quantity Remarks

Fuel Consumption

Coal t/yr

Natural Gas t/yr

Oil t/yr

Wood t/yr

Power Consumption

Consumption of power from grid

MWh/yr

Consumption of power produced

onsite

MWh/yr

Water Consumption

For processing m3/year

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Unit Quantity Remarks

Minerals Input

Pig Iron t/yr

Iron Scrap t/yr

Iron Ore t/yr

Manganese t/yr

Limestone t/yr

Emissions to Air

Carbon Monoxide t/yr

Carbon Dioxide t/yr

Dioxins t/yr

Particulates t/yr

SOx t/yr

NOx t/yr

Waste Generation

EAF Slag t/yr

Wastewater m3/year


Sample Data Inventory Sheet

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Calculation Procedure

v Normalize dataØ relate the data to one tonne or one kg (or other

optional unit)

v Calculate the flows linking the activities in the flowchart

v Calculate the flows passing the system boundary

v Sum up the resource use and emissions to the environment for the whole system

v Document the calculations


Ecospold Format

IndexNumber HS-ST-007ID 3503 3504 3702 3703 3508 3706 3707 3708 3709 3792

Index 401

Inpu

tGro

up

Out

putG

roup

Name

Loca

tion

Infra

stru

ctur

ePro

cess

Uni

t

#REF!

Unc

erta

inty

Type

Sta

ndar

dDev

iatio

n95%

GeneralComment

662 Location #REF!493 InfrastructureProces s #REF!403 Unit #REF!

HS-ST-007 product - 0 #REF! #### #### #### 11122 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

42 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 3.82E-03 2 #REF! #REF!

924 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.50E+00 2 #REF! #REF!

PA-LM-003 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.18E-01 1 #REF! #REF!2887 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 2.00E-03 1 #REF! #REF!4110 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.33E-11 1 #REF! #REF!

2411 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.78E+01 1 #REF! #REF!

MS-E-012 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.27E-01 1 #REF! #REF!1350 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.65E-03 1 #REF! #REF!1351 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 3.16E-04 1 #REF! #REF!1456 4 - #REF! - - #### 1.58E-04 1 #REF! #REF!1450 4 - #REF! - - #### 1.82E-03 1 #REF! #REF!2987 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 2.48E-01 1 #REF! #REF!1824 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!1822 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!1841 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 4.21E-01 1 #REF! #REF!4227 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 8.75E-02 1 #REF! #REF!

4164 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 9.71E-04 1 #REF! #REF!

4970waste management

5 - #REF! #### #### #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

1435 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 2.00E-03 1 #REF! #REF!

4969 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 5.95E-04 1 #REF! #REF!

490 #REF! - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

862 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!868 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

3222 #REF! - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

652 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

670 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

808 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

826 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

556 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

1084 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

208 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

196 - 4 #REF! - - #### 1.39E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

328 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!

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Step 3- Life cycle impact assessment

v LCIA aims at describing the environmental consequences of the environmental loads quantified in the inventory analysis.


Global Warming

v The potential contribution of a substance to climate change is expressed as its GWP

v Defined as the ratio between the increased infrared absorption it causes and the increased infrared absorption caused by 1 kg of CO2

v Calculated over a specified time frame- 20 yrs, 100 yrs, 500 yrs

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Ozone Depletion

v In the stratosphere, 15-40 km above the surface of the earth, ozone protects life on earth by absorbing UV radiation

v Caused by release of Ø CFCs used in refrigerants, insulating foams and

solvents

Ø Methyl bromine used as pesticide

Ø Halons used in fire extinguishers


Acidification

1908 1968

Increase in pH value of precipitation due to wash out of acidifying gases like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxidesØReference substance is sulphur dioxide

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Eutrophication & Toxicity

v Excessive nutrients inputs into water and land from substances like nitrogen and phosphorus from agriculture, combustion processes and effluentsØ Reference substance is Phosphate

v Human ToxicityØ Continuous toxicological impacts on humansØ 1,4 Di-chloro-benzene

v Eco ToxicityØ Continuous toxicological impacts on water and soilØ 1,4 Di-chloro-benzene


Smog or Photochemical Oxidation Potential

Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction of nitrogen oxides with hydrocarbons and volatile organic compoundsØReference substance is ethylene

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Typical Environmental Impact Categories

v Global Warming

v Ozone Depletion

v Eutrophication

v Photochemical Smog

v Acidification

v Human Toxicity

v Eco-Toxicity

v Water Resource Depletion

v Land Use/Biodiversity


SO2NOxHCl

NOxNH3P

CO2CH4N2OFCK

acidification

eutrophication

global warming

etc. etc.

Choice ofImpact

Categories

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Classification22

Characterisation33Normalisation44

INDEX

Weighting 55

voluntarymandatory

Systematic procedureC. Impact Assessment

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Software

v Ready-made LCIA methods Ø Ecoindicator’99

Ø CML 92

Ø EPS 2000

v Use software to be more efficientØ Simapro

Ø GaBi

Ø Umberto

Ø OpenLCA


Step 4- Interpretation

v Defined in the ISO 14040 standard as the ….Ø “….phase of LCA in which the findings of either the

inventory analysis or the impact assessment or both are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations.”

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Impact Assessment- Characterization Results



v Funded by the Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affair

v Jointly implemented by –Ø Institute for Materials Science

& Technology, World Resources Forum, Ecoinvent

1. Life Cycle Inventories

2. Recycling Initiatives

3. SRI roundtable

For more info: www.sustainable-recycling.org

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v Life cycle inventoryØ “basic data for the

assessment ofenvironmental andsocial life cycleperformance forindustrial activitiesthrough theimprovement of localand regional expertise inBrazil, India and SouthAfrica.”


Life Cycle Inventories

Ø The world’s leading transparent LCI database for over a decade

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1. Regional Coordination Centre

2. LCI: Iron and Steel

3. LCI: Cement and Concrete

4. LCI: Coal mining & preparation

5. LCI: plastic recycling for formal and informal sector

6. LCI: water supply & infrastructure



LCA in GreenCo

Credit Title PointsCredit 1 Leadership & Strategy 10

Credit 2 Life Cycle Management for Product/Service 10

Credit 3 Life Cycle Assessment for any Product/Process 10

Credit 4 Environmental Impact Reduction based on LCA 25

Credit 5 Environmental Product Declaration for Product/Service

10

Credit 6 External Partnerships Contributing to LCI Database at National Level

10

Total 75

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Resources

v Ecoinvent Centre: http://www.ecoinvent.org/

v CII- Godrej GBC http://www.greenbusinesscentre.com/LCA

v The Hitch Hiker’s Guide to LCA by Henrikke Baumann and Anne Marie Tillman

v American Center for Life Cycle Assessment: http://www.lcacenter.org/

v International EPD System: http://www.environdec.com


Thank you!

01 life cycle assessment - greenco · what is life cycle assessment? source: american center for...

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