Porifera- aka “sponges”- sessile (stays in one place)- most simple multicellular organism- NO tissues or organs- NO symmetry (asymmetrical)- NO digestive tract (feed on bacteria and other small particles that they filter through themselves using special cells)…80% of all water-borne bacteria are removed on a single pass through a living sponge!- no segmentation- A shredded sponge will grown into a bunch of baby sponges!

Cnidaria- aka jellyfish, anemones, and coral- some sessile (stays in one place) and some motile (free-moving)- cnidocytes = stinging cells on tentacles- mouth (no anus)…one-way digestion = food in and waste out the same opening- NO segmentation

Sea anemoneCoral

Horn coral: Fossil (extinct)

Platyhelminthes- aka flatworms (tapeworm, planaria)- bilateral symmetry (right and left halves)- no real vision, but sense with light spots- mouth (NO anus): food in and waste out the mouth- NO segmentation- primitive nervous/sensory system- asexual reproduction through fission (splitting self)- In the 1920’s, ingesting a tapeworm was a methods of weight-loss. The more intake of nutrients, the longer the tapeworm becomes in the intestine!

Planaria

Annelida- aka segmented worms (earthworm, leeches)- body segments; more complex movements- closed circulatory system (five pairs of “hearts” to pump blood)- mouth AND anus (digestive system)- bilateral symmetry (right and left halves)- mostly sexual reproduction (yet contain male and female organs = hermaphroditic)

Leech

Mollusca- shell made of calcium carbonate-aka snails, clams, oysters, octopus, squid- soft bodies (mollus = “soft”); some will outer shell (others with inner “shell”)- mouth AND anus- bilateral symmetry- NO segmentation - second-most diverse/largest phylum (next to arthropoda)

Extinct cephalopod (see fossil)

Echinodermata- Greek for “hedgehog skin” (due to prickly exterior)- aka seastar/starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers- radial symmetry- mouth AND anus- sexual reproduction (some regeneration)- NO segmentation- calcium-rich exoskeleton covered by tissue layer

Sea urchin with spines

Sea urchin “shell” (spines fall off)

Arthropoda- Greek for “joint” because of the segmented bodies- Major groups/classes = insects (6-legs), crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, 8-legs), arachnids (spiders, 8-legs), centipedes and millipedes- all have an exoskeleton made of chitin (a hard protein)- segmentation of body and legs with joints- bilateral symmetry- mouth AND anus- LARGEST and mostdiverse phylum (well over

one million species!)

Arthropoda- Greek for “joint” because of the segmented bodies- Major groups/classes = insects (6-legs), crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, 8-legs), arachnids (spiders, 8-legs), centipedes and millipedes- all have an exoskeleton made of chitin (a hard protein)- segmentation of body and legs with joints- bilateral symmetry- mouth AND anus- LARGEST and most

diverse phylum (well overone million species!)

Arthropoda- Greek for “joint” because of the segmented bodies- Major groups/classes = insects (6-legs), crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, 8-legs), arachnids (spiders, 8-legs), centipedes and millipedes- all have an exoskeleton made of chitin (a hard protein)- segmentation of body and legs with joints- bilateral symmetry- mouth AND anus

- LARGEST and mostdiverse phylum (well overone million species!)

Chordata- aka organisms with a dorsal, hollow nerve/spinal cord (often surrounded by bone = vertebrates): fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals- respiratory opening (sometimes in form of gills)- about 43,700 species- segmentation present- mouth and anus- mostly sexual

reproducers

Bryophyta- aka mosses (10,000 species!)- NO roots, NO stem, NO leaves- NO xylem or phloem (so must be in moist areas)- NO seeds, NO flowers- thin rhizoides that anchor them (like roots)- asexual reproducers

Filicinophyta- aka Ferns- roots, stems and leaves- reproduce by spores- xylem and phloem- NO seeds, NO flowers

Conifers (Gymnosperms)- aka Evergreens - often cone-bearing (“gymnosperm” = “naked seed”)- roots, stems, leaves modified as needles- reproduce sexually via male and female cones- cones contain the seeds- xylem and phloem to carry water and sugars - do not lose leaves in the fall

Malecones

Femalecones

Angiosperms- aka Flowering Plants- most diverse plant phylum (260,00 species!)- roots, stems, leaves, and flowers- reproduce sexually; seed is the mature ovary- seed enclosed within some sort of fruit- xylem and phloem to carry water and sugars in up and down plant- flowers are the reproductive structure of the plant